Ovarian cancer is thought to be derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), but it is often diagnosed during the late stages and therefore the events that contribute to the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer are poorly defined. Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between the female reproductive hormones and ovarian cancer etiology, but the direct effects of 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on disease pathophysiology are not well understood. A novel transgenic mouse model of ovarian cancer was generated that utilized the Cre/loxP system to inducibly express the oncogene SV40 large and small T-Antigen in the OSE. The tgCAG-LS-TAg mice developed poorly differentiated ovarian tumours with metastasis and ascites throughout the peritoneal space. Although P4 had no effect; E2 significantly accelerated disease progression in tgCAG-LS-TAg mice. The early onset of ovarian cancer was likely mediated by E2’s ability to increase the areas of putative preneoplastic lesions in the OSE. E2 also significantly decreased survival time in ovarian cancer cell xenografts. Microarray analysis of the tumours revealed that E2 mainly affects genes involved in angiogenesis and cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. These results suggest that E2 acts on the tumour microenvironment in addition to its direct effects on OSE and ovarian cancer cells. In order to examine the role of the gonadotropins in ovarian cancer progression, the tgCAG-LS-TAg mice were treated with 4-vinylcyclohexene-diepoxide (VCD) to induce menopause. Menopause slowed the progression of ovarian cancer due to a change in the histological subtype from poorly differentiated tumours to Sertoli tumours. Using a transgenic mouse model, it was shown that E2 accelerated ovarian cancer progression, while P4 had little effect on the disease. Menopause (elevated levels of LH and FSH) altered the histological subtype of the ovarian tumours in the tgCAG-LS-TAg mouse model. These results emphasize the importance of generating animal models to accurately recapitulate human disease and utilizing these models to develop novel prevention and treatment strategies for women with ovarian cancer.

Brustkrebs ist die häufigste Krebstodesursache bei Frauen in den Industrienationen mit einer jährlich ansteigenden Neuerkrankungsrate (Senn und Niederberger 2002). Durch vorangegangene Untersuchungen wurde bereits deutlich, dass das Peptidhormon Relaxin unter in vitro Bedingungen maßgeblich zur Tumorprogression von Mammakarzinomen beiträgt (Binder et al. 2002). Die vorliegende Arbeit hat untersucht, ob Relaxin diese Wirkung auch in vivo auf Mammakarzinome ausübt. Relaxin ist ein multifunktionales Hormon. Es ist ein Aktivator verschiedenerWachstumsund Transkriptionsfaktoren (Samuel et al. 2007a) und nimmt eine Schlüsselfunktion im Bindegewebsstoffwechsel ein, indem es durch eine Steigerung der MMP-Expression zur bindegewebigen Erweichung führt (Unemori et al. 1996). Im Krebsgeschehen schafft das Peptidhormon damit die Voraussetzungen für Tumorwachstum und Metastasierung (Bingle et al. 2002). Für die Fragestellung der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Brustkrebsmodell der BalbneuT- Maus eingesetzt, die aufgrund der transgenen HER2-Überexpression spontan Mammakarzinome entwickelt. Es wurden 45 weibliche Tiere mit beginnendem Wachstum von Mammatumoren auf eine Relaxin- (n=22) und eine Kontrollgruppe (n=23) aufgeteilt. Den Tieren wurde über eine unter das Nackenfell implantierte osmotische Minipumpe (Fa. Alzet, Modell 2004; Kupertura, Kanada) im Falle der Relaxin-Gruppe Relaxin und im Falle der Kontrollgruppe isotone Natriumchloridlösung verabreicht. Danach wurden die Tiere 10-49 Tage beobachtet und daraufhin eingeschläfert. Es wurden die Tumoren, Biopsien von Leber, Lunge und Nieren sowie Blutproben entnommen. Um beurteilen zu können, ob die Tumoren der Relaxin-behandelten Tiere ein schnelleres Wachstum zeigten, wurden Tumorvolumina und -gewichte zu den unterschiedlichen Tötungszeitpunkten erfasst. Weiterhin wurden im Tumorgewebe immunhistochemisch der Proliferationsmarker Ki67, der Makrophagenmarker MAC 387, der Relaxinrezeptor RXFP1 sowie die Steroidhormonrezeptoren für 17!-Östradiol (ER) und Progesteron (PR) bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde die RXFP1-spezifische mRNA molekularbiologisch im Tumorgewebe dargestellt. Außerdem wurden die peripheren Hormonkonzentrationen von Relaxin, 17!