Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 5, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-42).

"In view of the contribution she has made to the field of children's literature and the distinction she has achieved in being awarded the Newbery Medal for one of her books, Eleanor Estes has been chosen as the subject for this study. The purpose is to discover the pertinent and interesting facts of her life and to analyze the reaction to her works in the reviews and criticism. The procedure in compiling data for this study was to read all of Mrs. Estes' books and to study all available articles and reviews that have appeared in current books and periodicals. An appeal was made to Mrs. Estes to supply certain data concerning her life during the last few years. She most graciously responded with interesting and informative letters"--Introduction. / Carbon copy of typescript. / "August, 1958." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Agnes Gregory, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-38).

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-22T12:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Deborah Paz de Almeida.pdf: 1263931 bytes, checksum: 6e02e1d249550ad9d674281dbdec4758 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T12:19:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Deborah Paz de Almeida.pdf: 1263931 bytes, checksum: 6e02e1d249550ad9d674281dbdec4758 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / On Behavior Analysis it is possible to understand punishment based mainly on two perspectives: asymmetrical, that defines punishment by it‘s procedures; And symmetrical, which also refers to the behavioral process. The main authors of these perspectives are Skinner, and Azrin and Holz, respectively. Each of these perspectives results on different experimental and practical implications. The objective of the present work is to analyze the development of the concepts of punishment by William K. Estes and Murray Sidman, two authors who are prominent on the asymmetrical perspective, but have been less studied than Skinner. For this purpose, texts about punishment, experimental and theoretical-conceptual, written by both authors, were selected from the PsycNet platform, from a list of Murray Sidman articles available at the Experimental Psychology Laboratory of PUC-SP, and by contact with other researchers. A total of four texts written by Estes and 16 texts written by Sidman were found, in addition to an interview given by Sidman to Per Holth. The texts were then fully read, with the excerpts that made reference to: a) definitions of punishment, aversive or punishing stimulus, coercion or aversive control; b) effects of punishment; c) explanation of its effects; d) debates with other authors about the subject; and e) discussion about the use of punishment; being highlighted and analyzed. Based on this analysis it was possible to identify similarities between the concepts proposed by Estes, Sidman and Skinner. In relation to definition, the similarities between Sidman and Skinners proposals, and the characterization of punishment proposed by Estes, stand out. By describing possible weakening effects of punishment, Estes and Sidman point out to its temporality and to the aversive relations that emerge by stimulus conditioning. On the subject of the explanation given to punishment effects, Skinner, Estes and Sidman all point out to the possibility of strengthening of a response capable of reducing the aversive stimulation that the punished response itself generates, and Estes later presents some criticism to this interpretation; and Sidman emphasizes the competition of reinforcing and punishing consequences as another possible interpretation that explains the observed effects. Estes and Sidman don‘t dialog among themselves, even though both present debates with Skinner. Lastly, Estes and Sidman dedicate some part of their work to discuss the implication of the practical uses of punishment / Na Análise do Comportamento é possível entender a punição com base, principalmente, em duas perspectivas: assimétrica, que define punição procedimentalmente; e simétrica, que faz menção também ao processo comportamental. Os principais representantes dessas perspectivas são Skinner e Azrin e Holz, respectivamente. Cada uma das perspectivas resulta em diferentes implicações experimentais e práticas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o desenvolvimento dos conceitos de punição de William K. Estes e Murray Sidman, dois autores que se destacam na perspectiva assimétrica, porém, foram menos explorados que Skinner. Para tanto, selecionaram-se os trabalhos sobre punição experimentais e teórico-conceituais de ambos os autores na plataforma PsycNet, em uma lista de artigos de Murray Sidman existente no Laboratório de Psicologia Experimental da PUC-SP e através do contato com pesquisadores. Foi encontrado um total de quatro textos de autoria de Estes e 16 textos da autoria de Sidman, além de uma entrevista concedida por Sidman a Per Holth. Os textos foram lidos integralmente, sendo destacados e analisados os trechos de cada trabalho que faziam referência a: a) definição de punição, estímulo aversivo ou punidor, coerção ou controle aversivo; b) efeitos da punição; c) explicação dos efeitos da punição; d) debate com outros autores sobre o tema; e e) discussão do uso da punição. Com base nessa análise foi possível identificar semelhanças entre os conceitos propostos por Estes, Sidman e Skinner. Em relação à definição, destaca-se a semelhança entre as propostas de Sidman e Skinner, e a caracterização da punição proposta por Estes. Ao descrever possíveis efeitos enfraquecedores da punição, Estes e Sidman apontam para a sua temporariedade e para as relações aversivas que emergem pelo condicionamento de estímulos. Sobre a explicação dada aos efeitos da punição, tanto Skinner quanto Estes e Sidman apontam para a possibilidade do fortalecimento de uma resposta capaz de reduzir a estimulação aversiva que a própria resposta punida gera, sendo que Estes posteriormente apresenta críticas a essa interpretação; e Sidman enfatiza a competição de consequências reforçadoras e punidoras como uma outra possível interpretação que explica os efeitos observados. Estes e Sidman não dialogam entre si, apesar de ambos apresentarem debates com Skinner. Por fim, Estes e Sidman dedicam alguma parte do seu trabalho para discutir a implicação dos usos práticos da punição

Contains 400 of the most important and publicized scandals throughout the world since the beginning of the twentieth century. This title contains topics that include scandals that rocked the worlds of banking and finance, education, government and politics, health and medicine, publishing and journalism, and sports and entertainment.

