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Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen viewed 1/17/2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-126). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Several animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, communicate using sound and they do so in a non-ideal medium, the habitat in which they live. As acoustic signals pass through the habitat, they suffer loss of information due to signal degradation, which is often determined by the acoustic properties of the habitat. Understanding the influence of habitat-induced constraints on signaling is vital to the understanding of evolution of signal structure. Over time signals can evolve their temporal and/or spectral characteristics so as to resist or reduce degradation. Conversely, signalers may modify their behaviour so as to improve transmission for effective communication. The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis (AAH) predicts that given the properties of the habitat in which animals communicate, signals should evolve so as to maximize their broadcast range and the number of potential receivers. The prediction of the hypothesis is that signal transmission is best in the native habitat as compared to non-native habitats. Since its inception, the idea of acoustic adaptation has been tested in several vertebrate species including birds, mammals and frogs but rarely in invertebrates. Moreover, most of these studies have been carried out at the macrohabitat level, such as transmission in forests versus grasslands. For animals with limited mobility such as invertebrates, a finer level of investigation at the microhabitat level is more relevant. Only one study on cicadas has investigated the predictions of the AAH at the microhabitat level. Besides, investigations done at the community level are largely missing in the literature. The effect of height on signal transmission is well documented, however, only one study on birds has investigated the AAH with respect to vertical stratification of coexisting species. Among invertebrates, crickets are well known for their calling songs which males use to attract conspecific females over long distances. No study so far has tested the prediction of the AAH in these acoustically communicating invertebrates. The central focus of this study was to test the predictions of the AAH in a natural assemblage of ensiferan (cricket) species. I examined the prediction of the hypothesis at the microhabitat level with respect to the vertical stratification of co-existing ensiferan species. The study was carried out on an assemblage of crickets in the wet evergreen forests of Kudremukh National Park in the Western Ghats in Southern India. For this purpose, it was important to examine calling height and microhabitat selection in these animals because if the use of calling height and microhabitat was random, then there would not be any native height/microhabitat and the question of acoustic adaption would not arise. Therefore, I first standardized methods to characterize the habitat of the crickets. Using resource selection functions, I then quantified microhabitat selection in 13 ensiferan species. I also examined the calling heights of these species. My results suggest that these species are microhabitat specialists and also distribute vertically within the forest with respect to calling height. Based on the knowledge of the vertical distribution of these animals in the forest I then carried out playback experiments using natural calls of 12 species of Ensifera in their natural habitat. The transmission experiments were carried out at five heights in the forest, including the ground, different parts of the understorey as well as in the canopy. The study aimed to examine whether vertical stratification in the ensiferan species of Kudremukh is driven by selection for maximizing transmission range. I examined the effect of different heights on signal degradation. The investigation was carried out with respect to three different measures of signal degradation, namely, total attenuation, signal to noise ratio as well as envelope distortion. The results indicate a lack of overall support for the AAH with respect to vertical stratification of crickets in Kudremukh. However, a strong, independent effect of height of calling on signal degradation was found, with the ground being the worst layer for transmission and the mid-understorey (2 m) emerging to be good for all species with respect to all three measures of signal degradation. I then analysed the transmission data from a different point of view, exploring the possibility of evolution of signal structures that may confer some advantages in terms of signal transmission, given the habitat-induced constrains on signal propagation. The idea was to examine why certain species perform better than others in terms of signal transmission. This investigation was aimed at characterizing the effect of call features on signal attenuation. I found that temporal features of calls did not have a strong effect on height-specific signal attenuation. While call duration had no effect on signal attenuation, duty cycle did influence attenuation profiles of the calls, with high duty cycle calls performing better than low duty cycle calls. However, there was no interaction of height with the temporal features of calls, eliminating the possibility of these features being shaped by microhabitat or height dependent transmission characteristics. Spectral features of calls, on the other hand, affected signal attenuation very strongly. As expected, low frequency calls performed better than high frequency calls and pure tone calls fared much better than the broadband calls, especially on the ground and the canopy. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first study to carry out a rigorous quantification of microhabitat selection in Ensifera. This is also the first detailed examination of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis at the microhabitat level, tested in a natural assemblage of coexisting invertebrate species.

