This research entails a case study on the investigation of illegal farm evictions in the Great Kei Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape. The study was propelled by the plight of people living and working on farms in South Africa who are always victims of illegal farm evictions. Such evictions in many an instance violate their basic human rights protected by South Africa’s constitution and many other international conventions. It is hoped that the findings and recommendations of the research will have a profound impact on how illegal farm evictions in future will be handled by those championing the rights of people living and working on farms. Similarly, there is hope that this study will create an interest in others to new broader issues of human rights protection. A closer look at concepts like constructive evictions is necessary because of their traumatic nature to their victims. The study is divided into five chapters. 1. Introduction This chapter provides a background, the purpose of the study, specific objectives or research questions, hypotheses or assumptions of the study, the significance of the study, justification or rationale of the study, delimitation of the study, literature review, methodology, ethical considerations, and the limitations of the study. 2. The history of farm evictions in South Africa This chapter gives an outline of farm evictions in South Africa from both the colonial and apartheid 3. The culture of human rights in South Africa This chapter examines the institutions and instruments that influence the human rights culture in South Africa. It focuses on the legislative framework of human rights. 4. Farm evictions in the Great Kei Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape This chapter discusses farm evictions in the Great Kei Local Municipality and South Africa in general between December 2001 and December 2006. A case study of the same municipality is the nucleus of this research. 5. Conclusion The evaluation, findings, and recommendations of the study form the greater part of the chapter.

In Uganda there has been evidence of land evictions over the past years which has left many people landless and homeless. This study sets out the national standards with the major emphasis on the some of the provisions of the 1995 Constitution that deal with land rights and the 1998 land Act. In addition to the above, it tackles some international standards found under ICESCR, ICCPR and the Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement that have to be followed either before or after land evictions. Despite the fact that Uganda is a dualist State, there is need for it to take into consideration international standards that cater for land evictions since it is a member State to both ICESCR and ICCPR. Furthermore, the study discusses only three cases among others of land evictions that have occurred in Uganda and it analyses them against the national and international human rights standards. This study is of the view that most of the land evictions that are carried out in the country are not in line with national and international human rights standards. Therefore, there is need to ensure that people’s human rights are protected through the implementation of the existing national and international human rights standards. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / South Africa is a country with a past characterised by extreme racial imbalances, and that is the apartheid era. After the apartheid era was dismantled and came crumbling down, South Africa adopted what the courts later described as a ‘transformative constitutionalism’. This was because the country adopted a constitution aimed at striking a balance amongst the lives of the group of citizens who were racially side-lined during the apartheid era. Similarly, the South African government derives its power from the Constitution, thereby defining its democracy through constitutionalism. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution shows the utmost regard and respect that South Africa has for human rights. The inclusion of the right to adequate housing and its underlying provision against eviction and the property right symbolised a significant step that the country was undertaking to engage social justice for all the citizens. Furthermore, the legislature has gone further to enact legislation that gives effect to the protection and realisation of the right to adequate housing. In an attempt to achieve social justice, the adopted Constitution provides the most fundamental socio-economic rights, including the right to housing. This right aims to elevate the most vulnerable citizens in the country who may not afford a decent house or shelter. However, it is apparent that the relief intended by the right to housing is not always readily achieved; most citizens still live in dire housing conditions. Case laws show that citizens in this situation resort to other unofficial means, such as occupying private land illegally to secure better settlement conditions. Coupled with the right to housing is the provision that protects the citizens from being arbitrarily evicted from any shelter they consider as their home. In the backdrop of this, the courts were, however, constantly faced with multitudes of the application calling for eviction orders against people who had illegally occupied properties belonging to other people. The consequence of this situation led to the promulgation of the PIE Act, which aims to protect the rights of both the unlawful occupier and the owner of the occupied property. No right in the Constitution may be exercised, read and interpreted to the obvious detriment of the other rights in the same Constitution. There is a conundrum that the courts and the government have to deal with; regarding the protection of the rights of property owners and unlawful occupiers. In most instances, homeless people were once owners of specific shelters or safely put on the land. Notwithstanding that the government is responsible for providing adequate housing within its reasonable legislative and other measures, issues such as over-population are preceded by homelessness. In other words, the issue of unlawful occupation affects the lawful owners and the entire country as a whole. As a result, the government must have due regard to providing a proper and alternative shelter to unlawful occupiers and homeless citizens to do away with over-population issues and have people occupying non-residential areas. This study will show that legislation can cure all forms of social problems the country encounters. However, that implementation as the life-blood of legislation should be affected by relevant state organs.

