Many of the properties of ethyl cellulose that make it useful in different ways are a result of the varying lengths of the cellulose chains arranged within the chain bundles. This investigation was undertaken in order to find a method of separating these ethyl cellulose chains into more homogeneous groupings and to determine the distribution of chain lengths. The conditions and procedure are to be so determined that the results from one fractionation may be duplicated in succeeding ones. A commercial grade of ethyl cellulose can be fractionated according to length of the chain, degree of polymerization, by the method worked out in this investigation. At the present time is it not known what effect dissolving the ethyl cellulose in 80% acetic acid and the subsequent treatments have had on the ethoxy content. It is possible for the degree of substitution to decrease from the first through the last fraction, but this is not considered likely in view of the distribution curve obtained. / M.S.

This study is primarily concerned with the adsorption characteristics of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC), a water soluble polymer with many pharmaceutical appliations. / Thesis (PhD in AppSc)--University of South Australia, 2001.

This study is primarily concerned with the adsorption characteristics of ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose (EHEC), a water soluble polymer with many pharmaceutical appliations.

Thesis (M.Eng.). / Written for the Dept. of Mining and Materials Engineering. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/17). Includes bibliographical references.

Master of Science

No description available.

Les thérapeutiques individualisées et ciblées se développent actuellement, les formes galéniques évoluent donc en parallèle pour contrôler la libération des principes actifs (PA) et les conduire au plus proche des sites d’intérêts. Les formes orales solides représentent les formulations galéniques les plus utilisées, faciles d’emploi, indolores et réduisant le risque d’infection. Lors de leur conception, il est aussi possible de moduler la libération du PA.Deux approches sont étudiées dans ce manuscrit, l’une correspond au ciblage de la libération d’un PA vers son site d’action thérapeutique qui est le colon, la seconde consiste à contrôler la libération du PA pour maintenir une concentration constante, minimiser les effets indésirables et les périodes de présence de concentrations sub-thérapeutiques au niveau du site d’action.Première approche :Les traitements des Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques de l’Intestin (MICI) peuvent être significativement améliorées par une libération localisée du PA. Une des approches est l’utilisation d’enrobages composés de polysaccharides dégradés par les enzymes sécrétées par la microflore colique. Mais l’absence d’une méthode in vitro reproductible simulant les conditions physiologiques du colon et l’impact potentiel des traitements antibiotiques associées qui pourraient affecter la quantité et la qualité des bactéries présentes et des enzymes sécrétées est un obstacle à sa mise au point. L’objectif de l’étude était d’effectuer un screening de polysaccharides ayant un intérêt dans le développement de nouvelles formulations à libération colique. Après cette sélection, la libération des formulations retenues ont été évaluées par une méthode utilisant des selles de patients atteints de MICI traités ou non par antibiothérapie. Enfin, l’utilisation de mélanges bactériens pour un éventuel remplacement de l’utilisation de selles fraiches a été évaluée.Seconde approche : Les formes orales enrobées présentent un grand potentiel pour la libération contrôlée de PA. Néanmoins, il est difficile d’obtenir une libération à vitesse constante avec ce type de formulation. Ceci est généralement dû au rôle prédominant du transport de masse par diffusion, ce qui entraine, avec le temps, une diminution de la concentration en PA au cœur du système, donc une réduction du gradient de concentration qui est la force motrice de la libération du PA. Ce type de cinétique de libération peut être inapproprié pour un traitement médicamenteux sûr et efficace. Malgré l’importance pratique de ce défi crucial de formulation, étonnamment, peu de stratégies efficaces sont connues. Dans cette étude, une nouvelle approche, basée sur une succession de couches de PA et de polymères (initialement dépourvu de PA) présentant une distribution initiale de PA non homogène, associé à un effet de temps de latence et à une diffusion partielle initiale à travers le noyau de la minigranule. Des variations de type, de quantité, d’épaisseur et de séquence des couches de PA et de polymères ont été testées. Un système assez simple composé de quatre couches (deux couches de PA et deux couches de polymère) permettait d’aboutir à une libération relativement constante durant 8h. / Individualized and targeted therapies are currently developed, therefore the dosage forms move in parallel to control the drug release and drive it nearest to interest sites. Solid oral dosage forms are the pharmaceutical formulations the most common, easy to use, painless and reducing the infectious risk. In these formulation designs, it is also possible to adjust the drug release.Two approaches are discussed in this manuscript, the first one targets the drug release to the therapeutic site of action which is the colon, and the second one consists on controlling the drug release to maintain a constant concentration, minimize side effects and periods of presence of sub-therapeutic concentrations at the site of action.The first approach:The treatment of colonic disease like Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), can be significantly improved via local drug delivery. One approach is to use polysaccharide coatings, which are degraded by enzymes secreted by the colonic microflora. However, the lack of a reliable in vitro test simulating conditions in a living colon and the potential impact of associated antibiotic treatments that could affect the quality and quantity of bacteria and enzymes secreted is an obstacle to its development. The aim of the study was to perform a screening of polysaccharides suitable for the development of new colonic release formulations. After this selection, the drug release of selected formulations were evaluated by a method using the stools of IBD patients treated or not with antibiotics. Finally, the use of bacterial mixtures substituting fresh fecal samples has been evaluated.The second approach: Coated pellets offer a great potential for controlling drug delivery systems. However, constant drug release rates are difficult to achieve with this type of dosage forms if the drug is freely water-soluble. This is because diffusional mass transport generally plays a major role and with time the drug concentration within the system decreases, resulting in decreased concentration gradients, which are the driving forces for drug release. This type of release kinetics might be inappropriate for an efficient and safe drug treatment. Despite the great practical importance of this potentially crucial formulation challenge, surprisingly little is yet known about efficient formulations. In this study, a novel approach is presented based on sequential layers of drug and polymer (initially free of drug) to provide a non-homogeneous initial drug distribution, combined with lag-time effects and partial initial drug diffusion towards the pellet’s core. By changing the type, number, thickness and sequence of the drug and polymer layers, a rather simple 4 layers system (2 drug and 2 polymer layers) allowed an about constant drug release during 8 h.

