El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This article analyzes the rice sector and the challenges related to the impact generated by production systems, such as greenhouse gas emissions in the natural environment. Previous studies show the application of Green Lean to achieve greater competitiveness and reducing the negative environmental impact. To achieve these objectives, Lean tools are used that improve quality, increase productivity, reduce inventories and costs like the Kaizen method. Therefore, this methodology is proposed through a management model in the sector analyzed to achieve the expected sustainability of the production process.

Com a estruturação dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APL) Madeira-Móveis em diversas regiões do país, as indústrias moveleiras começam a se articular para discutir os principais desafios comuns que precisam enfrentar para elevar o crescimento do setor. Dentre eles, a questão da sustentabilidade ambiental como valor corporativo tem sido indicado como um dos mais importantes, tanto para reduzir as perdas e os riscos na atividade, como para aumentar a rentabilidade e atingir novos segmentos de mercado. Este trabalho trata da identificação dos requisitos e estratégias ambientais aplicados ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos em indústrias de móveis sob encomenda, a partir de um estudo de caso no Pólo Moveleiro de Itatiba SP, visando contribuir para uma maior sustentabilidade no setor. Trata-se de um estudo de caso em 18 empresas, através de análise descritiva e qualitativa fundamentada em ferramentas de ecodesign para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP). A análise abordou os três níveis de decisão nas empresas: diretoria (planejamento estratégico), designer (planejamento de projeto) e gerente de produção (produção). Os resultados indicam que os fatores econômicos ainda ditam a forma das empresas responderem às questões ambientais, buscando continuamente adequação às leis e regulamentos ou a redução dos custos de produção, principalmente por se tratarem de micro e pequenas. Além disso, a ausência planejamento de negócios ou uma organização administrativa estruturada dificulta a inserção de requisitos ambientais no PDP. Além da falta de profissionais capacitados na área de desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis propiciando o aumento das dificuldades em estruturar o setor. / With the structuralization of the Local Productive Arrangements (APL) Wood- Furniture in various regions of the country, the furnitures industries begin to articulate to discuss the major common challenges that need addressing to raise growth of the sector. Among them, the issue of environmental sustainability and corporate value has been indicated as one of the most important, both to reduce the losses and risks in the activity, how to increase profitability and reach new market segments. This work deals with the identification of requirements and environmental strategies applied to the process of developing products in industries of furniture to order, from a case of the furniture Pole in Itatiba SP, to contribute to greater sustainability in the sector. This is a case on 18 companies, through descriptive analysis and qualitative reasoned in ecodesign tools at development product process. The analysis reached the three levels of decision-making: directors (strategic planning), designer (project planning) and manager of production (production). The results indicate that economic factors also dictate the way businesses respond to environmental issues, seeking continuous adaptation to laws and regulations or to reduce production costs, mainly because it is micro and small. Moreover, the lack of business planning or administrative structure, hamper the integration of environmental requirements in the PDP. Besides the lack of trained professionals in the development of sustainable products providing increased difficulty in structuring the sector.

Com a estruturação dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APL) Madeira-Móveis em diversas regiões do país, as indústrias moveleiras começam a se articular para discutir os principais desafios comuns que precisam enfrentar para elevar o crescimento do setor. Dentre eles, a questão da sustentabilidade ambiental como valor corporativo tem sido indicado como um dos mais importantes, tanto para reduzir as perdas e os riscos na atividade, como para aumentar a rentabilidade e atingir novos segmentos de mercado. Este trabalho trata da identificação dos requisitos e estratégias ambientais aplicados ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos em indústrias de móveis sob encomenda, a partir de um estudo de caso no Pólo Moveleiro de Itatiba SP, visando contribuir para uma maior sustentabilidade no setor. Trata-se de um estudo de caso em 18 empresas, através de análise descritiva e qualitativa fundamentada em ferramentas de ecodesign para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP). A análise abordou os três níveis de decisão nas empresas: diretoria (planejamento estratégico), designer (planejamento de projeto) e gerente de produção (produção). Os resultados indicam que os fatores econômicos ainda ditam a forma das empresas responderem às questões ambientais, buscando continuamente adequação às leis e regulamentos ou a redução dos custos de produção, principalmente por se tratarem de micro e pequenas. Além disso, a ausência planejamento de negócios ou uma organização administrativa estruturada dificulta a inserção de requisitos ambientais no PDP. Além da falta de profissionais capacitados na área de desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis propiciando o aumento das dificuldades em estruturar o setor. / With the structuralization of the Local Productive Arrangements (APL) Wood- Furniture in various regions of the country, the furnitures industries begin to articulate to discuss the major common challenges that need addressing to raise growth of the sector. Among them, the issue of environmental sustainability and corporate value has been indicated as one of the most important, both to reduce the losses and risks in the activity, how to increase profitability and reach new market segments. This work deals with the identification of