[ES] En este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo un estudio exhaustivo sobre la síntesis, caracterización y reactividad de óxidos metálicos mixtos que presentan la fase ortorrómbica M1, con el fin de conocer la influencia de la composición en las propiedades catalíticas de dichos materiales para la deshidrogenación oxidativa (ODH) de etano a etileno, una alternativa interesante a la producción industrial de olefinas ligeras, lo cual supondría una drástica disminución en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. En primer lugar, se ha estudiado la síntesis hidrotermal de óxidos bimetálicos, Mo-V-O que presentan la fase M1, considerando diferentes parámetros sintéticos como la temperatura de síntesis, atmósfera, pH del gel de síntesis, temperatura de activación o post tratamientos de purificación. Los resultados de caracterización indican que la combinación de estos parámetros es clave en la obtención no solo de la fase M1, si no de catalizadores óptimos en la ODH de etano, observándose diferencia de hasta 25 puntos porcentuales en la selectividad a etileno dependiendo de la composición de las especies en la superficie del catalizador. En segundo lugar, se ha investigado la síntesis y caracterización de óxidos trimetálicos, Mo-V-Te-O, que presentan la fase M1 con diferentes proporciones de teluro en la estructura (0 < Te/Mo < 0,17), con el fin modular la acidez, la estabilidad térmica y el comportamiento catalítico de estos catalizadores. Se ha observado que la incorporación de teluro en la estructura de la fase M1 supone un aumento considerable de la estabilidad térmica de los catalizadores, así como de la selectividad a etileno. Posteriormente, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio comparativo entre catalizadores bi-, tri- y tetrametálicos (Mo-V-Te-Nb-O), de la influencia de la composición y/o la activación térmica de los diferentes materiales sobre las propiedades catalíticas. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una correlación entre la composición superficial y temperatura de activación de los catalizadores con la selectividad a etileno. Así, se ha encontrado una relación directa entre la concentración relativa de especies V4+ en la superficie del catalizador (obtenida mediante de espectroscopia de fotoemisión de rayos-X, XPS) y la selectividad a etileno. Además, y dado que todos estos óxidos mixtos pueden considerarse como semiconductores, se llevó a cabo un estudio electroquímico de los catalizadores. Estos resultados sugieren que, materiales que mostraron una mayor selectividad a etileno, (el catalizador Mo-V-O activado a 400 ºC; y los catalizadores Mo-V-Te-O y Mo-V-Te-Nb-O activados a 600 ºC), presentan una mayor concentración de especies V4+ en la superficie y mayores valores de resistancia eléctrica. Por último, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio comparativo entre los sistemas catalíticos que, en la literatura, presentan los mejores resultados catalíticos para ODH de etano: i) óxido de vanadio soportado sobre alúmina (VOx/Al2O3); ii) óxido de níquel promovido con estaño (Sn-NiO); y iii) el catalizador Mo-V-Te-Nb-O (M1) optimizado en este trabajo. Los resultados catalíticos obtenidos, así como los resultados de caracterización (mediante técnicas de caracterización convencionales e in situ), muestran importantes diferencias en la selectividad a etileno a altas conversiones de etano, como consecuencia de la mayor o menor degradación de etileno en cada catalizador. En ese sentido, el catalizador basado en óxidos mixtos de Mo-V-Te-Nb-O presenta una muy baja reactividad a la combustión de etileno (lo que favorece una alta selectividad durante la ODH de etano), mientras que los otros dos sistemas catalíticos presentan una reactividad para la combustión de etileno mucho mayor (lo que reduce sustancialmente la selectividad a etileno durante la ODH de etano, especialmente a altas conversiones de etano). Estos resultados se discuten en función de las propiedades de adsorción de etano y etileno en cada catalizador. / [CA] En aquest treball s'ha dut a terme un estudi exhaustiu sobre la síntesi, caracterització i reactivitat d'òxids metàl·lics mixtes que presenten la fase ortoròmbica M1, amb la finalitat de conéixer la influència de la composició en les propietats catalítiques d'aquests materials per a la deshidrogenació oxidativa (*ODH) d'età a etilé, una alternativa interessant a la producció industrial d'olefines lleugeres, la qual cosa suposaria una dràstica disminució en l'emissió de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat la síntesi hidrotermal d'òxids bimetàl·lics, Mo-V-O que presenten la fase M1, considerant diferents paràmetres sintètics com la temperatura de síntesi, atmosfera, pH