-Östradiol (E2) und Progesteron (P4) ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten den Beweis erbringen, dass Relaxin auch in vivo dasWachstum von Mammakarzinomen unterstützt. Relaxin bewirkte im vorliegenden Experiment eine Rekrutierung von Tumor-assoziierten Makrophagen (TAMs) ins tumorumgebenden Bindegewebe. Dadurch erfolgte dort die Synthese verschiedener Faktoren und Enzyme, welche zur bindegewebigen Erweichung, Apoptosehemmung und zu einer gesteigerten Zellproliferation führten (Bingle et al. 2002; Devetzi et al. 2008). Weiterhin induzierte die exogene Relaxingabe eine vermehrte E2-Synthese, was sich ebenfalls wachstumsfördernd und apoptosehemmend auswirkte und somit die Tumorproliferation unterstützt hat (Catalano et al. 2009; Lewis-Wambi und Jordan 2009). Die Expression des RXFP1 im Tumorgewebe wurde durch Relaxin über eine gesteigerte E2- Synthese (Wilson et al. 2008) gefördert, ebenso wie die Expression des ER. Weiterhin führte Relaxin zu einer gesteigerten P4-Synthese und zur gesteigerten Expression des PR im Tumorgewebe über einen derzeit noch unbekannten Mechanismus. Aufgrund der maßgeblichen Bedeutung des Peptidhormons für das Progressionsverhalten von Mammakarzinomen kann die Bestimmung der Relaxinblutspiegel bei Brustkrebspatientinnen deshalb in Zukunft ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel bei der Wahl der richtigen Therapie und bei der Prognosebeurteilung werden.

Mammalian estrogens and estrogen-like compounds known as xeno-estrogens are being found in and excreted into the environment in ever increasing amounts. The xeno-estrogen DDE has been found at high concentrations of 1-5 mg/kg of soil (Aislabie et. al, 1997). These estrogens and xeno-estrogens are having a devastating effect on animal-life, yet little is known or understood on the effects of estrogens on plant-life. Thus it is important to determine what effects (if any) estrogens may have on plants. Other research has shown that estrogen has an effect on plants grown in vitro (Janeczko and Skoczowski, 2005). This research aims to help increase the amount of information on what effects estrogens may have on plants. In this study, the effects of mammalian estrogens (17-β-estradiol, estrone and estriol) on the growth and tuberization of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv 'Iwa') grown in liquid tissue culture medium are presented. It was found that at even 0.1 mg/L of estrogen, root growth of the plants was diminished and at 10 mg/L of estrogen, plant deformity was apparent and callus growth induced. Acid phosphatase activity of the plants was increased with the addition of 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L of estrogen but then decreased with the addition of 10 mg/L of estrogen. Tuber production was slightly reduced in plants treated with estrogen compared to the control.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Current water treatment technologies do not remove many endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) such as 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in its entirety, and the amount of these pollutants that continues to enter the aquatic environment through wastewater effluents is still capable of causing harmful health effects. Therefore the development of simpler and more sensitive biosensor system for detection of EE2 must be developed which have high responsiveness, low cost and easy handling. Therefore the aim of this study was to work towards the development of rapid test system of polyaniline-laccase on gold enzyme nanobiosensor (PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu) for water estrogens. Preliminary studies were first done on the materials used in this study: estrogens, laccase, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and electropolymerized PANI-PSSA. Laccase was shown to be active towards EE2 and the enzyme could be stored for over three months. EE2 solution also could be used for over three months. Buffer used in this study was found to be suitable. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was a suitable electrolyte than hydrochloric acid (HCl) to be used for the electropolymerization of aniline and was used because it has same ions as the McIlvaine buffer (McIlB) which the post-deposition CVs indicated the formation of electrochemically very stable film. AuNPs were successfully synthesized and its size was identified to be less than 22 nm. McIlB used for testing electrochemical properties of AuNP. CVs of GC/PANI-PSSA and GC/PANIPSSA/ Au showed no difference before and after exposure to aq. EE2 solution, an indication of being re-usable and could also serve as stable immobilising platform in laccase biosensor. When interrogating with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of both GC/PANI-PSSA and GC/PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu showed an average increase by about 2.4% and 21% before and after exposure of EE2, respectively. This shows that the GC/PANI-PSSA/Lac/Glu was a functional EE2 biosensor and showing a positive step towards achieving a re-usable biosensor for EE2 as a model water estrogen. Future work Page | vi will focus on exploring different ways of improving the biosensor’s surface regeneration and its sensitivity to EE2.