Depending on their tree species composition, forests recruit different soil microbial communities. Likewise, the vertical nutrient gradient along soil profiles impacts these communities and their activities. In forest soils, bacteria and fungi commonly compete, coexist, and interact, which is challenging for understanding the complex mechanisms behind microbial structuring. Using amplicon sequencing, we analyzed bacterial and fungal diversity in relation to forest composition and soil depth. Moreover, employing random forest models, we identified microbial indicator taxa of forest plots composed of either deciduous or evergreen trees, or their mixtures, as well as of three soil depths. We expected that forest composition and soil depth affect bacterial and fungal diversity and community structure differently. Indeed, relative abundances of microbial communities changed more across soil depths than in relation to forest composition. The microbial Shannon diversity was particularly affected by soil depth and by the proportion of evergreen trees. Our results also reflected that bacterial communities are primarily shaped by soil depth, while fungi were influenced by forest tree species composition. An increasing proportion of evergreen trees did not provoke differences in main bacterial metabolic functions, e.g., carbon fixation, degradation, or photosynthesis. However, significant responses related to specialized bacterial metabolisms were detected. Saprotrophic, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and plant pathogenic fungi were related to the proportion of evergreen trees, particularly in topsoil. Prominent microbial indicator taxa in the deciduous forests were characterized to be r-strategists, whereas K-strategists dominated evergreen plots. Considering simultaneously forest composition and soil depth to unravel differences inmicrobial communities,metabolic pathways and functional guilds have the potential to enlighten mechanisms that maintain forest soil functionality and provide resistance against disturbances.

Fires occur in most forest reserves in Ghana. However, there is a limited understanding of the fires and their behaviour in the different ecological zones. Therefore, this research was to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of fires, examine the driving factors, direct and underlying causes and impacts of the fires, determine and compare the fuel dynamics to predict fire behaviour and estimate the effects of fire on carbon stocks in different ecological zones of Ghana. The research used different methodologies including questionnaires, fire records, satellite fire data from MODIS (2001 to 2015) (first approach) and field experiment (second approach). A total of 304 respondents was sampled for eight communities, two communities each around the moist and dry semi-deciduous forest, upland evergreen forest and savanna. The spatial distribution of fire showed a trend along the forest boundaries, open vegetation, degraded areas, human settlements, shrubs, farms, rivers and roads. The temporal trend was significant in the dry forest (435 hotspots), followed by the savanna (229 hotspots), moist forest (76 hotspots) and the least in the evergreen forest (5 hotspots). The fires were observed from August, October to May with the dry forest having the longest seasonality. Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday were the peak days of the detected fire hotspots in the dry, moist and savanna respectively. Most of the fires in the different ecological zones peaked from 13 to 14 pm. The results of the research also revealed that the fires were driven primarily by socioeconomic factors which were supported by environmental, type of vegetation and cultural factors. In all the ecological zones, fires were originating from humans. The study pointed out three categories of human-caused fires through activity (farming), non-activity (carelessness or negligence) and others (unknown causes). The major underlying causes of fire mentioned were the inadequate management of the forest and weak compliance and enforcement of forest laws. All these fires have resulted in several impacts in the various ecological zones. Concerning the fuel dynamics, the total downed woody fuel load in the evergreen forest was found to be higher (228 and 208.4 tonnes per hectare). The litter and duff density (112.2 kilogram per cubic meter) in unburned area and loading (6.3 and 13.5 tonnes per hectare) for both burned and unburned area respectively were significantly greater in the moist forest. Also, the dry forest showed 2.4 tonnes per hectare of herbaceous loading in the burned area. However, fires were predicted to be severe in the savanna regarding the surface rate of spread, flame length and fireline intensity, but with low reaction intensity and heat per unit area. The total amount of aboveground tree carbon, aboveground non-tree and belowground root for both burned and the unburned area varied under the different ecological zones. The highest was seen in the moist forest with the emission of 294 tonnes of carbon per hectare accounting for 82% losses. This research has brought out the current situation of fire in the various ecological zones for the implementation of necessary actions for the future.

