Les marchés financiers sont traditionnellement considérés comme le lieu où se confrontent une demande et une capacité de financement. Le développement des intermédiaires financiers a toutefois contribué à complexifier les transactions et les nœuds de relations sur les places. L’objet de cette thèse est d’examiner le marché des euro-obligations non plus comme le lieu de rencontre d’une offre et d’une demande dans l’exercice d’un jeu concurrentiel, mais comme une organisation dans laquelle des membres adoptent des rationalités et des modes d’action diversifiés et évolutifs. La méthodologie utilisée articule une étude historique événementielle et une analyse des pratiques inscrite dans la longue durée. Les observations tirées de cette double appréhension sont confrontées, dans le cadre d’une démarche abductive, à des cadres conceptuels constitutifs de la théorie des organisations. Cette confrontation s’opère en trois étapes. Tout d’abord, l’évolution et les pratiques sont étudiées pour montrer en quoi le marché euro-obligataire se comporte comme une organisation, et pas seulement comme un lieu de transaction. Ensuite, les formes prises par cette dernière au cours de son histoire sont identifiées. Enfin, le modèle firme semblant le plus approprié pour caractériser la morphologie ultime du marché étudié, la question du mode de coordination mis en œuvre est envisagée. Au final, il est établi que le marché euro-obligataire s’apparente à une bureaucratie professionnelle. De ce fait, les risques dominants sur ce dernier ne sont plus des « risques de marché » à proprement parler. Ils émanent au contraire de problématiques typiquement organisationnelles : la maîtrise du comportement des membres et la gestion du changement.Ces résultats de recherche doivent contribuer à renouveler le regard porté sur des marchés financiers qui, du fait de la dérégulation, tendent à s’aligner sur ce qui faisait jusqu’à aujourd’hui la singularité euro-obligataire. Ces regards sont avant tout ceux des régulateurs, dont la capacité de contrôle sur les intermédiaires financiers demeure désormais limitée. Ils sont aussi ceux des emprunteurs qui, de facto, s’adressent plus à un fournisseur de fonds qu’ils n’en lèvent auprès d’un marché. / Financial markets are traditionally seen as places where demand for financing meets capacity. However, financial intermediaries have contributed to the growing complexity of transactions and to an emerging relational network within markets. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to consider the Eurobond market as an organization in which members adopt rationalities along with diversified and evolving courses of action. We used a methodology based on historical events and on a long-run analysis of practices. Following an abductive approach, observations set out of this double perspective are confronted with conceptual frames based on organizational theories. This confrontation is led within three steps. First of all, the evolution and the practices are studied to show why and how the Eurobond market behaves as an organization and not only as a place devoted to transactions. Then, the organizational shapes that it adopts all along its history are identified. To finish with, as the “firm” seems to be its most recent morphology, it is necessary to examine its main coordination pattern. Actually, the Eurobond market appears to be a professional bureaucracy. As a matter of fact, predominating risks onto this place are not “market risks” any more. They mostly derive from typical organizational stakes: the behavioral control of members and management of changes.These research results should contribute to renew points of view on financial markets, since they tend to line up with what used to make the Eurobond market so unique. They may be a source of interest for the regulators who, from now one, face a limited ability to control financial intermediaries. These conclusions may also help borrowers to understand that, de facto, they presently deal more with a fund supplier than they finance onto a market.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T18:55:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100276.pdf: 780580 bytes, checksum: 59e34371f81f676e674a30d3b513d3d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T19:22:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100276.pdf: 780580 bytes, checksum: 59e34371f81f676e674a30d3b513d3d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-03T19:24:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100276.pdf: 780580 bytes, checksum: 59e34371f81f676e674a30d3b513d3d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-03T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66080100276.pdf: 780580 bytes, checksum: 59e34371f81f676e674a30d3b513d3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-11 / The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of brazilian corporate issues in USD on Cupom Cambial. We can view Cupom Cambial, under Cover Interest Parity (CIP), as a result of two components: Risk-free rate (Libor) and Country Risk. Additional deviations from CIP can be explained by several factors such as transactions costs, liquidity, arbitrage flows from financial and non-financial companies, etc. In this context, the arbitrage occurs when it becomes possible for a brazilian company to issue external debt and bring this resources to Brazil, finding a final rate in BRL lower than local loans (via debêntures, loans, CD’s, etc), all in. Given the necessary conditions for this type of trade, the effect can be seen in Cupom Cambial market via abnormal flow of sellers. Non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Van der Waerden) and event study methodology found abnormal behavior in FRA of Cupom Cambial (FRC) market during the event window, where the events are the issues of external debt of Brazilian companies, excluding country risk and Libor from FRC changes. To estimate the impact of corporate issues through FRA of cupom cambial, we used two econometric models, AR-GARCH and OLS with Newey-West correction. The results are that brazilian corporate issues cause tightening of 2-5 bps in FRC, depending on the maturity of the issue and the model used. Using the same methodology we concluded that each USD 100 million issue are responsible, on average, for 1 bps tightening in FRC. / Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar o impacto do fluxo de emissões corporativas brasileiras em dólar sobre o cupom cambial. Podemos entender o cupom cambial, sob a ótica da Paridade Coberta da Taxa de Juros, como resultado de dois componentes: Taxa de juros externa (Libor) e Risco País. Desvios adicionais sobre a Paridade podem ser explicados por diversos fatores como custos de transação, liquidez, fluxos em transações de arbitragem de empresas financeiras ou não-financeiras, etc. Neste contexto, os fluxos de arbitragem ocorrem quando é possível para uma empresa brasileira captar recursos no mercado externo e internar estes recursos no Brasil encontrando uma taxa final de captação em reais inferior à de sua captação local (via debêntures, notas financeiras, empréstimos, CDB’s, etc) incluindo todos os custos. Quando há condições necessárias a este tipo de operação, o efeito pode ser visto no mercado de FRA de cupom cambial da BM&F, através de um fluxo anormal de doadores de juros. Testes não-paramétricos (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Van der Waerden) e a metodologia de estudo de eventos detectaram comportamento anormal no mercado de FRA de cupom cambial frente aos eventos aqui considerados como emissões de eurobonds de empresas brasileiras, excluindo o efeito do risco soberano, medido pelo CDS Brasil e considerando nulo o risco de conversibilidade no período, após análise do diferencial entre NDF onshore e offshore. Para estimação do impacto das emissões sobre o FRA de cupom cambial foram utilizados dois modelos, AR-GARCH e OLS com correção de Newey-West, e os resultados mostraram que as emissões causam fechamento de 2 a 5 bps no FRA de cupom cambial, dependendo do vencimento da emissão e do modelo avaliado. Sob a mesma metodologia, concluímos de cada USD 100 milhões de emissões são responsáveis por, em média, 1 bps de fechamento no FRA de cupom cambial, tudo mais constante.

The global economic and financial crisis resulted in worldwide rising government debt levels, especially from 2008 to 2011. This thesis focuses on the sovereign debt crisis in the European Union and illustrates its member countries' debt levels in the period from 2001 to 2011. Two main indicators are considered: accumulated sovereign debt and its share in GDP. The following part outlines main measures taken in order to decrease general debt level in the European Union. Furthermore a selection of various presented proposals is introduced. The last part of the thesis speculatively evaluates all of these instruments and indicates possible imperfections.