del gel de síntesi, temperatura d'activació o post tractaments de purificació. Els resultats de caracterització indiquen que la combinació d'aquestos paràmetres és clau en l'obtenció no sols de la fase M1, si no de catalitzadors òptims en la ODH d'età, observant-se diferència de fins a 25 punts percentuals en la selectivitat a etilé depenent de la composició de les espècies en la superfície del catalitzador. En segon lloc, s'ha investigat la síntesi i caracterització d'òxids trimetàl·lics , Mo-V-Te-O, que presenten la fase M1 amb diferents proporcions de tel·luri en l'estructura (0 < Te/Mo < 0,17), amb la finalitat de modular l'acidesa, l'estabilitat tèrmica i el comportament catalític dels catalitzadors. S'ha observat que la incorporació de tel·luri en l'estructura de la fase M1 suposa un augment considerable de l'estabilitat tèrmica dels catalitzadors, així com de la selectivitat a etilé. Posteriorment, s'ha dut a terme un estudi comparatiu entre catalitzadors bi-, tri- i tetrametàl·lics (Mo-V-Te-Nb-O), de la influència de la composició i/o l'activació tèrmica dels diferents materials sobre les propietats catalítiques. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen una correlació entre la composició superficial i temperatura d'activació dels catalitzadors amb la selectivitat a etilé. Així, s'ha trobat una relació directa entre la concentració relativa d'espècies V4+ en la superfície del catalitzador (obtinguda mitjançant espectroscòpia de fotoemissió de raigs-X, XPS) i la selectivitat a etilé. A més, i atés que tots aquestos òxids mixtes poden considerar-se com a semiconductors, es va dur a terme un estudi electroquímic dels catalitzadors. Estos resultats suggereixen que, materials que van mostrar una major selectivitat a etilé, (el catalitzador Mo-V-O activat a 400 °C; i els catalitzadors Mo-V-Te-O i Mo-V-Te-Nb-O activats a 600 °C), presenten una major concentració d'espècies V4+ en la superfície i majors valors de resistència elèctrica. Finalment, s'ha dut a terme un estudi comparatiu entre els sistemes catalítics que, en la literatura, presenten millors resultats catalítics per a ODH d'età: i) òxid de vanadi suportat sobre alumina (VOx/Al2O3); ii) òxid de níquel promogut amb estany (Sn-NiO); i iii) el catalitzador Mo-V-Te-Nb-O (M1) optimitzat en este treball. Els resultats catalítics obtinguts, així com els resultats de caracterització (mitjançant tècniques de caracterització convencionals i in situ), mostren importants diferències en la selectivitat a etilé a altes conversions d'età, a conseqüència de la major o menor degradació de l'etilé en cada catalitzador. En eixe sentit, el catalitzador basat en òxids mixtes de Mo-V-Te-Nb-O presenta una molt baixa reactivitat a la combustió d'etilé (el que afavoreix una alta selectivitat durant la ODH d'età), mentre que els altres dos sistemes catalítics presenten una reactivitat per a la combustió d'etilé molt major (el que redueix substancialment la selectivitat a etilé durant la ODH d'età, especialment a altes conversions d'età). Estos resultats es discuteixen en funció de les propietats d'adsorció d'età i etilé en cada catalitzador. / [EN] Herein an exhaustive study on the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of mixed metal oxides that present the orthorhombic M1 phase has been conducted, aiming to unravel the influence of the composition on the catalytic performance of said materials in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane to produce ethylene, an interesting alternative for the obtention of light olefins, which could suppose a drastic decrease in the greenhouse gas emissions. In a first place, the hydrothermal synthesis of a bimetallic form of the M1 phase, Mo-V-O, has been explored, taking into account all the possible parameters such as temperature, atmosphere, pH of the synthesis gel, activation temperature and post-synthesis treatments. Results indicate that the combination of these parameters is capital not only for the appropriate formation of the M1 phase, but also to the catalytic performance. This is, a set of differently synthesized Mo-V-O catalysts, all of them presenting the M1 phase, may differ in the activity and selectivity to ethylene by up to 25 % depending on the chemical composition on the surface species of the catalyst. Moreover, it was investigated the synthesis and characterization of trimetallic oxides Mo-V-Te-O presenting the M1 phase with different Te-loadings (0 < Te/Mo < 0.17), trying to modulate the acid properties, as well as the thermal stability and catalytic behavior in the ethane ODH. Accordingly, we observed that the introduction of tellurium into the structure of the M1 phase leads to an enhanced thermal stability, in addition to an