Orientador: José Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Banca: José Buratini Junior / Banca: Mario Binelli / Resumo: O primeiro ciclo estral pós-parto dura, geralmente, menos que oito dias devido à regressão prematura do corpo lúteo e resulta em baixas taxas de concepção. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos com progesterona e 17ß-estradiol antes da indução da ovulação na incidência de luteólise prematura em vacas Nelore em anestro. Cento e quatorze vacas Nelore em anestro (avaliadas por dois exames ultrassonográficos oito dias aparte; 25 a 65 dias pós-parto) foram aleatoriamente designadas a receber um dos quatro tratamentos (delineamento fatorial 2x2): Grupo Controle - Remoção de bezerros (RB) por 54 horas e injeção i.m. de 1 mL de óleo de caroço de algodão (placebo) 48 horas após o início da RB; Grupo E2 - RB por 54 horas e injeção i.m. de 1 mg de 17ß-estradiol 48 horas após o início da RB; Grupo P4 - Dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona por seis dias seguido por RB (54 horas) e injeção de placebo 48 horas após o início da RB; Grupo P4+E2 - Dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona por seis dias seguido por RB (54 horas) e injeção i.m. de 1 mg de 17ß-estradiol 48 horas após o início da RB. Ao final da RB, todas as vacas receberam uma injeção i.m. de 100 æg de GnRH, sendo esse momento considerado o dia 0 do ciclo estral sincronizado. A ovulação foi avaliada por exames ultrassonográficos nos dias 0 e 2 e somente as vacas que ovularam foram utilizadas no estudo (Controle: n=23; E2: n=25; P4: n=19; P4+E2: n=18). As concentrações séricas de progesterona foram avaliadas por radioimunoensaio em amostras de sangue colhidas nos dias 0, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15 e 19 para avaliação da função luteal...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The length of first post-partum estrous cycle is often lesser than eight days due to premature luteolysis and results in low conception rates. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of treatment with progesterone and/or exogenous 17ß-estradiol prior to induction of ovulation on incidence of short cycles in anestrous Nelore cows. Anestrous Nelore cows (evaluated by two ultrasound exams eight days apart; n=114; 25-65 days post-partum) were randomly assigned to receive either one of the following treatments (2x2 factorial design): Control Group - Calf removal (CR) for 54 hours and 1 mL i.m. cottonseed oil injection (placebo) 48 hours after beginning of CR; E2 Group - CR for 54 hours and 1 mg i.m. 17ß-estradiol injection 48 hours after beginning of CR; P4 Group - Intravaginal progesterone device for six days followed by CR (54 hours) and placebo injection 48 hours after beginning of CR; P4+E2 Group - Intravaginal progesterone device for 6 days followed by CR (54 hours) and 1 mg i.m. 17ß-estradiol injection 48 hours after beginning of CR. At end of CR (day 0), all cows received an 100 æg i.m. GnRH injection. Ovulation was evaluated by ultrasound exams on days 0 and 2 and only cows ovulating were used on this study (Control: n=23; E2: n=25; P4: n=19; P4+E2: n=18). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15 e 19 for evaluation of corpus luteum lifespan, through progesterone analysis by radioimmunoassay. Binomial data were analyzed by logistic regression (PROC LOGISTIC) and continuous data by PROC MIXED of SAS. For all treatments, serum progesterone concentrations were higher on day 5 than on day 0 (P<0.01), but there was no effect of treatments on serum progesterone concentrations on days 0 and 5 (P>0.1)...(Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Mestre

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Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous compounds/chemicals which interfere with, or have adverse effects on the production, distribution and function of natural hormones, thereby affecting normal endocrine activity, health and quality of life of both humans and wildlife. The reproductive system is highly susceptible to EDCs due to it being controlled by an array of hormonal signals. The effects of EDCs on the male reproductive system include infertility, decreased sperm count, function and morphology, abnormal development of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive function and sexual behaviour as well as decreased libido. There are various sources by which EDCs enter the environment which include effluents from several industries (mining, agriculture, smelting, hazardous waste sites, manufacturing industries, etc.), sewage treatment effluents, urban and agricultural runoff and effluents which include natural and pharmaceutical chemicals excreted in the urine of humans and domestic livestock, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, plasticizers, surfactants, etc. Humans and animals can also be affected by EDCs by consuming food containing endocrine active substances. The growing concern regarding adverse effects due to EDC exposure of humans and wildlife, as well as the increased incidence of EDC contamination has prompted extensive research into the development and validation of screening tests to detect and monitor known EDCs and new substances with endocrine-disrupting capability. These screening tests involve assessing the effect of known and potential EDCs on reproductive function and development as well as hormone production. To assess the effect of EDCs on the reproductive system different methods are employed which include in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo methods. In vitro methods have been suggested as a suitable screening tool for EDC monitoring due to