requirements and environmental strategies applied to the process of developing products in industries of furniture to order, from a case of the furniture Pole in Itatiba SP, to contribute to greater sustainability in the sector. This is a case on 18 companies, through descriptive analysis and qualitative reasoned in ecodesign tools at development product process. The analysis reached the three levels of decision-making: directors (strategic planning), designer (project planning) and manager of production (production). The results indicate that economic factors also dictate the way businesses respond to environmental issues, seeking continuous adaptation to laws and regulations or to reduce production costs, mainly because it is micro and small. Moreover, the lack of business planning or administrative structure, hamper the integration of environmental requirements in the PDP. Besides the lack of trained professionals in the development of sustainable products providing increased difficulty in structuring the sector.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosphy (PhD) / Over the last three decades there has been increasing pressure from stakeholders on businesses to be environmentally responsible. Business organisations cannot help but take this consideration seriously because it has a far-reaching impact on their very survival. This research is intended to bring insights into how and why a business’s management responds to environmental pressure from stakeholders. How a business responds to its stakeholders is known as environmental strategy. In addition, this study also investigates how proactiveness in implementation of each type of environmental strategy impacts on a business’s environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage. In Malaysia palm oil is the most important agricultural commodity in the country, and contributes substantially to the economy. Unfortunately, its activities are not without environmental costs. Deforestation, depletion of flora and fauna, excessive use of chemicals, air and water pollution are the results of the industry’s activity. But due to stakeholders’ pressures, the industry has embraced environmental management in its activities, albeit at a slow pace. Against this background, this study seeks to investigate the efficacy of corporate environmentalism, using a number of palm oil companies as case studies. This study is paramount as no such study has previously been conducted in Malaysia. The Malaysian palm oil industry offers an interesting case for studying corporate environmentalism in developing countries. Using a mixed-methods or triangulation of analysis of nine palm oil companies, which are listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange, as case studies, this research investigates the environmental practices of the palm oil companies, and the relationship of these practices with stakeholders’ pressures, environmental effectiveness and competitive advantages. The results of the study reveal that three levels of overall environmental strategy are adopted by the participating palm oil companies. They are labelled by the researcher as minimalists - four companies; intermediators - two companies; and proactivists - three companies. The minimalists refer to companies that exercised the lowest environmental strategy, while the proactivists are those who exercised the highest environmental strategy. The intermediators are in the middle, that is, those companies that seem to be in the early stage of becoming proactivists, but have yet to achieve such a level. The proactivists were classified as those who exercised a proactive strategy, but both intermediators and minimalists exercised a reactive environmental strategy. In terms of the relationship between environmental proactiveness and stakeholders’ pressure it was found that the management of the more proactive companies tended to perceive a wider range of threats from environmental stakeholders compared with reactive companies. Apart from regulatory stakeholders, they also perceived pressure from primary stakeholders, especially their top management, as well as secondary stakeholders including ENGOs, competitors, and the media. On the contrary, reactive companies only perceived threats from regulatory stakeholders. Not only did proactivists differ in terms of stakeholders’ pressure, they were at the same time perceived to be more environmentally effective and to gain more competitive advantages than less proactive companies. Based on the research findings it seems there is a significant positive correlation between a proactive environmental strategy and both environmental effectiveness and competitive advantage among Malaysian palm oil companies. In this study measurement of the environmental strategies and environmental effectiveness was solely based on a triangulation of surveys (seven-point scale items) and in-depth interviews. In order to increase the validity of the study, future researchers need to triangulate these data with other quantitative data. For instance, at a company level, a company’s resources can be measured based on its financial statistics such as sales, net profit, return on investment, and the amount spend on research and development. Moreover, the environmental effectiveness of a mill can be measured in terms of monthly data of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), of palm oil mill effluents and Ringelmann Chart of air emissions, and the amount of money expended on de-sludging for certain periods of time. In both plantations and mills, future researchers can gather data related to environmental accidents, fines and court cases. The key findings of this research are instructive. The majority of the participating palm oil companies in Malaysia adopted reactive environmental strategies. Only a few adopted proactive environmental strategies, and they were more likely to exercise environmental practices at strategic and tactical levels such as top management involvement in environmental issues as well as deploying environmental management systems which mostly related to the bottom line of their businesses. Serious attention towards the destruction of the tropical rainforest as a result of their activities is lacking among participating companies.