increase on the selectivity to ethylene. Subsequently, it was performed a comparative study between bi-, tri- and tetrametallic (Mo-V-Te-Nb-O) catalysts about the influence of composition and/or thermal activation on the catalytic behavior. Obtained results suggest that there is a correlation between surface composition, as well as the thermal activation temperature, with the selectivity of these catalysts to ethylene. Then, it was found a direct relationship between surface V4+ species (results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) and the selectivity to ethylene. Furthermore, since all these mixed oxides can be considered as semiconducting materials, an electrochemical parallel study was also conducted. Then, these results suggest that the oxides that showed the best selectivity to ethylene (i.e., catalyst Mo-V-O activated at 400 ºC; and Mo-V-Te-O and Mo-V-Te-Nb-O catalysts treated at 600 ºC) are also the ones that present the highest amount of V4+ species on the surface of the solid, in addition to the highest values of electric resistance. Finally, a comparative study was performed between the three catalytic systems that have offered the best properties in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in the literature: i) alumina supported vanadium oxide (VOx/Al2O3), ii) tin promoted nickel oxide (Sn-NiO) and iii) multicomponent Mo-V-Te-Nb-O (M1) catalyst optimized in the present thesis. Thus, both the catalytic and the characterization (by means of conventional and in situ techniques) results indicate important differences in the selectivity to ethylene of these catalysts at high ethane conversion values, as a consequence of a greater or lesser degradation of the ethylene over each catalyst. In this sense, the catalyst based on mixed metal oxides, Mo-V-Te-Nb-O, shows a very low reactivity for ethylene deep oxidation (which favors a high selectivity during ethane ODH), whereas the rest of the catalytic systems display higher reactivity for deep oxidation of ethylene (which drastically reduces the selectivity to ethene during ethane ODH, specially at high ethane conversion). These results will be discussed in terms of the different adsorption properties of both ethane/ethene over the three catalytic systems. / Arriba Mateos, AD. (2024). Synthesis and Characterization of Bronze-Type Mixed Oxides for the Selective Activation of Hydrocarbons [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202614

High-pressure experiments and chemical kinetics modeling were performed for laminar spherically expanding flames for methane/air, ethane/air, methane/ethane/air and propane/air mixtures at pressures between 1 and 10 atm and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.7 to 1.3. All experiments were performed in a new flame speed facility capable of withstanding initial pressures up to 15 atm. The facility consists of a cylindrical pressure vessel rated up to 2200 psi. Vacuums down to 30 mTorr were produced before each experiment, and mixtures were created using the partial pressure method. Ignition was obtained by an automotive coil and a constant current power supply capable of reducing the spark energy close to the minimum ignition energy. Optical cine-photography was provided via a Z-type schlieren set up and a high-speed camera (2000 fps). A full description of the facility is given including a pressure rating and a computational conjugate heat transfer analysis predicting temperature rises at the walls. Additionally, a detailed uncertainty analysis revealed total uncertainty in measured flame speed of approximately +-0.7 cm/s. This study includes first-ever measurements of methane/ethane flame speeds at elevated pressures as well as unique high pressure ethane flame speed measurements. Three chemical kinetic models were used and compared against measured flame velocities. GRI 3.0 performed remarkably well even for high-pressure ethane flames. The C5 mechanism performed acceptably at low pressure conditions and under-predicted the experimental data at elevated pressures. Measured Markstein lengths of atmospheric methane/air flames were compared against values found in the literature. In this study, Markstein lengths increased for methane/air flames from fuel lean to fuel rich. A reverse trend was observed for ethane/air mixtures with the Markstein length decreasing from fuel lean to fuel rich conditions. Flame cellularity was observed for mixtures at elevated pressures. For both methane and ethane, hydrodynamic instabilities dominated at stoichiometric conditions. Flame acceleration was clearly visible and used to determine the onset of cellular instabilities. The onset of flame acceleration for each high-pressure experiment was recorded.