The last couple of years the trend within the software industry has been to releasesmaller software updates more frequent, to overcome challenges and increase flexibility, to alignwith the swiftly changing industry environment. As an effect, we now see companies moving over tocapitalizing on subscriptions and incremental releases instead of charging for upgrades. By utilizingneo-institutional theory and Oliver’s (1991) strategic response theory, an enterprise systemsvendor’s response to the emerging DevOps trend can be determined.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Por que as diferentes espÃcies de angiospermas nÃo sÃo igualmente bem-sucedidas em todos os ambientes do planeta? Uma das explicaÃÃes recorrentes à baseada no conceito de trade-off (demanda conflitante). Entende-se por demanda conflitante a relaÃÃo negativa entre traÃos funcionais que nÃo podem ser otimizados simultaneamente pela planta. As variaÃÃes nos traÃos funcionais entre plantas sÃo interpretadas como adaptaÃÃes das espÃcies a condiÃÃes ambientais em resposta à aquisiÃÃo de recursos necessÃrios para seu desenvolvimento. A disponibilidade hÃdrica pode ser considerada o principal fator ambiental que afeta quase todos os processos fisiolÃgicos e fenolÃgicos das plantas de forma direta e/ou indireta, portanto, modula diversas demandas conflitantes. Nosso objetivo principal à o de compreender quais as estratÃgias hidrÃulicas e o comportamento fisiolÃgico em espÃcies decÃduas e sempre verdes em resposta à seca. No primeiro capÃtulo, analisamos a variaÃÃo funcional entre espÃcies decÃduas e sempre verdes para compreender as divergÃncias nas estratÃgias de tolerÃncia e evitaÃÃo à seca. Mensuramos 17 traÃos funcionais foliares em 17 espÃcies decÃduas e cinco sempre verdes. AlÃm disso, mensuramos a condutÃncia estomÃtica (gs), taxa de fotossÃntese por Ãrea e massa (AÃrea/Amassa) e a eficiÃncia instantÃnea e intrÃnseca no uso da Ãgua (EUAi e EUA) durante a estaÃÃo chuvosa. Verificamos que as espÃcies decÃduas exibiram maior Amassa, menor longevidade foliar (LF) e massa foliar especÃfica (MFE) quando comparadas Ãs sempre verdes. EspÃcies decÃduas e sempre verdes apresentaram demanda conflitante entre tolerÃncia à seca e capacidade fotossintÃtica, quanto maior a LF menor a Amassa. Embora as espÃcies decÃduas tenham apresentado maior Amassa e gs do que Ãs sempre verdes, nÃo observamos diferenÃas significativas na EUAi e EUA. As diferenÃas nas estratÃgias de evitaÃÃo e tolerÃncia à seca entre espÃcies decÃduas e sempre verdes sÃo claramente observadas indistintamente à disponibilidade hÃdrica. No segundo capÃtulo, avaliamos se hà divergÃncia ou convergÃncia nas estratÃgias hidrÃulicas em espÃcies decÃduas e sempre verdes e como respondem aos efeitos da seca. Observamos mensalmente a fenologia foliar relacionando-a com o dÃficit de pressÃo de vapor do ar (DPV) e o conteÃdo de Ãgua no solo (CAS). Realizamos mensalmente mediÃÃes do potencial hÃdrico antes do amanhecer e relacionamos com a densidade da madeira (ρwood). Observamos as variaÃÃes no comportamento estomÃtico e no potencial hÃdrico diÃrio, e por fim, mensuramos e comparamos 17 traÃos funcionais foliares entre os grupos fenolÃgicos. A separaÃÃo das espÃcies em grupos baseados apenas na LF fornece boa compreensÃo sobre estratÃgias hidrÃulicas em respostas à seca. EspÃcies decÃduas exibem diferentes estratÃgias (isohÃdrica/anisohÃdrica), independente da ρwood. EspÃcies sempre verdes nÃo exibem diferenÃa de estratÃgia, sendo apenas anisohÃdricas. Consideramos que traÃos hidrÃulicos como o gradiente no potencial hÃdrico entre raÃzes e folhas (ΔΨplanta), o potencial hÃdrico responsÃvel por 50% do fechamento estomÃtico (ΨSC) e a diferenÃa no potencial hÃdrico sazonal (ΔΨsazonal) sÃo chaves para identificaÃÃo de estratÃgias hidrÃulicas em espÃcies de ecossistemas sazonalmente secos / Why the different species of angiosperms not are equally successful in all environments of planet? One recurrent explanation is based in concept of trade-off. It is understood trade-off per the negative relation between functional traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously by the plant. The variations in functional traits between plants are understood how adaptations of the species to environmental conditions in response at resource acquisition necessary for development. The hydric availability can be considerate the main environmental factor that affect almost all physiological and phenological processes of plants of direct and/or indirect form, therefore, modulating