In this master’s thesis project, future scenarios for year 2050 were constructed for Denmark, Finland and Sweden using an environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA). Scenarios were constructed based on national sustainability targets. A case-specific five stage modeling approach was developed. Approach consists of changes in input-output tables for Electricity grid, Fossil primary energy, Industry sectors, Transport and Allocation of fossil fuel replacements. To represent business-as-usual development, EEIO tables for 2009 were used as reference and baseline scenarios. Constructed scenario models resulted in substantial CO2 emission reductions compared to baseline scenario. In scenario results for Denmark, emissions reduced 98.17 %, in Finland 81.41 % and in Sweden 77.90 %. Furthermore, based on Planetary Boundary framework, greenhouse gas emission carrying capacities were estimated in sectoral level for 2050. Carrying capacities for year 2050 for Denmark, Finland and Sweden were 9909.99 kton CO2-eq, 9049.42 kton CO2-eq and 18691.96 kton CO2-eq, respectively. Compared to radically reduced emissions in scenario results, Denmark and Sweden reached emission levels below estimated national carrying capacities. For Finland, carrying capacity level was exceeded by 2437.77 ktons. EEIOA was found to be an efficient tool for constructing and analyzing explorative long-term scenarios. In addition, it is possible to integrate absolute sustainability thresholds to EEIOA. Scenario results indicate that implementation of the existing national sustainability targets would lead to radical emission reductions in Denmark, Finland and Sweden by 2050 compared to business-as-usual development. Based on the scenario results, transport and industry sectors were identified as the emission hotspot sectors in 2050. EEIOA is a noteworthy method for decision-support for assessing sustainability strategies. With EEIOA, it is possible to allocate and study national sustainability targets on a sectoral level, and that way potentially substantially increase the effectiveness and implementation of defined sustainability targets. However, further research on modeling dynamics, data quality and underlined uncertainties are needed before studied approaches can develop into decision-support tools.

AN ECCENTRIC PLACE OF VERY HIGH QUALITY: OSSABAW ISLAND, GEORGIA AS A CONTEXT FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE ATLANTIC COAST by LINDA ORR KING Under the Direction of Glenn T. Eskew, PhD ABSTRACT This sweeping narrative demonstrates how Ossabaw Island’s landowners, some with a dedicated will and others unwittingly, managed to galvanize social, cultural, scientific, and political forces to preserve its natural environment despite a culture motivated by profit. Although geographically isolated, Ossabaw Island’s owners and inhabitants were active participants within the Atlantic World. Ossabaw’s owners and inhabitants adapted environmental strategies and social ideologies in accommodation not only with Ossabaw’s fragile barrier island ecosystems, but also with Southeastern coastal Georgia’s social and political movements. In particular, this work examines how the advantages of wealth and privilege provided the catalyst that ultimately benefited rather than exploited social and economic conditions on the island, leading Ossabaw Island to become the first barrier island Heritage Preserve on the southern Atlantic Coast. In addition to an analysis of unpublished manuscripts, maps, correspondence, and oral histories, this endeavor expands on the current knowledge about barrier island planters, slaves, freedmen, tenant farmers, lumbermen, boatmen, industrialists, and privileged families. It builds on previous works by including the guests, artists, scientists, writers, and environmentalists who visited the island. Furthermore, it investigates their interaction within political, economic, cultural, religious, and ideological spheres. Ossabaw Island’s indigenous societies, landed gentry, and wealthy owners shaped its cultural and economic identity from the 1560s to the modern day. It analyzes additional materials, including colonial and plantation records, official and personal correspondence, travel narratives, newspaper and magazine articles, and oral histories. This study seeks to expand the discourse on the exchange of sea island economies and societies well beyond the Savannah coastal region of the Atlantic World. The Ossabaw community evolved through conflict and compromise, and eventually encompassed not only sons and daughters of privilege and descendants of former slaves, but also artists, writers, scientists, and scholars from around the world. The central theme of this narrative history is the study of the motivating forces, both natural and synthetic, that shaped Ossabaw Island’s current distinctive cultural, environmental, and educational mission, with the major emphasis placed on the events of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WellingtonA_DISSERT.pdf: 14102064 bytes, checksum: 