low costs, reduced animal usage, the use of standard and basic equipment as well as the ability to screen a large number of samples with multiple endpoints. Of the available in vitro methods, the minced testes method has been suggested as the most suitable method for screening EDCs and for this reason has been employed in this study. The aim of this study was thus to employ a minced testes method to screen samples for male reproductive toxicity using cell viability and hormone production (testosterone and estradiol) as endpoints.The first objective of this study was to optimize an in vitro testicular cell culture assay by determining both optimal luteinizing hormone (LH)&nbsp; concentration and incubation time needed for testosterone production. Testicular cell cultures were prepared and cells were treated with varying concentrations of LH (10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0 mu/ml) and incubated for 4 hours and 20 hours. Testosterone production was evaluated for each incubation period. Testosterone production was significantly increased for both incubation periods at all LH concentrations tested as compared to the control. For both incubation periods, there was no significant difference in testosterone production between the different LH concentrations tested. From the data obtained, the 4 hour incubation period as well as the LH concentration of 10 mu/ml were selected as optimal for the testicular cell culture assay. The second objective of this study was to determine the effect of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. on the male reproductive system. T. violacea is a plant species indigenous to southern Africa and is used locally as a herbal remedy/medicine to treat several ailments. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of the T. violacea ethanol extract (with/without LH-treatment) and incubated for 4 hours. Hormone production and cell viability were evaluated. The results obtained from this pilot in vitro study demonstrated that the ethanol extract of T.violacea has androgenic properties by significantly increasing LH-induced testosterone production in mouse testes with no significant change in cell viability. The third objective of this study was to assess the effect of Sutherlandia frutescens(L.) R.Br and Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex Willd. on the male reproductive system. S. frutescens and A. afra are also plant species indigenous to southern Africa and used locally as a herbal remedy/medicine to treat several ailments. Ethanol extracts of each plant was prepared and cells were treated with varying concentrations of each extract (0, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1250,2500 and 5000 &mu;g/ml) with or without LH-treatment and incubated for 4 hours. Cytotoxicity by LDH measurement and hormone production (testosterone and estradiol) were endpoints that were evaluated. The results obtained showed that the ethanol extracts of both plants are not cytotoxic to testicular cells and that A. afra decreases testosterone production at high concentrations. The fourth and final objective of this study was to assess the acute effect of four heavy metals, namely manganese, copper, cadmium and magnesium on the male reproductive system. These heavy metals are used extensively in manufacturing and mining industries. Cells were treated with varying concentrations of each metal salt (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 & mu;M) with or without LH-treatment and incubated for 4 hours. Endpoints evaluated included cell viability, testosterone and estradiol production. The results obtained showed that manganese, cadmium and copper are highly toxic to testicular cells in vitro and therefore may potentially cause reproductive toxicity. / South Africa

Reef-building coral populations throughout the world are being threatened by numerous stressors and continue to decline. As potent endocrine-disrupting compounds, exogenous sex steroid contamination has been a largely overlooked stressor to corals. Previous research indicates these compounds are prevalent in marine environments, fluctuate annually along with reproductive cycles, can bioaccumulate, and have had variable effects on growth and reproduction in several cnidarian species. This project had three primary objectives: (1) establish environmental estradiol and progesterone concentrations in Broward County and lower Florida Keys reef environments, (2) conduct 17 β-estradiol and progesterone larval assays on P. astreoides larvae to determine the effects of these compounds on settlement and viability, and (3) conduct 17 β-estradiol and progesterone dosing experiments on adult Acropora cervicornis and Porites astreoides fragments to determine the effects on growth, zooxanthellae, reproduction, and overall tissue health. Estradiol was detected in surface and at-depth water samples from Broward County and lower Keys reef sites at effect level concentrations for marine organisms. Broward County larvae treated with low progesterone (5 ng/L) had decreased survival, while lower Keys larvae in low estradiol treatments (1 ng/L) had increased on-disc settlement. No other treatment effects were observed, however, lower Keys larvae had greater overall survival in comparison to Broward County larvae. There were no significant differences between estradiol and progesterone treatments in the adult-dosing experiment for growth, zooxanthellae density, reproduction, and overall tissue health. This is the first study to detect estradiol at Broward County reefs sites and our results, while inconclusive, indicate these compounds may have the potential to affect coral reef ecosystems.