The past decade has witnessed dramatic changes in the oil and gas industry with the drilling and production extending into progressively deeper waters and higher operating pressures, therefore making it essential to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of gas hydrate at high pressure conditions. New experimental 3-phase H−LW−V (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Vapour) equilibrium data for nitrogen and H−LW−V (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Vapour) and H−LW−LHC (Hydrate−Liquid Water−Liquid Hydrocarbon) data for ethane and propane simple clathrate hydrates were generated by a reliable fixed-volume, isochoric, step-heating technique. The accuracy and reliability of the experimental measurements are demonstrated by comparing measurements with reliable literature data from different researchers. Additional experimental data up to high pressure (200 MPa when available) for CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, N2, Ar, Kr, Xe, H2S, O2, CO and CO2 clathrates have been gathered from literature. The Valderrama modification of the Patel-Teja (VPT) equation of state combined with non-density-dependent (NDD) mixing rules is used to model the fluid phases with previously reported binary interaction parameters. The hydrate-forming conditions are modelled by the solid solution theory of van der Waals and Platteeuw. Langmuir constants have been calculated by both Kihara potential as well as direct techniques. Model predictions are validated against independent experimental data and a good agreement between predictions and experimental data is observed, supporting the reliability of the developed model.

This thesis investigates the laminar flame speed of C₁-C₃ alkanes and their binary mixtures at conditions of interest in natural gas based gas turbines viz. high temperature, pressure and dilution. Laminar flame speed has been found useful not only for validating chemical kinetics mechanisms but also for developing empirical scaling laws for practical combustion systems. The thesis addresses the lack of laminar flame speed data of C₁-C₃ alkanes at preheat (300-650 K), pressure (1-10 atm) and significant oxidizer dilution (15-21 vol% O₂). Over 400 measurements are reported over a wide range of conditions along with comparison to predictions from leading chemical mechanisms. Unstretched flame speed measurements were performed using a modified Bunsen flame technique based on reaction zone area from chemiluminescence imaging, whereas the strain sensitivity measurements were performed using a bluff-body stabilized stagnation flame with high resolution PIV. These measurements are used to: (i) discern the uncertainties associated with the measurements, (ii) understand the effect of fuel mixture and vitiation on flame speed, and (iii) validate the performance of the leading chemical kinetics mechanisms. Extensive testing shows the unstretched flame speed measurements from the modified Bunsen technique are reasonably accurate. Vitiation studies for methane and propane flames at high preheat show the reduction in flame speed results primarily from the thermal effect of the diluent and that the relative change in flame speed from the undiluted mixture is well correlated to the fractional change in the adiabatic flame temperature over a range of conditions. Significant difference in the measured and predicted flame speeds were observed for rich, atmospheric pressure, propane and lean, high pressure, methane/ethane mixtures with dilution. This highlights possible avenues for improvements in the chemical kinetics mechanisms. Systematic errors were also identified in the Bunsen flame measurements at certain conditions, such as for rich flames with dilution, indicating a need for better understanding of the Bunsen flame technique at these conditions. The difference in the measured and predicted flame speed does not show any clear correlation with the flame height or the strain sensitivity of the mixture. Finally previously proposed mixing rules for estimating flame speed of fuel mixtures from pure fuel components are shown to be reasonably accurate over a range of pressure, reactant temperature and dilution conditions.