various trade-off. Our main goal is understand which hydraulic strategies and the physiology behavior in deciduous and evergreen species in response to drought. In first chapter, we analyzed the functional variation between deciduous and evergreen species for understand the divergence in the strategies of avoidance and tolerance to drought. We measured 17 leaf functional traits in 17 deciduous and five evergreen species. Furthermore, we measured the stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthetic rate based area and mass (Aarea/Amass) and the instantaneous and intrinsic water use efficient (WUEi and WUE) during the rainy season. We checked that the deciduous species exhibited bigger Amass, less leaf lifespan (LL) and leaf specific mass (LSM) when compared with evergreen species. Deciduous and evergreen species showed trade-off between drought tolerance and photosynthetic capacity, the bigger LF is the less the Amass. Although the deciduous species have showed larger Amass and gs than the evergreen species, we do not observed significant difference in WUEi and WUE. The difference in the strategies of drought avoidance and tolerance between deciduous and evergreen species are clearly observed indistinctly to hydric availability. In second chapter, we evaluated if are divergence or convergence in the hydraulic strategies in deciduous and evergreen species and how they respond to effects of the drought. We observed monthly the leaf phenology by relating with the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and the soil water content (SWC). We performed monthly measurements of water potential predawn and related with the wood density (ρwood). We observed the variation in stomatal behavior and in daily water potential and lastly measurements and compared 17 leaf functional traits between the phenological groups. The separation of species in groups based only LF provides good understanding about hydraulic strategies in response to drought. Deciduous species exhibited different strategies (isohydric/anisohydric) independently of ρwood. Evergreen species do not exhibit difference of strategy, it is only anisohydric. We regard that hydraulic traits how the water potential gradient from roots to shoots (ΔΨplant), the water potential responsible for 50% of stomatal closure (ΨSC) and the difference in seasonal water potential (ΔΨseasonal) are key for identification of hydraulic strategies in species of the seasonally dry ecosystems

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-20T23:17:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Lima do Cout1.pdf: 2447904 bytes, checksum: 7c9755ccd95ffbece7c6941079071845 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-20T23:17:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Lima do Cout1.pdf: 2447904 bytes, checksum: 7c9755ccd95ffbece7c6941079071845 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / (Effect of edge in structure, diversity and phenology in seasonal tropical forest submontane) Forest fragmentation causes physical and biological changes with habitat loss and insularization of populations, and the edge effect the most obvious consequence of this process. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of linear edge in a fragment of submontane seasonal forest in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil (12?28'31 "S and 41?23'14''W) in order to analyze the structure and composition vegetation, reproductive phenology and the vegetative phenology, classifying the forest as their leaf pattern, and the functional diversity. Were marked 30 plots (10 x 10 m) random and 15 at the forest edge (0 - 100m) and 15 inside (> 150m) in the power line high voltage. For structural studies were marked all individuals with diameter at breast height ?5 cm. The species were classified according to successional category and phytosociological parameters were calculated and diversity indices. The Shannon - Wiener index was compared by t test Hutcheson and the other parameters by ANOVA. From this study the species with the highest importance value and abundance for the other investigations were chosen. In the reproductive phenological study monthly observations were made over 26 months in 481 individuals (282 on the edge (61 species) and 199 inside (50 species) of forest), recording the presence and absence of flowering (and flower button) and fruiting (immature and mature fruit) for all life forms. It is estimated timing, frequency and duration of phenological events and the species were classified as the