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yes / Small scale farmers in Ethiopia are already operating on their land frontier and the scope for an increase in production and rural income should come, among others, through improvement in technical and allocative efficiency. Although the stake of efficiency improvement is substantial, a number of empirical studies undertaken to identify the determinants of efficiency however are few. Moreover, although road infrastructure is among key public goods that significantly influences the farm level economic efficiency, empirical studies that have considered its role in farm efficiency analysis is scarce. This research investigated the link between the quality of rural road and farm level allocative and technical efficiency as well as the impact of inefficiency on farm income. The result showed that households that have all weather road access are 16% technically and two times allocatively more efficient. Both allocative and technical inefficiencies reduce income; the adverse impact of technical inefficiency on income however is stronger. Although household specific factors have contributed to the observed inefficiencyin most cases it is exogenously driven, namely, it is a rational response to market imperfection and risks. Interventions that reduce market and production risks will increase crop output and farm income.

Yes / The importance of trade as an engine of growth is well established. Empirical literature shows that the growth impact of exports is much stronger when the export basket is vertically and horizontally diversified. This paper aims to assess the role of the real exchange rate in enhancing export supply and promoting export diversification in Ethiopia and Tanzania. The empirical results suggest that, while overvaluation is harmful to exports, undervaluation of the real exchange rate boosts export supply as well as export diversification. A high rate of growth in exports is associated with periods of undervalued currencies. A major share of the difference in export performance between the two countries can be explained by differences in real exchange rate policy. Tanzania has maintained an undervalued real exchange rate for a long time and as a result, performs better in terms of export supply and diversification. However, export expansion achieved through undervaluation raises the rate of inflation for Tanzania. Tanzania managed to maintain an undervalued real exchange rate through the accumulation of reserves and a high rate of inflation.

Yes / Prior studies show the impact of various facets of individual characteristics in driving a firm’s entrepreneurial orientation (EO). The present study complements this line of research by deriving insights from the conservation of resources (COR) theory to examine the effects of resource-induced coping heuristics (acquiring, protecting, and developing resources) on EO. Additionally, it investigates the underlying conditions influencing these relationships. Data were collected from new ventures in two developing countries (Ghana, N=204, and Ethiopia, N=214). Utilizing the moderated hierarchical regression analysis, the results show that the three dimensions of resource-induced coping heuristics positively relate to EO and these relationships are amplified when environmental dynamism is high. These findings provide a nuanced understanding of the relationships among the different types of resource-induced coping heuristics and EO. In this way, the study extends the boundaries of the resource-induced coping heuristics, EO, and broader entrepreneurship literature.

Throughout the African highlands forage legumes are relied on to add soil N, support increasing livestock populations, and reduce soil erosion. This research addresses a constraint designated by the International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA) to identify African clover (Trifolium) germplasm and Rhizobium trifolii strain combinations with high productivity potential for the African highlands. A Vertisol and an Eutric Nitosol (Paleudalf), and seed from Trifolium decorum, T. quartinianum, T. rueppellianum, T. steudneri, and T. tembense were obtained from ILCA in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A commercial collection and R. trifolii strains isolated from the Ethiopian soils were evaluated for symbiotic effectiveness with these clovers. Effective combinations were evaluated for growth and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in a greenhouse on both soils with limited, adequate, and excessive soil moisture. Rhizobia were also evaluated for survival in desiccated soil (12.5 and 17.5 g H₂O g⁻¹ soil) and for competitive nodule forming ability. Effective strains were found among soil isolates but not in the commercial collection. Highest dry matter yields and total BNF accumulation were obtained from T. tembense on all soil and moisture treatments followed by T. decorum and T. quartinianum. Trifolium rueppellianum and T. steudneri had low yields and BNF capacities. Plants receiving adequate and excessive moisture had higher yields than moisture stressed plants. The highest levels of cumulative BNF were obtained on the nitosol soil with either adequate or limited moisture. The moisture limited vertisol supported the lowest BNF levels. Rhizobial strains survived desiccation only in the vertisol at 17.5 g H₂O g⁻¹ soil. All strains could compete with background rhizobia populations to nodulate host plants. Nodule occupancy rates of 20 to 30% were required for high yields. Trifolium tembense, T. decorum, and T. quartinianum are adapted to soils with adequate or excessive moisture, T. rueppellianum and T. steudneri are suited to moisture limited conditions or short growing seasons. Effective rhizobia inoculants and selected clovers have the potential for increasing forage productivity in highland areas. / Ph. D.