78702039b725e34f918e73accb37c546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The general aim of this research was to analyze the factors that determine the environmental management strategies in the industry Millennium Inorganic Chemicals: Crystal Global, but also analyze which environmental management strategies are used by industry. For the achievement of the proposed objective, we conducted a case study organization based in twenty-eight environmental management strategies raised in the literature. Following this survey, it was possible to ascertain which of these strategies are used in the industry studied, as well as which factors are decisive for the implementation of these. The research is characterized as qualitative and applied, as the goals is exploratory and descriptive, with regard to the data, these were obtained through interviews with the directors of the organization and also documents made available by the industry. As a main result, it was realized that the industry practices twenty-eight twenty of environmental management strategies proposed in this study, the scale Waste Management that encompasses more strategies. Regarding the determinants realized that the endogenous factors that are most pressing for the organization creating environmental strategies, and these determinants, since the exogenous, with the exception of environmental legislation, not put pressure on the organization / O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa foi analisar os fatores que determinam as estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental na ind?stria Millennium Inorganic Chemicals: Cristal Global, como tamb?m analisar quais estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental s?o usadas pela ind?stria. Para o atingimento do objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo de caso na organiza??o baseado em vinte e oito estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental levantadas na literatura. Ap?s esse levantamento, p?de-se verificar quais dessas estrat?gias s?o usadas na ind?stria estudada, como tamb?m quais fatores s?o determinantes para implanta??o destas. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa e de natureza aplicada, quanto aos objetivos ? explorat?ria e descritiva, no que se refere aos dados, estes foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas junto aos diretores da organiza??o e tamb?m documentos disponibilizados pela ind?stria. Como principal resultado, percebeu-se que a ind?stria pratica vinte das vinte e oito estrat?gias de gest?o ambiental propostas nesse estudo, sendo a dimens?o Gest?o de Res?duos que mais engloba estrat?gias. Quanto aos fatores determinantes percebeu-se que os fatores end?genos s?o os que mais pressionam a organiza??o para cria??o de estrat?gias ambientais, sendo estes determinantes, j? os ex?genos, com exce??o da legisla??o ambiental, n?o exercem press?o sobre a organiza??o

Syfte: Med ”Blue Ocean Strategy” avses skapandet av nya marknader utan konkurrens. Denna studie vill belysa hur fem svenska storföretag aktivt arbetar med att skapa nya marknader, stå emot konkurrens på befintlig marknad och slutligen om miljöarbete ses som en konkurrensfördel, vilket leder till en stärkt marknadsposition.   Metod: Studien angriper undersökningsproblemet med att anta en induktiv ansats med kvalitativa intervjuer. Arbetet baseras på djupintervjuer med företagsledare från fem svenska storföretag; Alfa Laval, Assa Abloy, Inwido, Lindab och Tetra Pak. Vidare antar studien ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt där tolkningen blir central. Resultat och konklusion: Resultatet av studien visar att få företag verkar för att inta en ny oetablerad marknad, så kallad ”blå ocean”. Fokus hos företagen i studien ligger på att bibehålla samt vinna nya marknadsandelar på befintliga marknader samt utöka till fler geografiska områden. Studien visar hur företagen arbetar både med kostnadsöverlägsenhet samtidigt som de arbetar med differentiering av sina produkter där samtliga företag idag arbetar med innovationsarbete vilket skapar möjligheter för att särskilja produkter från konkurrenters utbud. Detta till trots är företagen inte ”stuck in the middle” enligt Porters (1980) teori, utan stöder tesen om en hybridstrategi som visar på god konkurrenskraft om företaget är innovativt. Utöver det belyser studien digitaliseringens intåg på marknaden där både marknadsföring och handel i allt större utsträckning sker digitalt. Företagen i studien visar också på betydelsen av lokal närvaro, inträde på rätt geografiska marknader och värdet av goda kundrelationer. Slutligen belyses nödvändigheten att vara ledande avseende miljöfrågor och hållbara produkter. / Purpose: The “Blue Ocean Strategy” refers to the creation of new markets identified by no competition. This study highlights how five big Swedish corporations actively work to create new markets, resist competition on the existent market and if environmental work is seen as a competitive advantage, and thereby create a strengthened market