Num contexto onde a produção do espaço urbano tem cada vez maior relevância, seja pela provisão de infraestrutura, seja pela produção imobiliária, ou por sua articulação; muitas famílias residentes em assentamentos autoconstruídos são ameaçadas de desapropriação e remoção forçada com baixas indenizações em função de projetos urbanos. Tal situação suscita diversos conflitos políticos entre as comunidades ameaçadas de desapropriação, os órgãos públicos e interesses privados envolvidos. No centro do conflito estão pautas como a permanência no local, os procedimentos (cadastramento, avaliações, indenizações), a alternativa habitacional, etc. O Objetivo Geral do trabalho é compreender o papel dos processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados na atual produção do espaço urbano em suas dimensões política (hegemonia, dominação e luta de classes) e econômica (espoliação, exploração, acumulação e reprodução ampliada do capital) e o seu entrelaçamento na reprodução ampliada e acumulação de capital. A hipótese é de que, no contexto atual, onde a produção do espaço urbano é cada vez mais relevante à acumulação e à reprodução do capital, os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos - enquanto mecanismos geográficos de adequação do espaço às necessidades de reprodução do capital - ensejam não somente uma acumulação por \"espoliação\", mas também por \"exploração\" dos bens patrimoniais (terra e/ou edificações) de comunidades pela expropriação; complementada pelo \'novo\' espaço (infraestruturas, moradias, etc.); assim como ensejam e expressam, dialeticamente, a (crise de) hegemonia, a dominação e a luta de classes. O método adotado consiste na conjunção entre pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e no estudo de caso da Comunidade Aldaci Barbosa, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos tem crescente centralidade na produção do espaço urbano, enquanto mecanismos geográficos de operação do poder e de ampliação da hegemonia e da dominação das relações de propriedade privada e do modo de produção capitalista, entrelaçados por uma \"conexão orgânica\" entre a exploração e a espoliação que impulsionam a reprodução ampliada e a acumulação capitalista pela produção do espaço urbano. / In a context where the production of urban space is increasingly important, whether by the provision of infrastructure, by the production of real estate, or by its articulation; Many families living in self-built settlements are threatened with forced eviction and forced removal with low compensation for urban projects. This situation raises a number of political conflicts between communities threatened with expropriation, public agencies and private interests involved. At the center of the conflict are guidelines such as the permanence in the place, the procedures (registration, evaluations, indemnifications), the alternative housing, etc. The General Objective of the work is to understand the role of forced removal and resettlement processes in the current production of urban space in its political (hegemony, domination and class struggle) and economic dimensions (espoliation, exploitation, accumulation and amplified reproduction of capital) and their interweaving in expanded reproduction and capital accumulation. The hypothesis is that, in the current context, where the production of urban space is increasingly relevant to the accumulation and reproduction of capital, urban forced relocation and resettlement processes - as geographic mechanisms of space adequacy to the reproduction needs of the Capital provide not only an accumulation by \"dispossession\", but also by \"exploitation\" of the patrimonial assets (land and / or buildings) of communities by expropriation; Complemented by the \'new\' space (infrastructures, housing, etc.); Just as they dialect and express, dialectically, the (crisis of) hegemony, domination and class struggle. The method adopted consists of the combination of bibliographic and documentary research, semistructured interviews and the case study of the Aldaci Barbosa Community, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The processes of urban forced eviction and resettlement have a growing centrality in the production of urban space as geographic mechanisms for the operation of power and expansion of hegemony and domination of private property relations and capitalist mode of production intertwined by an \"organic connection\" between the exploitation and the dispossession that impel the amplified reproduction and the capitalist accumulation by the production of the urban space.

Num contexto onde a produção do espaço urbano tem cada vez maior relevância, seja pela provisão de infraestrutura, seja pela produção imobiliária, ou por sua articulação; muitas famílias residentes em assentamentos autoconstruídos são ameaçadas de desapropriação e remoção forçada com baixas indenizações em função de projetos urbanos. Tal situação suscita diversos conflitos políticos entre as comunidades ameaçadas de desapropriação, os órgãos públicos e interesses privados envolvidos. No centro do conflito estão pautas como a permanência no local, os procedimentos (cadastramento, avaliações, indenizações), a alternativa habitacional, etc. O Objetivo Geral do trabalho é compreender o papel dos processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados na atual produção do espaço urbano em suas dimensões política (hegemonia, dominação e luta de classes) e econômica (espoliação, exploração, acumulação e reprodução ampliada do capital) e o seu entrelaçamento na reprodução ampliada e acumulação de capital. A hipótese é de que, no contexto atual, onde a produção do espaço urbano é cada vez mais relevante à acumulação e à reprodução do capital, os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos - enquanto mecanismos geográficos de adequação do espaço às necessidades de reprodução do capital - ensejam não somente uma acumulação por \"espoliação\", mas também por \"exploração\" dos bens patrimoniais (terra e/ou edificações) de comunidades pela expropriação; complementada pelo \'novo\' espaço (infraestruturas, moradias, etc.); assim como ensejam e expressam, dialeticamente, a (crise de) hegemonia, a dominação e a luta de classes. O método adotado consiste na conjunção entre pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e no estudo de caso da Comunidade Aldaci Barbosa, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Os processos de remoção e reassentamentos forçados urbanos tem crescente centralidade na produção do espaço urbano, enquanto mecanismos geográficos de operação do poder e de ampliação da hegemonia e da dominação das relações de propriedade privada e do modo de produção capitalista, entrelaçados por uma \"conexão orgânica\" entre a exploração e a espoliação que impulsionam a reprodução ampliada e a acumulação capitalista pela produção do espaço urbano. / In a context where the production of urban space is increasingly important, whether by the provision of infrastructure, by the production of real estate, or by its articulation; Many families living in self-built settlements are threatened with forced eviction and forced removal with low compensation for urban projects. This situation raises a number of political conflicts between communities threatened with expropriation, public agencies and private interests involved. At the center of the conflict are guidelines such as the permanence in the place, the procedures (registration, evaluations, indemnifications), the alternative housing, etc. The General Objective of the work is to understand the role of forced removal and resettlement processes in the current production of urban space in its political (hegemony, domination and class struggle) and economic dimensions (espoliation, exploitation, accumulation and amplified reproduction of capital) and their interweaving in expanded reproduction and capital accumulation. The hypothesis is that, in the current context, where the production of urban space is increasingly relevant to the accumulation and reproduction of capital, urban forced relocation and resettlement processes - as geographic mechanisms of space adequacy to the reproduction needs of the Capital provide not only an accumulation by \"dispossession\", but also by \"exploitation\" of the patrimonial assets (land and / or buildings) of communities by expropriation; Complemented by the \'new\' space (infrastructures, housing, etc.); Just as they dialect and express, dialectically, the (crisis of) hegemony, domination and class struggle. The method adopted consists of the combination of bibliographic and documentary research, semistructured interviews and the case study of the Aldaci Barbosa Community, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The processes of urban forced eviction and resettlement have a growing centrality in the production of urban space as geographic mechanisms for the operation of power and expansion of hegemony and domination of private property relations and capitalist mode of production intertwined by an \"organic connection\" between the exploitation and the dispossession that impel the amplified reproduction and the capitalist accumulation by the production of the urban space.