The study on "Evaluation of personnel management capabilities of the Federal Police of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa” had the following research questions: How is the Federal Police in Ethiopia Structured? What are the international standards for personnel management capabilities? What is the current personnel management capability in the Federal Police? How should shortcomings in personnel management capabilities of the Federal Police be addressed? In the study, an empirical research design and qualitative research approach were adopted. The data collection methods were: literature, documents and interviews. The data was analyzed by four-step Data Analysis Spiral TechniquesThe primary Findings are: International standards for personnel management capabilities should be set and certified by authorized bodies. The personnel management capability of the Federal Police of Ethiopia was characterized by incompetence. The Main Recommendations are: Further research should be conducted on the personnel management capability of the Federal police of Ethiopia. An authorized body should set standards and certify personnel managers' capabilities of the Federal Police of Ethiopia. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Human Resource Management of Policing)

Providing clean water remains a challenge in many African countries. Ethiopia, with the second largest population in Africa is also faced with this predicament. Efforts to improve supply have focused on abstracting groundwater. Although relatively cheaper to utilize, groundwater is prone to contamination, from improperly disposed of waste, particularly urban areas with no appropriate sanitation services. The city of Addis Ababa is faced with this difficult situation. Currently about 75 % of the population of Addis Ababa has access to sanitation in the form of pit latrines, while 0.6 % has access to sewerage services. The rest of the population is considered to have no access. This proliferation of pit latrines in the city has enhanced the risk of groundwater contamination. This research was initiated with the objective of assessing the temporal and spatial extent of contamination of groundwater due to human waste. It attempted to review the quality of water in deep wells and springs. The data analyzed indicates that the temporal and spatial extent of contamination has increased over the past few decades. Over abstraction of groundwater has also been observed. Whilst contaminant levels such as nitrates and chlorides in many wells are below maximum permissible values, few wells in the centre of the city have exhibited higher values. This steady temporal increase may soon make some wells unsuitable for human consumption. Efforts to reduce this risk will need to focus on sewerage services provision, review of existing environmental policy, public awareness drive and sustainable groundwater management. / D.Phil. (Environmental Science)

This study examined healthcare providers’ adherence to the national Tuberculosis guidelines (NTG) during the diagnosis and treatment of TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using a descriptive, cross-sectional study design. Data were collected from 233 medical records using checklists. Adherence of healthcare providers to the NTG during the diagnosis of TB was 60.9% (n=67) for female and 56.1% (n=69) for male TB patients. However, 91.8% (n=101) female and 90.2% (n=111) male TB patients had been prescribed the correct numbers of anti-TB pills, complying with the NTG recommendations. There was an over-diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) as only 2.6% (n=2) of the 76 smear negative PTB patients were diagnosed correctly. Healthcare providers’ compliance with the NTG could be enhanced by providing appropriate in-service education, maintaining accurate records of all TB patients and providing supportive supervision to identify and address shortcomings.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative survey was conducted to explore and describe nurses’ perceptions of disclosure to children of their HIV positive status in Addis Ababa. 100 nurses working in six conveniently sampled health centres participated by completing a self-administered questionnaire. The findings revealed that the majority of participants were of the opinion that children have the right to know their HIV status, participate in their own treatment, and that disclosure contributes towards improved adherence. Forty-one of the participants said that it is nurses’ role to support caregivers in the disclosure process. But 56.3% felt they lacked the training to disclose to children that they are infected with HIV. Accordingly, it is recommended that relevant and applied training is required to equip nurses with the knowledge and skills to disclose to children their status. The importance of nurses’ proactive role in disclosure to children of their HIV status needs to be emphasised. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The purpose of this study was to explore alcohol use among psychiatric in-patients in a mental hospital in Ethiopia. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected through face to face structured interviews and a document analysis checklist. A researcher-modified interview-version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire was used to measure alcohol use. The study population comprised of 70 psychiatric in-patients. Data analysis showed that being male, living in an urban area, being diagnosed with schizophrenia, and having parents who drink alcohol had a statistical significant association with the alcohol use of the respondents. Respondents reported that it was difficult to abstain or stop using alcohol. They also felt discriminated against when forbidden by relatives to drink. It was alarming to find that thioridazine, which has been discontinued in most countries for the treatment of psychosis, was still being prescribed in Ethiopia. The study highlighted the need for health education to strengthen patients’ perceptions about the negative consequences of alcohol use. Care should be taken when prescribing psychotropic drugs such as thioridazine to psychiatric in-patients because of possible cardiotoxic effects. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)