The relation between copyright and the right to privacy is complex and difficulties exist in balancing the rights. Copyright should not be limited. Therefore, to ensure the economic rights of the copyright owners, must the right to privacy instead be limited whenever the two rights collide. The implementation of IPRED into Swedish Law meant a vast change as private operators are able to request information concerning a suspected infringer before as well as during a proceeding concerning an infringement of intellectual property. The chosen implementation method goes beyond IPRED’s requirements and also sanctions a lower standard of proof to grant the requested information. These deviations have given rise to critique whether the implementation is consistent and in accordance with EU-legislation. The court ruled in the ePhone case that providing a copyright owner with a suspected infringer’s information before prosecution is in accordance with EU-legislation. The motivation was that the Swedish court makes a proportionality assessment before granting the requested information. This ruling can be considered to close the discussion whether or not the European Convention on Human rights can be limited in favor of copyright. The author’s suggestion of an alternative implementation of IPRED gives, in theory, rise to a better balance between both sides interests, where integrity would not be affected by as an extensive restriction. However, in reality, there are factors limiting copyright via such an implementation. Therefore the balance would shift as copyright owners would not possess the same possibilities to protect and defend their rights. The author therefore concludes that the preferred implementation is the currently established implementation.

In the year of 1999 a new monetary experiment commenced – the birth of the euro. Over the years more countries have joined the new currency and it was expected to be a continuously growing community. The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of European membership, the currency of euro and the financial crisis on trade between the countries located in Europe. For the task of this paper the gravity model is used to study the bilateral trade flows in the European Union from 1995-2011. It additionally investigates, besides the correlation between GDP and distance, the effect of shared border, shared language and coastal access. The results showed that the euro did indeed have a positive impact on trade in the introduction year to later significantly have a negative impact on trade. Moreover, a membership in the European Union results showed to promote intra-European Union trade at the cost of extra-European Union trade and have its largest impact in the beginning and end of the study years. The conclusion is that other factors than increased trade were the main reasons to join the European Union, such as enhancing the role of Europe in the world market and to turn into a unified market. Finally, the effect of the financial crisis was found to have a negative impact on trade, concluded that it exposed the failures and lack of coordination between and within countries. It was also shown that the physical distance, and not specifically distances in i.e. social culture and languages, boosted the trade between countries.

Utredning om hur starkt skyddet för en stödmottagarens berättigade förväntningar är vid återkrav av olagligt statsstöd.

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By ‘bringing in' the global dimension, this thesis aims to explain the main reasons for Turkey's failure to comply with EU conditionality. Existing studies in the field either look at the hardships in Turkish-EU intergovernmental bargains or at the ‘cultural mismatch' that triggers opposition in the conservative circles of both Turkey and Europe. Such tendencies mislead many students to miss the ‘bigger picture'; in other words, the global legitimation processes underlying Turkey's interactions with the EU. By introducing World Polity theory, an innovative sociological institutionalist theory developed by a Stanford University sociologist, John W. Meyer, since the 1970s, this thesis promises a fuller analysis of the difficult relations between Turkey and the EU through the study of three key sectors where EU-led reforms prove particularly problematic: foreign land ownership, ombudsmanship, and Turkey's Cyprus policy. Benefiting from original interview and survey findings, the thesis demonstrates that the likelihood of EU-led reform depends on the extent to which it is perceived as globally legitimate in the candidate country, Turkey. The main argument is that Turkey-European Union relations should be considered within the context of a wider global cultural environment in which they are deeply embedded and which constitute their agency. This argument is innovative in three ways. First, it adds the global context, which is severely neglected in the prevailing studies on EU-Turkey relations, as a constitutive element to the analysis. Second, it offers new analytical tools to rethink the EU as an ‘organizational carrier' of world models and better explain the domestic motivations behind compliance with EU conditionality. Finally, it contributes to World Polity research that is increasingly criticized for having a top-down approach and lacking in-depth case studies on how world models spread.

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