The current work focused on defining the material science options to fabricate novel, high performing ethylene/ethane (C₂H₄/C₂H₆) separation carbon molecular sieve (CMS) dense film membranes. Three polymer precursors: Matrimid®, 6FDA-DAM and 6FDA:BPDA-DAM were used as precursors to the CMS membranes. CMS performances were tailored by way of tuning pyrolysis conditions such as the pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, pyrolysis atmosphere etc. The CMS dense film membranes showed attractive C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation performance far exceeding the polymeric membrane performances. Semi-quantitative diffusion size pore distributions were constructed by studying the transport performance of a range of different penetrant gases as molecular sized probes of the CMS pore structure. This, in conjunction with separation performance data, provided critical insights into the structure-performance relationships of the CMS materials. The effects of testing conditions, i.e. the testing temperature, pressure and feed composition on C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation performance of CMS dense films were also analyzed. These studies were useful not just in predicting the membrane behavior from a practical stand-point, but also in a fundamental understanding of the nature of CMS membrane separation. The study helped clarify why CMS membranes outperform polymeric membrane performance, as well as allowed comparison between CMS derived from different precursors and processing conditions. The effects on C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation in the presence of binary gas mixture were also assessed to get a more realistic measure of the CMS performance resulting from competition and bulk flow effects. The current work thus establishes a framework for guiding research ultimately aimed at providing a convenient, potentially scalable hollow fiber membrane formation technology for C₂H₄/C₂H₆ separation

Olefin/paraffin separation is a large potential market for membrane applications. Carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMS) are promising for this application due to the intrinsically high separation performance and the viability for practical scale-up. Intrinsically high separation performance of CMS membranes for olefin/paraffin separations was demonstrated. The translation of intrinsic CMS transport properties into the hollow fiber configuration is considered in detail. Substructure collapse of asymmetric hollow fibers was found during Matrimidﾮ CMS hollow fiber formation. To overcome the permeance loss due to the increased separation layer thickness, 6FDA-DAM and 6FDA/BPDA-DAM polyimides with higher rigidity were employed as alternative precursors, and significant improvement has been achieved. Besides the macroscopic morphology control of asymmetric hollow fibers, the micro-structure was tuned by optimizing pyrolysis temperature protocol and pyrolysis atmosphere. In addition, unexpected physical aging was observed in CMS membranes, which is analogous to the aging phenomenon in glassy polymers. For performance evaluation, multiple "proof-of-concept" tests validated the viability of CMS membranes under realistic conditions. The scope of this work was expanded from binary ethylene/ethane and propylene/propane separations for the debottlenecking purpose to mixed carbon number hydrocarbon processing. CMS membranes were found to be olefins-selective over corresponding paraffins; moreover, CMS membranes are able to effectively fractionate the complex cracked gas stream in a preferable way. Reconfiguration of the hydrocarbon processing in ethylene plants is possible based on the unique CMS membranes.

The current theoretical understanding of thermodynamics of clathrate hydrates is based on the van der Waals and Plattew (vdWP) theory developed using statistical thermodynamics approach. vdWP theory has been widely used to predict the phase equilibrium of clathrate hydrates over the decades. However, earlier studies have shown that this success could be due to the presence of a large number of parameters. In this thesis, a systematic and a rigorous analysis of vdWP theory is per-formed with the help of Monte Carlo molecular simulations for methane hydrate. The analysis revealed that long range guest-water interactions and guest-guest interactions are important, Monte Carlo integration to is superior to the spherical shell approximation for the Langmuir constant calculation and even after inclusion of all the interactions and using Monte Carlo integration for Langmuir constant, the vdWP theory still fails to regress parameters correctly. This failure of vdWP theory is attributed to the rigid water lattice approximation. To address the rigid water lattice approximation, a new method is proposed. In the proposed method, the Langmuir constant is computed in flexible water lattice, by considering the movement of water molecules. The occupancy values predicted using the proposed method are in excellent agreement with the values obtained from Monte Carlo molecular simulations for variety of hydrates, methane, ethane, carbon dioxide and tetrahydrofuran(THF) hydrates . In addition to small guest molecules like methane, ethane etc. which are mod- heled as rigid, the method is extended for large guest molecules like propane and isobutane, using configurationally bias Monte Carlo method. The phase equilib-rium and occupancy along the phase equilibrium predictions from vdWP theory are compared with the exact phase equilibrium computed from Monte Carlo molecular simulations. This comparison is done for a wide variety of hydrate systems, single hydrates , binary hydrates and quaternary hydrate. In all the cases, the vdWP theory with the flexible water lattice showed significant improvement over the rigid lattice model with significantly less absolute relative deviations in pressure. Guest-cavity interactions for hydrates are calculated using abinitio calculations. In general, these guest-cavity interaction from first principle calculations are used to develop classical force field parameters in alternative to Lorentz-Berthelot rule. In the study, comparison of guest-cavity interactions from MP2 and CCSD(T) methods revealed that less expensive MP2 method, which is generally used, is insouciant to capture the dispersion interactions accurately. These guest-cavity interactions using CCSD(T) method extrapolated to complete basis set are used to model the interaction parameters between cyclopropane and water. The potential parameters obtained from ab-initio calculations are used in the calculation of Langmuir constant using vdWP theory. Langmuir constant calculated using vdWP theory with flexible water lattice gave close agreement with the values obtained from experimental occupancy data. In addition, simulation methodology to calculate ternary hydrate phase equilibrium is extended for binary hydrates. Simulations have been successful in the prediction of sIsII and sII-sI structural transitions as observed in experiments. Predicted methane-ethane binary hydrate is also compared with the available experimental phase equilibrium data. The phase equilibrium obtained from simulations showed very good qualitative agreement with the experimental data.

