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Previous research on Asian intermarriage has examined the effects of cultural and structural assimilation, such as educational attainment, English ability, and income, on major Asian groups' intermarriage patterns. But it has given little attention to the importance of cultural retention in determining East Asians' intermarriage patterns and sometimes treats distinct East Asian groups as one pan-Asian group. East Asian Americans possess their own distinct languages, customs, and cultures, much different from one another. These unexplored characteristics play a crucial role in the definition of group identity and relationships with other groups. This study draws on selective assimilation perspective and utilizes the Census 2000 5% PUMS files and multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the influence of ethnic language on the probabilities of endogamy and exogamy of East Asians in the U.S. Ethnicity, English ability, gender, age, nativity status, and college education are included. Findings indicate that ethnic language retention increases endogamy and decreases exogamy for all men of the four East Asian groups, but not intermarriage with other races for Vietnamese men. Ethnic languages also increase the chance of in-group marriage (while decreasing the likelihood of out-group marriage) among Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese women, except on intermarriage with other races for Japanese women. The effects of ethnic language on East Asian marriages are the most prominent among all predictors and are almost comprehensive. All other predictors in the study are no match for ethnic language in influencing marriage patterns of East Asians.

本論文的研究為文學史，藉由紐西蘭毛利民族文學史與台灣原住民族文學史作為比較。法國文學家泰納指出，文學的產生均有其時代與社會的背景，文學史即是實證主義方法。本論文以「全貌觀」的視角，將民族運動作為時間軸，先探討兩民族社會脈絡，再研討文學史的發展。 兩民族歷經同化政策，曾發展民族意識未覺醒的民族文學。民族運動時期，毛利民族訴求土地、自然資源及語言。台灣原住民族則身處戒嚴，因此探究的議題即是民族的生存權益。民族運動後，紐國經濟不景氣及毛利民族的補助聲浪，於是發展「反省」文學。而台灣原住民族諸多議題已階段性達成，湧現一批返鄉熱潮，分別有族語及政論創作。 台灣戒嚴看似延宕民族權益的發展，然而實際上台灣原住民族的民族邊界比毛利民族來的清晰。毛利民族比台灣原住民族早於一百餘年歷經同化政策，並發展「認同論」的民族認定。再者，毛利民族語言及部落經驗急速消逝，文學也發展「內部」的創作議題。雖然毛利民族運動走在前端，但是伴隨都市化及疏離其民族文化，驅使毛利民族成為民族性質薄弱的「概念民族」。唯有回到穩定及具有內聚力量的民族語言，才有辦法在時間洪流裡體現民族的主體性。目前，台灣原住民族尚未走到紐國的經驗。但倘若持續未意識到民族語言的重要性，極有可能步上毛利民族的經驗。 / The aim of the thesis, The Development of Ethnicity and its History of Literature: A Comparison of New Zealand Māori People and Taiwan Indigenous Peoples, is to compare the ethnic developments of the New Zealand Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, and further characterize the history of their literature. Before the New Southbound Policy, researchers have been devoted to contributing abundant Maori research. However, many of them only chose a certain topic to write about, ignoring other perspectives or orientations, which only revealed the tip of the iceberg. For this reason, the thesis ascertained other aspects with a holistic approach. Several similarities exist between the Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples: both were Austronesian peoples, and share similar languages and cultures. In addition, they both undergone colonization and launched ethnic movements to regain their rights. The thesis is divided into three periods, which are before the ethnic movement, during the ethnic movement, and after the ethnic movement. Each chapter demonstrates its social context and the significant ethnic writers at that time. The thesis first illustrates Maori and Taiwan indigenous peoples’ unawakened ethnic consciousness through their literary writings. During the ethnic movement, both ethnic groups launched the ethnic movement and published their political perspectives during political and economic instability. Afterwards, the Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples share different values in accordance with different social context after their respective ethnic movement. Finally, the thesis examines their social contexts and their literature through three aspects of ethnic literature, which are identity, language, and theme. The thesis is composed of seven chapters. The introduction reviews the purpose of the study, its motivation, and the background. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 provide an overview of ethnic certification, the status of ethnic language, and the distribution of Maori and Taiwan’s indigenous peoples. Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 depicts Maori and Taiwan indigenous peoples’ social contexts and literature respectively. By comparing both ethnic groups, Chapter 5 shows their similarities and differences. Conclusions are drawn in Chapter 7. The conclusion offer incentives and disincentives from the Maori’s experience, which could be the inspiration for Taiwan’s indigenous peoples.