No description available.

The main goal of this research was to determine the effectiveness of saturated fat replacement by means of a canola oil oleogel, termed an “organogel”, using ethyl cellulose (EC, 10 cP) as the gelator and sorbitan monostearate (SMS) as a plasticizer. All-beef frankfurters and pork breakfast sausages were used and instrumental tests performed to determine effectiveness were light microscopy, texture profile analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force, cook loss and smokehouse yield. A trained sensory analysis panel scored for hardness, juiciness, oiliness, and the presence of off flavours. Replacing beef fat (BF) with canola oil (CO) in frankfurters produced a product that was significantly harder (P < 0.05). The gelling of the canola oil lowered the TPA hardness values. Cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess values were statistically similar to the BF control. Minor changes in L*, a* and b* values were observed, with the organogel frankfurters being lighter than the BF control. Sensory analysis scores showed that 8,10 & 12% EC frankfurters were significantly less hard than the CO control. / Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T12:46:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Nasser Naves - 2014.pdf: 1491625 bytes, checksum: e7abb20b33c04d9858d94938efaab361 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T13:02:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Nasser Naves - 2014.pdf: 1491625 bytes, checksum: e7abb20b33c04d9858d94938efaab361 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T13:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Letícia Nasser Naves - 2014.pdf: 1491625 bytes, checksum: e7abb20b33c04d9858d94938efaab361 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic conditions that affect different portions of the gastrointestinal tract. The treatment of these conditions aims to induce and maintain the remission of the symptoms, controlling recurrences. The clinical efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced using colon-specific drug release systems, since they allow topical treatment, lower systemic drug absorption and therefore increase the safety of therapy. The use of time-dependent polymers, such as ethylcellulose, and/or polymers that can be degraded by colonic bacteria, such as pectin, are both strategies used to develop colonic drug delivery systems. The association of these strategies has been performed in order to further increase the efficiency of the systems. Thus, the aim of the present work was develop pellets and matricial tablets containing different amounts of ethylcellulose and pectin for colon-specific release of prednisone. Pellets were obtained by extrusion-spheronization method and were evaluated for wet mass processability, sphericity, size distribution, flowability and drug content. Hydroethanolic mixtures and alcoholic or aqueous dispersions (Surelease®) of ethylcellulose were tested as granulation liquid. The release profiles of prednisone from pellets were determined using the apparatus III of the United States Pharmacopoeia, simulating the path of the dosage form through the gastrointestinal tract. The drug release from the pellets seems to be dependent on the ethylcellulose dispersion in the matrix, which was defined by the production method used. The addition of ethylcellulose in ethanol gave rise to a prednisone sustained release profile, whereas its incorporation as a dry powder resulted in rapid drug release. The use of ethylcellulose aqueous dispersion (Surelease®) resulted in an intermediate release performance. Furthermore, the amount of granulation liquid and its ethanol concentration have affected the shape of the pellets. Lower ethanol concentration (24%) impaired the spheronization of extrudates. Granulation liquid prepared with 40% ethanol enabled the formation of spherical pellets, but with reduced mechanical stability. The appropriate amount of solution prepared with 35% ethanol resulted in formulations with spherical shape and adequate mechanical strength. The sphericity of the pellets affected their flowability. In