A recent upsurge exists of archaeologists using ancient hair as a research tool, with new uses of this previously discarded archaeological material being introduced annually. Human hair deteriorates extremely slowly, and since the average modern human sheds approximately one hundred hairs per day, there should be copious amounts of hair debris left behind after humans leave a site; it is just a matter of how much of the hair survives in the archaeological environment. Most loose hair recovered from archaeological sites, however, is found fortuitously and in many cases, because archaeologists were not actively searching for ancient hair, it is possible they tainted the hair they later tested in ways that compromised their data, or more importantly contaminated their samples with modern hair and did not test ancient hair at all. No standardized method has previously been established for searching for ancient hair in an archaeological site. This paper considers (a) a method of soil extraction in the field that avoids contamination with modern hair and elements that might hinder later test data; (b) the processing of samples in the laboratory while continuing sample integrity; (c) identification of the types of soils and environments that are most favorable to hair preservation; and (d) an examination of the relevance of hair extraction from sites including the practicality and research potential. This paper examines five archaeological sites, using three different methods of hair extraction, examining the pros and cons of each. This should enable future researchers to find a method that works best for their particular site. It also analyzes the soil chemistry of the sites in order to study the soil and hair survival relationship, so that scientists can better determine which soils hold the best potential for hair survival. Laboratory methods that avoid contamination of the samples are also outlined in order to help researchers keep sample integrity after leaving the archaeological site.

A recent upsurge exists of archaeologists using ancient hair as a research tool, with new uses of this previously discarded archaeological material being introduced annually. Human hair deteriorates extremely slowly, and since the average modern human sheds approximately one hundred hairs per day, there should be copious amounts of hair debris left behind after humans leave a site; it is just a matter of how much of the hair survives in the archaeological environment. Most loose hair recovered from archaeological sites, however, is found fortuitously and in many cases, because archaeologists were not actively searching for ancient hair, it is possible they tainted the hair they later tested in ways that compromised their data, or more importantly contaminated their samples with modern hair and did not test ancient hair at all. No standardized method has previously been established for searching for ancient hair in an archaeological site. This paper considers (a) a method of soil extraction in the field that avoids contamination with modern hair and elements that might hinder later test data; (b) the processing of samples in the laboratory while continuing sample integrity; (c) identification of the types of soils and environments that are most favorable to hair preservation; and (d) an examination of the relevance of hair extraction from sites including the practicality and research potential. This paper examines five archaeological sites, using three different methods of hair extraction, examining the pros and cons of each. This should enable future researchers to find a method that works best for their particular site. It also analyzes the soil chemistry of the sites in order to study the soil and hair survival relationship, so that scientists can better determine which soils hold the best potential for hair survival. Laboratory methods that avoid contamination of the samples are also outlined in order to help researchers keep sample integrity after leaving the archaeological site.

Cauldron Calling is a compilation of poems ranging in poetic forms from the sonnet to free verse to lyric prose that incorporates a number of processes including: hypnopompic texting, hypnagogic automatic writing, and direct observation. The purpose of this myriad of poetic forms is to peer through the psychic shells we create and examine the workings of the mind so as to give form to the nebulousness found within while most closely recreating physical experiences of pain. In the collection, domestic spaces, particularly kitchens, serve as filters and lenses through which to process anxiety and pain. Conversely, domestic spaces are viewed as areas of both liberation and confinement and the voices of the various speakers throughout the manuscript struggle with this duality/plurality and whether there is a choice to participate in the intergenerational recycling and handing down of these beliefs and behaviors or not. Through sound sense, enjambment, deep image, and the elevation of the mundane, these poems are meant to give insight into the feminine experience as it relates to ritualistic acts of release as opposed to product-driven enterprises for mass consumption.

No description available.

State explosion in model checking continues to be the primary obstacle to widespread use of software model checking. The large input ranges of variables used in software is the main cause of state explosion. As software grows in size and complexity the problem only becomes worse. As such, model checking research into data abstraction as a way of mitigating state explosion has become more and more important. Data abstractions aim to reduce the effect of large input ranges. This work focuses on a static program analysis technique called dead variable analysis. The goal of dead variable analysis is to discover variable assignments that are not used. When applied to model checking, this allows us to ignore the entire input range of dead variables and thus reduce the size of the explored state space. Prior research into dead variable analysis for model checking does not make full use of dynamic run-time information that is present during model checking. We present an algorithm for intraprocedural dead variable analysis that uses dynamic run-time information to find more dead variables on-the-fly and further reduce the size of the explored state space. We introduce a definition for the maximal state space reduction possible through an on-the-fly dead variable analysis and then show that our algorithm produces a maximal reduction in the absence of non-determinism.