Actualmente, el mundo está en una etapa de cambios y evolución hacia una era netamente digital y los medios de comunicación no son ajenos a este proceso. En ese sentido, cientos de empresas de noticias a nivel global se han visto obligadas a generarse un espacio en la web para difundir su contenido, debido a la caída de ventas de los periódicos impresos. Ante este panorama, herramientas digitales como el Search Engine Optimization (SEO) buscan posicionar de manera orgánica un sitio dentro de un motor de búsqueda como Google. De esta manera, se podrá se podrán generar mayores ingresos a través de visitas en el sitio online y una mayor fidelización de la audiencia. El presente trabajo analizará qué tan preparados y capacitados se encuentran los redactores para que puedan emplear de manera correcta el SEO y este pueda impactar de manera positiva en los resultados del medio, sin dejar de lado los principios básicos del periodismo. / Currently, the world is in a stage of changes and evolution towards a purely digital era and the media are no stranger to this process. In that sense, hundreds of global news companies have been forced to generate a space on the web to disseminate their content, due to the fall in sales of printed newspapers. Against this backdrop, digital tools such as Search Engine Optimization (SEO) seek to position a site organically within a search engine like Google. In this way, you can generate more revenue through visits to the online site and greater loyalty of the audience. This paper will analyze how prepared and trained the editors are so that they can use SEO correctly and it can have a positive impact on the results of the media, without neglecting the basic principles of journalism. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo analiza las estrategias empleadas por el New York Times que lo han llevado a ser uno de los diarios sostenibles económicamente en la actualidad. Estas son comparadas con las acciones que ha empleado el diario peruano El Comercio en la búsqueda de conseguir el mismo objetivo. Mediante el uso de un paradigma interpretativo constructivista con un enfoque cualitativo basado en el estudio de casos se ha podido determinar las diferencias y similitudes de ambos medios de comunicación. Gracias a ello, en el presente trabajo se ha podido observar que El Comercio ha tratado de adoptar estrategias similares a las del New York Times pero que no han podido implementar en su totalidad. Un ejemplo de ello es la creación de diversos perfiles en redes sociales enfocados en las distintas secciones del medio peruano. Sin duda el medio norteamericano tiene grandes diferencias más allá de la cantidad de seguidores y publicaciones. Asimismo, se ha podido observar que El Comercio sigue en la lucha por una reinvención, la implementación de podcast en el aplicativo móvil es un ejemplo de ello. / This research analyzes the New York Times strategies that have made it one of the most economically sustainable newspapers today. They are compared to the strategies used by the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio to achieve the same objective. By using a constructivist interpretative paradigm with a qualitative approach based on case studies, it has been possible to identify differences and similarities between the two media. As a result, El Comercio has attempted to adopt similar strategies to the New York Times but not to fully implement them. One such example is the creation of various profiles in social networks focused on different sections of the Peruvian media. The North American media certainly has great differences beyond the number of followers and publications. Likewise, it has been noticed that El Comercio continues in the reinvention fight, and the implementation of podcasts in the mobile application is an example of this. / Trabajo de investigación

On November 17, 1980, twenty Mormon women and one man were arrested on criminal trespassing charges after chaining themselves to the Bellevue, Washington LDS Temple gate. The news media extensively covered the event due to the shocking photos of middle-aged housewives, covered in large chains, holding protest signs and being escorted to police cars. These women were part of the group Mormons for the Equal Rights Amendment (MERA) and were protesting the LDS Church’s opposition to the ERA. The LDS Church actively opposed the ERA and played an important role in influencing the vote in key states leading to its eventual failure. However, ERA literature generally ignores the LDS Church and their influence, instead attributing the ERA’s failure to lack of appeal to lower class and minority women, the ratification process, and confusing messaging about the amendment. Literature that does discuss the LDS Church and its opposition to the ERA fails to tell the story of the small, but bold and attention grabbing group of Mormon women who organized a campaign in direct opposition to the position of their church. This thesis begins with an evaluation of MERA’s use of sacred space in protest, and their portrayal in the media. It then explores how MERA re-appropriated LDS hymns, rituals and language to assert their power and express discontent with the church’s position on ERA, and concludes with an evaluation of the institutional and social consequences MERA members faced as a result of their activism.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / El aprendizaje de una lengua es considerado algo indispensable. Sin embargo, para aprender cualquier idioma bien, especialmente para estudiantes de herencia en esta era digitalizada, es indispensable no solo perfeccionar las habilidades lingüísticas sino ilustrarse acerca de los orígenes y desarrollo de la cultura hispanoamericana. Para aumentar estas aptitudes ayudan tanto el estudio avanzado de la lengua como la convivencia directa con la comunidad estudiada. Esta tesis propone que ambos pueden producirse a través del estudio de problemáticas específicas planteadas en las obras literarias hispanoamericanas. Insistiendo en este aspecto, se empleará la poesía de la escritora venezolana Natasha Tiniacos, quien ha creado una voz original al adoptar un lenguaje moderno, de cambios de códigos y accesible en la red para compartir su arte y, a la vez, plantear la crisis actual de su país de origen. A lo largo de esta tesis y para probar esta hipótesis, se utilizarán poemas de dos libros de Tiniacos, Mujer a fuego lento (2006) e Historia privada de un etcétera (2016), y se analizará cómo estos proveen herramientas para que los estudiantes de herencia mejoren su competencia lingüística y entendimiento de fenómenos sociales como los descritos en los poemas de Tiniacos.