addition, tablets containing pectin and ethylcellulose were prepared by wet granulation or direct compression. The average weight, content uniformity and in vitro release from the tablets were evaluated. The tablets obtained by direct compression have provided better control release compared to those prepared by wet granulation. The reduction of particle size of the ethylcellulose in the tablets prepared by direct compression was critical to increasing the efficiency of the system. Thus, tablets prepared with ethylcellulose finer fraction (diameter <180μm), containing 20% pectin showed the highest efficiency of colon-specific drug release. These systems may represent a simple option for the control of inflammatory bowel disease. / As doenças inflamatórias intestinais são condições patológicas crônicas que afetam diferentes porções do trato gastrointestinal. O tratamento dessas condições objetiva induzir e manter a remissão dos sintomas, controlando as recidivas. A eficácia clínica dos tratamentos pode ser aumentada pelo emprego de sistemas de liberação cólon-específica, pois os mesmos possibilitam a realização de tratamento tópico, reduzem a absorção sistêmica dos fármacos e, por isso, aumentam a segurança da terapia. O emprego de polímeros de liberação tempo-dependente, como a etilcelulose, e a utilização de materiais degradáveis especificamente pela microbiota colônica, como a pectina, são duas importantes estratégias usadas no desenvolvimento de sistemas colônicos de liberação. A associação destas estratégias tem sido realizada no intuito de aumentar a eficiência de liberação dos sistemas. Dessa forma, foram desenvolvidos no presente trabalho, pellets e comprimidos matriciais contendo diferentes proporções de etilcelulose e pectina, para liberação cólon-específica de prednisona. Os pellets foram obtidos pelo método da extrusão-esferonização e foram avaliados quanto à processabilidade da massa úmida, esfericidade, distribuição de tamanho, fluxo e teor. Misturas hidroetanólicas e dispersões alcoólicas ou aquosas (Surelease®) de etilcelulose foram testadas como líquido de granulação. Os perfis de liberação da prednisona a partir de pellets contidos em cápsulas foram obtidos utilizando o aparato III da Farmacopéia Norte-Americana, simulando o trajeto da forma farmacêutica pelo trato gastrointestinal. O controle da liberação a partir dos pellets se mostrou dependente do grau de dispersão da etilcelulose na matriz e, por sua vez, este dependeu do método de incorporação usado. A adição de etilcelulose dispersa em etanol proporcionou liberação prolongada da prednisona, ao passo que sua incorporação à seco resultou na liberação rápida do fármaco. A adição de etilcelulose na forma de dispersão aquosa (Surelease®) proporcionou desempenho de liberação intermediário. Além disso, a quantidade de líquido de granulação e a concentração de etanol neste afetaram a forma dos pellets. Menor concentração de etanol no líquido de granulação (24%) dificultou a esferonização dos extrusados. Por outro lado, a adição de líquido com 40% de etanol possibilitou a formação de pellets esféricos, mas com reduzida estabilidade mecânica. O uso de quantidade adequada de solução preparada com 35% de etanol resultou em formulações esféricas e com resistência mecânica adequada. A esfericidade dos pellets afetou diretamente seu fluxo. Adicionalmente, foram obtidos comprimidos contendo pectina e etilcelulose pelos métodos de granulação úmida e compressão direta e os mesmos foram avaliados quanto ao peso médio, teor, uniformidade e liberação in vitro. Os comprimidos obtidos por compressão direta propiciaram melhor controle de liberação quando comparado aos obtidos por granulação via úmida. A redução no tamanho das partículas de etilcelulose na matriz obtida por compressão direta foi fundamental para aumentar a eficiência do sistema. Dessa forma, comprimidos preparados com fração fina de etilcelulose (diâmetro < 180μm), contendo 20% de pectina e obtidos por compressão direta apresentaram a mais alta eficiência de liberação cólon-específica. Esses sistemas podem representar opção simples para o controle das doenças inflamatórias intestinais.