position. Method: The study uses an inductive approach with qualitative interviews. The work is based on thorough interviews with corporate leaders from five big Swedish corporations; Alfa Laval, Assa Abloy, Inwido, Lindab and Tetra Pak. The study takes a hermeneutic approach in which interpretation becomes central. Result and conclusion: The result of the study shows that only few corporations work to create a new market or “Blue Ocean”. The focus of the studied corporations is to maintain their current market shares and to win new market shares on already existing markets. Their focus is also to expand into more geographical areas. The study describes how the corporations work with both overall cost leadership and at the same time with differentiation of their products. All corporations work with innovation, which creates possibilities to distinguish their products from competitors. Despite this, corporations are not “stuck in the middle” in accordance with Porter’s (1980) theories; instead they support the modification of a hybrid strategy, which shows strong competitiveness if the corporation is innovative. Further the study has identified the entry of digitalisation in which both marketing and trade more frequent occur digitally. The study also identifies the importance of local presence, the right geographical market entry and the value of good customer relationships. Finally the study illustrates the necessity to be in a leading position regarding environmental and sustainable products.

Submitted by Diego Ramos (diego.gestor@gmail.com) on 2013-03-30T09:34:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Ramos Mestrado.pdf: 905187 bytes, checksum: e11e5a8bb3d0a120758e6b4daac07ea5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-01T13:18:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Ramos Mestrado.pdf: 905187 bytes, checksum: e11e5a8bb3d0a120758e6b4daac07ea5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-01T13:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Ramos Mestrado.pdf: 905187 bytes, checksum: e11e5a8bb3d0a120758e6b4daac07ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Ecobusiness Parks are new collective business arrangements for a greater sustainability at local level. Accordingly and guided by discussions on Competitive Social and Environmental Strategies, the present study aimed to analyze which factors of competitive advantage are associated with these ventures. After developing an exploratory study it was selected, by its typical features and ease of access, the Technological Green Pole of Rio de Janeiro as the context for conducting a case study. Specifically, the units of analysis were two companies that will have research centers in the pole, General Electric and L'Oréal. Additionally, given the multidisciplinary criteria of case studies and in the case of physically located arrangements, it was adopted the Location Theory as alternative explanatory theory. Based on these two theoretical domains it was defined a conceptual framework used, subsequently, in a qualitative analysis. This analysis, that relied on data triangulation, revealed that the main perceived advantage by companies were the proximity to consumer markets, followed by government support, the business environment and the availability of intellectual capital. The social and environmental issues, in turn, were taken as a matter of responsibility. Competitiveness were then treated as a secondary issue. However, potential gains were recognized from this strategy, such as reputation, innovation, increased productivity and reduced risk. / Ecoparques Empresariais são novos arranjos empresariais coletivos para uma maior sustentabilidade em nível local. Nesse sentido e pautado pelas discussões em Estratégias Socioambientais Competitivas, o presente estudo buscou analisar quais fatores de vantagem competitiva estão associados a esses empreendimentos. Após a elaboração de um estudo exploratório foi selecionado, por tipicidade e acessibilidade, o Polo Verde Tecnológico do Rio de Janeiro como contexto para condução de um estudo de caso. Especificamente, as unidades de análise foram duas empresas que terão centros de pesquisa no polo, General Electric e L'Oréal. Adicionalmente, atendendo ao critério de multidisciplinaridade para estudos de caso e, em se tratando de arranjos fisicamente localizados, optou-se pela Teoria da Localização como teoria explicativa complementar. Com base nesses dois corpos teóricos foi definido um quadro conceitual utilizado na posterior análise qualitativa. Essa análise que contou com uma triangulação de dados, revelou que a principal vantagem percebida pelas empresas é a proximidade dos mercados consumidores, seguida do apoio do governo, o ambiente de negócios e a disponibilidade de capital intelectual. As questões socioambientais, por sua vez, foram tidas como uma responsabilidade, sendo a competitividade uma questão secundária. Todavia, foram reconhecidos potenciais ganhos dessa estratégia, como reputação, inovação, aumento de produtividade e redução de riscos.