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This thesis explores the various perspectives that Northern Americans had on Russian serfdom and its emancipation. This era was significant to both Russia and the United States because each country experienced tremendous reforms including the abolitions of their unfree labor institutions. Generally, Northern Americans viewed serfdom as a milder form of forced labor and suspected that it would be eradicated soon. Abolitionists used rumors of Russian emancipation to advocate for the end of American slavery. Diminishing the realities of serfdom in the American media was a way for abolitionists to condemn the brutality of American slavery by comparison. After the Civil War ended, Reconstruction era politics shaped the way political party-endorsing newspapers would report on the progress of emancipation and reforms in Russia. This thesis will also analyze the frequency of American reports on Russian serfdom and the progress of its emancipation during the Antebellum era while considering the political affiliation of the news sources when possible. Overall, this thesis provides a much-needed examination of the transnational effect of Russian Emancipation on Northern Americans, the Union effort, and the movement to abolish slavery in America.

While writers of the Victorian era were free to address contemporary social issues, playwrights were forced to contend with government censorship that ostensibly discouraged them from debating politically controversial topics. An adjunct of the Lord Chamberlain's Office, the Examiner of Plays was responsible for censoring morally and politically sensitive material, giving this individual tremendous influence over the English stage. My dissertation, Dramatic Anxieties: William Bodham Donne, Censorship and the Victorian Theatre, 1849-18 74, focuses on the career of one dramatic censor, William Bodham Donne (1807-82). Throughout his tenure as Examiner (1849-74), Donne controlled the written content of every play performed in every theatre in England. His was a position of remarkable cultural and social influence, offering him the opportunity to shape the performed drama, and thereby the attitudes of those who attended it. This study examines Donne's censorship of dramatists' attempts to treat in a serious manner such political and social issues as Anglo-Jewish emancipation, Chartism, the repeal of the Com Laws, prison reform, and the condition of the working classes. I demonstrate that to evaluate the cultural impact of dramatic censorship in the Victorian period requires an understanding of the ongoing tension between Donne and the playwrights who, despite the professional ignominy that accompanied censorship, often struggled to address the political and social issues of their time. The relationship between Victorian playwrights and the Examiner involves a cultural dialectic that negotiates the boundaries of a licensed public space. In exposing the explicit and implicit pressures which one such Examiner brought to bear on dramatists, this study begins to uncover what is still a largely unexplored feature of Victorian theatre history. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The Book and the Box takes a new approach to understanding the relationship between the rise of television, the history of twentieth century fiction, and the shifting definitions of authorship in the United States during a period in which large media conglomerations began acquiring and merging with literary publishing houses. I demonstrate that the mechanisms of media convergence threatened previous, romantic notions of authorship and resulted in crises of agency and authority for many writers struggling to survive in a new world of transitioning media forms and audiences. My study uncovers a shadow history of postmodernism that has thus far been left buried by lagging scholarship on individual authors’ careers. The first chapter sets up the context for my dissertation by offering a new approach to looking at the history of media studies as it relates to the televisual and literary author. I argue that the major strands of media studies as an academic discipline have largely sacrificed the writer/author in order to emphasize television’s status a cultural mirror and institutional product. I believe that emphasizing the problem of authorship helps us better appreciate the aesthetic and cultural history of television and literature. Chapter 2 examines Rod Serling’s struggles to gain control over his television scripts despite the collaborative nature of the medium. Serling, I argue, made myriad sacrifices with his series The Twilight Zone, embracing a genre that wasn’t taken seriously and becoming a salesman for his series and the products sold by the sponsors of his series. Chapter 3 argues that Harlan Ellison’s idealized notion of writing as a solitary act was irreconcilable with the collaborative nature of the televisual medium, pitting him against producers and fans. Finally, chapter 4 looks at Ishmael Reed and Bill Gunn’s little-discussed meta soap opera Personal Problems. I argue that, contra Ellison and Serling, Reed and Gunn embrace the collaborative nature of television as a means of creating what they saw as authentic representation of Black life in America thus far missing from mainstream television.

The post-apartheid era in South Africa demonstrated a grand shift in the country's legislation. Local government legislation was particularly affected, as it was at the municipal level that the policies of apartheid were visible. Part of addressing the legacy of spatial segregation included a suite of legislation aimed at addressing the legacy of apartheid and the deep socio-economic inequality present by ensuring that local government had high levels of autonomy. By forging the concept of “developmental local government”, the legislation cemented local government as an active branch of state, able to address the post-apartheid goal of redistribution. My research focuses on one aspect of this legislation, the categorizing of municipalities. South African local government legislation is outlined in a way that provides greater autonomy to municipalities that are deemed “metros” whilst simultaneously describing the model of “cooperative governance” which describes all levels of government as being equally crucial and able to perform governance. The case of Buffalo City Municipality (BCM) forms the focus of my case study because it is an example of a small city that was promoted to ‘metro status'. My research teases out the political and technical hopes, dreams and realities of ‘metro status'. It relies on a narrative qualitative inquiry based on the input from 19 interviewees (including academics, national government ministers and municipal employees) and an analysis of the governmental, legislative and media archives focussed on the local government transformation in the country. Being prompted by the work of Jennifer Robinson, who asks scholars to consider the trajectory of urban labels and the theories they are grounded in, I do not take for granted the jurisdictional/legislative label of “metro” and I seek to answer the question: Is bigger better? Further, the growing questions on the absence of scholarly research on smaller cities gives this research room to ask questions regarding a city caught between larger and smaller cities. BCM demonstrates a municipality whose hopes to be a big city may have been rooted more in appearances rather than in fact. Whilst the term metro speaks to a set of technical assumptions of the characteristics of a city, BCM demonstrates an example of how politics plays a large part in how local government policy is enacted. Where ‘metro status' can be perceived simply as a change in jurisdictional status, BCM demonstrates that even for a small city the prestige of ‘metro status' brings a slew of political and governmental infighting at local, regional and even national level.

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