La thèse a porté sur l’étude de catalyseurs multi-éléments à base de molybdates et plus particulièrement de la phase M1 MoVTe(Sb)NbO, comme catalyseur dans la déshydrogénation oxydante de l’éthane et diverses autres réactions impliquant des alcanes légers ou des composés aromatiques. Les buts étaient de comprendre le rôle des divers éléments métalliques constituant le catalyseur, de rechercher de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse et de mettre au point un réacteur structuré. La thèse a permis entre autres de préparer des phases M1 à partir de képlérates comme précurseurs de départ, de comprendre l’effet de la teneur en vanadium dans la phase active, de montrer la faisabilité et l’efficacité d’un réacteur structuré avec la phase M1 ancrée sur un support de type mousse de carbure de silicium, de caractériser pour la première fois et de façon approfondie des phases M1 sans tellure ou antimoine, et enfin de monter l’efficacité des catalyseurs à base de phase M1 dans de nouvelles réactions comme l’ammoxydation de la picoline / The thesis is part of a general study of molybdates based multi-components catalysts and more precisely of the MoVTe(Sb)NbO M1 phase used for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and various other reactions implying light alkanes or aromatic compounds. The goals of the study were to progress in the understanding of the roles of the components and search for new preparation methods of the catalysts or ways to support them on structured micro-reactor. Among others, the thesis allowed, preparing the M1 phases using keplerates compounds as precursors, determining the effect of vanadium content of the active phase on its catalytic properties, demonstrating the feasibility of a structured reactor with the M1 phase deposited on a SiC foam, characterizing deeply M1 phases without Te or Sb and finally showing the efficiency of the catalysts in new reactions like the ammoxidation of picoline

Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons l’intention d’une part d’étudier les effets isotopiques dans les spectres infrarougesde la phosphine et de l’éthylène et d’autre part de contribuer au développement d’un modèle théoriquepour les molécules non-rigides. La finalité de ce travail est la construction de listes spectroscopiques complètesen lien avec les applications planétologiques et astrophysiques à partir de calculs variationnels. La premièrepartie de ce travail de thèse concerne l’étude des 2 espèces deutérées de la molécule de phoshine et des 10 espècesisotopiques de l’éthylène enrichies par 13C et/ou D, le tout à partir de surfaces ab initio. Pour cela, nous avonsutilisé une procédure systématique permettant de propager l’information de l’isotope principal vers des espècesmoins abondantes à partir de considérations de symétrie et de transformations entre les coordonnées normales.Finalement, les spectres infrarouges ont été modélisés et confrontés aux données observées. La deuxième partiede ce travail porte sur l’étude des molécules non-rigides présentant un ou plusieurs mouvements de largeamplitude. Dans ce contexte, nous sommes partis du formalisme proposé par Hougen, Bunker et Johns. Afinde pouvoir réutiliser une grande partie des outils déjà existants, nous avons choisi une formulation algébriquedu problème. Ce modèle a d’abord été validé sur des molécules rigides connues pour lesquelles nous avions descalculs de référence. Concernant les systèmes non-rigides, des résultats préliminaires ont été obtenus pour lesmolécules d’ammoniac et d’éthane. De manière plus générale, ce travail offre également des solutions concrètesà des problèmes allant au-delà de l’approche HBJ en proposant différentes méthodes de calcul de la matrice derotation permettant de tourner le repère afin de minimiser le couplage entre la rotation et les mouvements degrande amplitude. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the isotopic effects in infrared spectra of the phosphine and ethylenemolecules as well as to the development of a theoretical model for treating nonrigid polyatomic molecules. Thefinal goal of this work is to build complete theoretical line lists for planetological and astrophysical applicationsby using ab initio surfaces and variational calculations. In a first part, a systematic procedure allowing to propagateinformation from the main isotopolog to the less abundant «daughter» species has been developed fromsymmetry considerations and normal coordinate transformations. Finally, the infrared spectra predictions havebeen carried out and compared to the experimental available data. The second part focuses on the treatment ofnonrigid molecules possessing one or more large amplitude motions. In this context, the Hougen-Bunker-Johnsformalism was used. The particularity of our algebraic model consists in the possibility of using most of thetools previously developed in the group. Our model has been first validated on semirigid systems for whichthere exist reference calculations. Some preliminary results concerning nonrigid molecules have been obtainedfor ammonia and ethane. In addition, we have proposed different methods for computing the rotation matrixallowing to take place in a frame minimizing couplings between rotation and large amplitude motions.