pollination and dispersal syndromes. Data were analyzed with G test, linear regression and circular statistics. In the study of functional diversity created a matrix of functional traits to the edge and interior including phenological, structural and reproductive aspects. Measurements of leaf traits (thickness, dry dough sheet per unit area, juiciness, density, leaf area ratio and leaf mass fraction), density and wood water saturation were carried out in the dry and wet seasons (September / 2012 and January / 2013) in 20 species. Regressions were made between phenophases and environmental variables (precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod and heat stroke), circular statistics and comparisons of leaf traits and wood density between the dry and rainy season through the G test and ANOVA. The species ordination in relation to leaf and wood attributes was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The functional groups were defined by cluster analysis with distance Gower and calculated indexes Functional richness (FRic), Functional divergence (FDiv), Functional evenness (FEve), Functional dispersion (FDis). ANOVA and linear regression were used to evaluate the rates between areas. In vegetative phenological study followed up the budding and leaf fall 350 individual trees in the community (39 species). Increase the impact of straight edge on the floristic composition was checked, the diversity and abundance of species, while less interference was observed in the tree community structure, as phytosociological parameters and ratios between the guilds did not differ significantly between edge and interior fragment. The phenological analysis revealed that flowering and fruiting at the edge and interior were continued for long, low-intensity periods, asynchronous and assazonal being for most phenophases, with a significant difference in the individual to button number. Seasonality in flowering and fruiting were observed for bush and grass land in both areas and epiphytes to the edge. Similar proportions in the number of species for pollination and dispersal syndromes were found on the edge and inside, with a predominance of melittophilous and animal dispersed species. The vegetation was evergreen, with budding and continuous leaf fall, low intensity and low sync. The leaf bud was related to rainfall and sunshine and fall with precipitation and humidity. Significant variation between the dry and wet seasons were observed in the proportion of saturated water in the wood, leaf area ratio and leaf succulence. ACP showed greater variance for wood density (88.7%) and stored water (11.3%), gathering most species with standard perenif?lios phenological and episodic perenif?lios, other attributes showed no relevance to the phenological patterns. The main functional groups formed on the edge and inside were similar, defined based on the way of life, stratum and pollination and dispersal. Of co-occurring species (40 species), 22.5% belong to different functional groups due to different growth patterns. The functional diversity indices showed higher mean values for the edge, except that Fric was higher in the forest. These were not affected by the distance to the edge. Changes were observed inside in relation to species richness and Shannon - Wiener only for Fric. The implementation of linear infrastructure brings similar impacts to those coming from other types of edges in community structure. In other aspects analyzed the changes were subtle for the tree community, but the same was not true for shrubs, herbs and vines. The vegetation can be classified as seasonal submontane rainforest always green, with small annual variation in the physiognomy of the vegetation, and the perenif?lios and perenif?lios types episodic predominant both in number of species and in their abundance. The leaf traits showed no relevance to phenology, not being good descriptors for the seasonal evergreen forest. There is no significant difference in functional diversity, but the highest rate obtained inside for functional wealth reflects the biological loss caused by the installation on the edge of the linear edge. Appearance evidenced by the greater abundance of Eschweilera tetrapetala Mori inside, an endemic species of submontane forests of the region. This study contributes to future conservation work to note the interference the linear edge on the forest ecosystem, as well as to the classification of the Brazilian forests, to verify the occurrence of seasonal evergreen forests in the Caatinga. / (Efeito