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The role of government and the constitutional protection of equality and freedom of expression in the United States and CanadaGrayson, James Warren 11 1900 (has links)
Canada and the United States are similar in many respects,
and both protect individual rights at a constitutional level.
However, the Supreme Court of Canada and the United States
Supreme Court have developed alternative conceptions of the
constitutional protection of freedom of expression and equality.
This thesis describes these differences and attempts to explain
the reasons for their development.
Under the Fourteenth Amendment, the U.S. Supreme Court
merely requires that governmental actors refrain from overt
discrimination on the basis of an objectionable ground. Thus,
the Court has created numerous doctrines to limit equality to
this definition, including color-blindness, intentional
discrimination, and multiple levels of review. Each of these
concepts has contributed to the application of formal equality by
restricting governmental attempts, such as affirmative action, to
alleviate social inequality. In addition, the Court's
application of content neutrality to freedom of expression cases
has restricted attempts to promote equality through legislation
restricting hate speech and pornography.
By contrast, the Supreme Court of Canada has interpreted the
protection of equality in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to
respond to the actual social consequences of legislation. Rather
than limiting the Charter to intentional discrimination, the
Court will consider governmental actions which have the effect of
creating or encouraging inequality. Similarly, governmental
restrictions on hate speech and pornography have been upheld by
the Supreme Court of Canada as necessary for the protection of
equality. For the Supreme Court of Canada, equality has a social
reality.
These differences suggest an alternative role of government
in the rights sphere in Canada and the United States. The United
States Supreme Court has developed a rights interpretation which
excludes much significant governmental action, whether positive
or negative. The Court has incorporated the Bill of Rights into
the Fourteenth Amendment and, in doing so, has expanded
individual rights at the expense of state power in the promotion
of equality. The lack of such a development in Canada has
resulted in a more substantial role for social legislation, while
still protecting against governmental overreaching through the
Charter. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate
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Vyrovnávací akce a rovnost před zákonem. / Actions aimed at achieving equality and equality before lawNovosad, Matouš January 2016 (has links)
This Master's Thesis deals with the sociological phenomenon called affirmative action, which has appeared in different forms in many countries during the second half of 20th century. This topic, as rather complex and overlapping fields of more social sciences, is being widely discussed in the society. In some countries, application of affirmative action brings controversy and even division in the communities. This thesis aims to find the substance of affirmative action and compare it with the principles of equality before law. These topics are discussed in their sociological, psychological and legislative dimensions. The analysis stems from examples of particular causes and recent key judicial decisions in the United States of America, the European Union and India, illustrating legal aspects of affirmative action in different regions. Their discussion tries to point out the different dimensions of affirmative action, including the motivations for implementing it in the society and the following public reflections. Author's main concern is targeted to the relation between different aspects of affirmative action and the main elements of the idea of equality before law. Difference between social engineering approaches and good intention of legislator may be very subtle and politically dependent. In the...
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Towards transformative human rights practices : a reconsideration of the role of Canadian legal institutions in achieving social justiceBuckley, Melina 05 1900 (has links)
This thesis examines the tension between the evolving demand for the protection and promotion of
human rights and the dissatisfaction with the legal institutions charged with these responsibilities.
This problematique is examined and reconstructed with the objective of determining how Canadian
legal institutions could be structured so as to more effectively contribute to the achievement of
social justice.
A critical theory approach is undertaken in this thesis. This method involves the development of a
transformative ideal against which current practices are examined. This juxtaposition illuminates
both the problems with, and the possibilities of, the courts and human rights commissions in
interpreting and applying human rights norms.
The transformative ideal comprises two elements. The first element postulates that the legal
institutional role should be conceived as contributing to a broad and evolving discourse on human
rights and responsibilities within the public sphere. The second element holds that this role should
be enhanced through the development of transformative human rights practices and their integration
into legal processes.
The transformative ideal is constructed through a series of six discussions comprising: (1) the
development of an analytical framework based on the concepts of social transformation, social
justice, human rights and the right to equality; (2) an examination of the critique of the role and
functions of courts and human rights commissions; (3) an elaboration of a normative account of the
public sphere and discourse together with a discussion of the role of human rights norms therein; (4)
a discussion of current mediation practices in the human rights context leading to the development
of a normative model of transformative mediation; (5) an examination of the transformative ideal
in human rights commission practices; and (6) an exploration of the transformative ideal in court
practices.
The thesis concludes that the transformative ideal and particularly the concept of transformative
human rights practices, will assist in reform of Canadian legal institutions so as to enhance social
justice.
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Disempowered : the case of the black female drug courier in Ontario judicial and media discourses /Barnett, Teneeka M. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Interdisciplinary Studies. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-175). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1299814341&SrchMode=1&sid=16&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1195573096&clientId=5220
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Correctional service of Canada ideology and "Violent" aboriginal female offenders /Dell, Colleen Anne. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 446-470). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Wettbewerbsgleichheit im grenzüberschreitenden Handel : mit Schlussfolgerungen für indirekte Steuern /Englisch, Joachim. January 2007 (has links)
Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007 / Includes bibliographical references (p. [839]-882) and index.
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Combating racial discrimination : aboriginal peoples' access to the legal profession /Baumgartner Di Giusto, Carla January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-137). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Gleichberechtigung von Individuen als Problem des VölkerrechtsSchindler, Dietrich. January 1957 (has links)
Habilitationsschrift--Zürich. / Bibliography: p. v-vi.
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No longer male and female : interpreting Galatians 3:28 in early Christianity /Hogan, Pauline Nigh. January 2008 (has links)
Überarb. Diss. Univ. Ontario. / Includes bibliographical references and index.
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La notion d'égalité dans le droit de certains états d'Amérique latine: Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Mexique et VenezuelaPetzold-Pernía, Hermann Unknown Date (has links)
Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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