[pt] Na indústria de óleo e gás, a paralisação da produção e do transporte nas linhas de fluxo causadas pela deposição de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos rendem enormes perdas financeiras e preocupações ambientais. Um dos fatores mais comuns e críticos na deposição orgânica está relacionado com a formação de hidratos de gás, que são sólidos cristalinos de base aquosa, fisicamente semelhantes ao gelo, formados em condições de alta pressão e baixas temperaturas. Devido a esses fatos preocupantes, fenômenos relacionados aos hidratos, como formação, dissociação e formas de mitigação, vêm sendo estudados há anos por pesquisadores. Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos para analisar a formação de hidrato de gás de etano em emulsões água em óleo, através de uma análise reológica baseada na variação de pressão, taxa de cisalhamento e fração de volume de água, e usando as geometrias vane e de cilindros concêntricos. Testes de varredura de tempo de alta pressão foram realizados, e os resultados foram apresentados através de curvas de viscosidade e pressão. A quantidade de água convertida em hidrato também foi estimada através da equação de estado e relacionada com a viscosidade das pastas de hidratos formadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o período de indução foi reduzido pelo aumento do subresfriamento, corte de água e taxa de cisalhamento. Quanto maior a fração de volume de água, maior o nível atingido pela viscosidade quando identificada a formação de hidratos. A viscosidade relativa, após a formação do hidrato, foi estudada. Esse conhecimento proporcionou uma compreensão mais efetiva de algumas diferenças observadas entre as duas geometrias. E para complementar o estudo, foram realizadas rampas de taxa de cisalhamento mostrando semelhanças entre os três resultados com cilindros concêntricos, mas diferenças entre os resultados com geometria vane. Ambas as geometrias, vane e cilindros concêntricos, foram consideradas adequadas para estudar a formação de hidratos e resultados qualitativos semelhantes foram obtidos. / [en] In the oil and gas industry, the stoppage of the production and transportation flowlines caused by the deposition of organic and inorganic compounds yields huge financial losses and environmental concerns. One of the most common and critical inorganic deposition is related with gas hydrates, which are crystalline water-based solids, physically similar to ice, formed in conditions of high pressure and low temperatures. Due to the worrying facts, phenomena related to hydrates, as formation, dissociation, and forms to its mitigation have been studied for years by researchers. In this work, experiments were carried out to analyze ethane gas hydrate formation in water-in-model oil emulsions, through a rheological analysis based on the variation of pressure, shear rate and water volume fraction, and using the vane and concentric cylinder geometries. High pressure time sweep tests were performed, and the results were presented through viscosity and pressure curves. The amount of water converted to hydrate was also estimated through the equation of state and related to the viscosity of the hydrate slurries formed. The results obtained showed that the induction period was reduced by increasing the subcooling, water cut, and shear rate. The higher the water volume fraction, the higher the level reached by viscosity when hydrate formation is identified. The relative viscosity after hydrate formation was studied. This knowledge provided a more effective understanding of some differences observed between the two geometries. And to complement the study, shear rate ramps were performed showing similarities between results with concentric cylinders but differences with vane. Both geometries, vane and concentric cylinders, seem to be adequate to study hydrate formation and similar qualitative results were obtained.