de borda na estrutura, diversidade e fenologia de floresta tropical estacional submontana) A fragmenta??o florestal causa mudan?as f?sicas e biol?gicas com perda de habitat e insulariza??o das popula??es, sendo oefeito de borda a consequ?ncia mais evidente desse processo.Assim,objetivou-se investigar o efeito da borda linear em um fragmento de floresta estacional submontana na Chapada Diamantina, Bahia,Brasil (12?28?31??S e 41?23?14??W) com o intuito de analisar a estruturae a composi??o da vegeta??o, a fenologia reprodutivae a fenologia vegetativa, classificando a floresta quanto ao seu padr?o foliar, e a diversidade funcional. Foram marcadas 30 parcelas (10 x 10 m) aleat?rias sendo 15 na borda da floresta (0 - 100m) e 15 no seu interior (>150m) em rela??o ? rede el?trica de alta tens?o. Para o estudo estrutural foram marcados todos os indiv?duos com di?metro ? altura do peito ?5 cm. As esp?cies foram classificadas quanto ? categoria sucessional e foram calculados os par?metros fitossociol?gicos e ?ndices de diversidade. O ?ndice de Shannon - Wienerfoi comparado pelo teste t de Hutcheson e os demais par?metros pela ANOVA. A partir desse estudo foram escolhidas as esp?cies com maior valor de import?ncia e abundancia para as demais investiga??es.No estudo fenol?gico reprodutivo foram realizadas observa??es mensais durante 26 meses a 481 indiv?duos (282 na borda (61 esp?cies) e 199 no interior (50 esp?cies) da floresta), registrando-se a presen?a e aus?ncia de flora??o (bot?o e flor) e frutifica??o (frutos imaturo e maturo) para todas as formas de vida. Estimou-se sincronia, frequ?ncia e dura??o dos eventos fenol?gicos e as esp?cies foram classificadas quanto ?s s?ndromes de poliniza??o e dispers?o. Os dados foram analisados com teste G, regress?o linear e estat?stica circular. No estudo da diversidade funcional criou-se uma matriz de tra?os funcionais para a borda e interior incluindo aspectos fenol?gicos, estruturais e reprodutivos.Mensura??es de atributos foliares (espessura, massa seca de folha por unidade de ?rea, sucul?ncia, densidade, raz?o de ?rea foliar e fra??o de massa foliar), densidade e ?gua de satura??o da madeira foram realizadas nas esta??es seca e chuvosa (setembro/2012 e janeiro/2013) em 20 esp?cies. Foram feitas regress?es entre as fenofases e as vari?veis ambientais (precipita??o, temperatura, umidade relativa, fotoper?odo e insola??o), estat?stica circular e compara??es dos atributos foliares e densidade de madeira entre a esta??o seca e chuvosa atrav?s do teste G e ANOVA. A ordena??o das esp?cies em rela??o aos atributos foliares e de madeira foi avaliada pela An?lise do Componente Principal (ACP). Os grupos funcionais foram definidos por Cluster analysis com dist?ncia de Gower e calculados os ?ndices Functional richness (FRic), Functional divergence (FDiv), Functional evenness (FEve), Functional dispersion (FDis). ANOVA e regress?o linear foram usadas para avaliar os ?ndices entre ?reas. No estudo fenol?gico vegetativo acompanhou-se o brotamento e queda foliar de 350 indiv?duos arb?reos na comunidade (39 esp?cies). Foi verificado um maior impacto da borda linear sobre a composi??o flor?stica,a diversidade e abund?ncia das esp?cies, enquanto menor interfer?ncia foi verificada na estrutura da comunidade arb?rea, uma vez que par?metros fitossociol?gicos e propor??es entre as categorias sucessionais n?o diferiram significativamente entre borda e interior do fragmento.As an?lises fenol?gicas revelaram que a flora??o e frutifica??o na borda e interior foram cont?nuas por per?odos longos e com baixa intensidade, sendo assincr?nico e assazonal para a maioria das fenofases, com diferen?a significativa no n?mero de indiv?duo para bot?o.Sazonalidade na flora??o e frutifica??o foi observada para arbusto e erva terrestre em ambas as ?reas e ep?fitas para a borda.Propor??es semelhantes no n?mero de esp?cies por s?ndromes de poliniza??o e dispers?o foram encontradas na borda e no interior, com predomin?ncia de esp?cies melit?filas e zooc?ricas.A vegeta??o foi perenif?lia, com brotamento e queda foliar cont?nuos, baixa intensidade e baixa sincronia. O brotamento foliar relacionou-se com precipita??o e insola??o e a queda com precipita??o e umidade. Varia??o significativa entre as esta??es seca e chuvosa foram observadas na propor??o de ?gua saturada na madeira, raz?o de ?rea foliar e sucul?ncia da folha. ACP revelou maior varian?a para densidade da madeira (88,7%) e ?gua armazenada (11,3%), agrupando a maioria das esp?cies com padr?o fenol?gico perenif?lios e perenif?lios epis?dicos, os demais atributos n?o apresentaram relev?ncia em rela??o aos padr?es fenol?gicos. Os principais grupos funcionais formados na borda e no interior foram semelhantes, definidos com base na forma de vida, estrato e s?ndrome de poliniza??o e dispers?o. Das esp?cies co-ocorrentes (40 esp?cies), 22,5% pertencem a grupos funcionais distintos devido a diferentes padr?es fenol?gicos. Os ?ndices de diversidade funcional apresentaram valores m?dios superiores para a borda, exceto FRic que foi superior no interior da floresta. Estes n?o foram alterados pela dist?ncia com a borda. Altera??es foram observadas no interior em rela??o ? riqueza de esp?cie e ao ?ndice de Shannon - Wiener apenas para FRic.A implementa??o de infraestruturas lineares traz impactos semelhantes ?queles advindos de outros tipos de bordas na estrutura da comunidade. Nos demais aspectos analisados as varia??es foram sutis para a comunidade arb?rea, mas o mesmo n?o ocorreuem rela??o a arbustos, ervas e trepadeiras. A vegeta??o p?de ser classificada como floresta tropical estacional submontana sempre verde, com pequena varia??o anual na fisionomia da vegeta??o, sendo os tipos perenif?lios e perenif?lios epis?dicos predominantes tanto em n?mero de esp?cies quanto na sua abund?ncia. Os atributos foliares n?o apresentaram relev?ncia em rela??o aos padr?es fenol?gicos, n?o sendo bons descritores para a floresta estacional sempre verde. N?o h? diferen?a significativa na diversidade funcional, mas o maior ?ndice obtido no interior para a riqueza funcional reflete a perda biol?gica ocasionada na borda pela instala??o da borda linear.Aspecto evidenciado pela maior abund?ncia deEschweilera tetrapetala Mori no interior, esp?cie end?mica das florestas submontanas da regi?o. O presente estudo p?de contribuir com futuros trabalhos de conserva??o por constatar a interfer?ncia da borda linear no ecossistema florestal, bem como com a classifica??o das florestas brasileiras, ao verificar a ocorr?ncia de florestas estacional sempre verde no Bioma Caatinga.

<p>Urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. During the cold of winter, warming increases surrounding host temperature and may improve the overwintering survival of marginally hardy insects like evergreen bagworms. Similarly, during the summer, it has the potential to increase the fecundity and abundance of sap feeding insect pests such as scale insects in ways that change the capacity of their natural enemies to regulate their populations. </p> <p>Although in parts of Indiana winters can be cold enough to kill bagworm eggs, they thrive in cities. I conducted field experiments to determine the extent to which impervious surface near an infestation could keep temperatures warm enough to affect bagworm survival during cold of winter. My results suggest that the percentage of live eggs inside overwintering pupae decreased as ambient temperature drops. This response was moderated by the presence of impervious surface around an infested plant. Eggs found in bagworms collected from host trees surrounded by more impervious surface had a higher chance of survival than those collected from trees with low levels of hardscape. However, impervious surface has its limit such that egg mortality was not buffered by impervious surfaces at temperatures at or below -21.67°C. Similarly, I also conducted field experiments with sap feeding insects on honeylocust trees, a commonly planted tree in cities. Hot sites had a mean daily temperature more than 1.5 °C warmer than cool sites and scale insects were more abundant and fecund on trees in the hottest part of Indianapolis compared to cooler areas. No differences were observed in rates of parasitism on the scale insect. However, I found strong density dependence relation between parasitoids and scales abundance at scale density at or below the levels present in cool sites. The top-down regulation was prevalent at or below a critical density of scale hosts. Conversely, bottom-up regulation was prevalent above this host density as pests benefit from bottom-up factors. This suggests that urban habitats helped the scales to escape biological control by resident natural enemies above critical density of scale hosts. </p> <p>My findings can be useful to landscape designers to design landscapes that are less prone to insect pests. My finding adds to a growing body of evidence that suggests that planting urban trees with lesser amount of impervious surface can help reducing the urban warming effect and increase the regulation from natural enemies. </p>