Sport is often not a topic one contemplates of when thinking of global and national narratives. For many it is not a valid or significant tool to study race or development. Sport has been minimized to an after school activity or a distraction, but sport crosses many spheres including, but not limited to, politics and identity. It has the capability of influencing people’s histories and growth as an individual. Many scholars have in recent years used the politics of sport as a legitimate way to understand race and global history. The 2014 World Cup presented itself as the perfect subject to analyze various meanings driving the political, economic, and global significance of mega sports events. Brazil’s history with football and the inter-connectedness with politics, nationalism, and racial identity provide an interesting platform to dissect this information and place it in a larger scope within the values of the World Cup. Upon exploration of this topic and several meetings with Professor David Goldblatt, author of the must-read soccer Bible The Ball is Round, I found that the World Cup was exuding with political, economic, and social implications. A few main issues caught my attention: The massive corruption and lawlessness with which FIFA elites seem to operate under, the unbelievable accounts of housing and human rights violations done in the name of football by the Brazilian government, and the inefficient and slow progress of infrastructure preparations.

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The Shift är en rörelse med en nära koppling till FN, vars syfte är att hjälpa världens länder att uppnå sina åtaganden om den mänskliga rättigheten till bostad. Rörelsen baserar till stor del sitt arbete på rapporten ”Riktlinjer för Implementeringen av den Mänskliga Rättigheten till Adekvat Bostad” , som kan beskrivas som en sammanhängande lista på problembeskrivningar och åtgärder för att möjliggöra att rätten till bostad blir till verklighet. Denna rapport är formellt utgiven av FN, men har anammats av the Shift och används som ett slags övergripande policydokument. I detta dokument kommer den i fortsättningen att kallas för ”the Shifts riktlinjer”. En av riktlinjerna, nr 6, handlar om vräkningar och är en uppmaning att; ”förbjuda påtvingade vräkningar och förebygga vräkningar när det är möjligt” Denna studie har undersökt hur riktlinje nr 6, förhindrandet av vräkningar, förhåller sig till den generella situationen i Sverige och lite mer specifikt i Stockholm. Studiens syfte är att utröna hur väl aktörer, processer och lagstiftning/regelsystem i Sverige uppfyller the Shifts riktlinje nr 6 (med vissa avgränsningar), och vad som kan göras bättre uppfylla den. Studien baseras på intervjuer med representanter ifrån Sveriges allmännytta, kronofogden och stadsdelars vräkningsförebyggande avdelningar och information tillgänglig på internet bestående av statistik från olika myndigheter, dokumentation från the Shift, nyhetsartiklar och annan dokumentation. Studien kommer fram till att Sveriges redan existerande vräkningsförebyggande arbete innefattar motsvarigheter till så gott som alla de åtgärder som the Shift förespråkar. The Shifts åtgärder skulle kunna beskrivas som en delmängd av vad Sveriges kommuner och myndigheter på olika nivåer utför redan idag. I de svenska nationella programmen för att förebygga vräkningar finns det motsvarigheter till vad the Shift förespråkar, inom de avgränsningar som satts för denna studie. Det finns praktiska svårigheter med att helt undvika vräkningar; de allt vanligare andrahandsuthyrningarna som inte erbjuder den säkerhet för den boende som en adekvat bostad förväntas ha, de utmanande fallen då den hjälp som erbjuds nekas utav individen som den är riktad till, och förstås de fall då de vräkningsförebyggande åtgärderna bara misslyckas, för att nämna tre. De nationella programmen har generellt sett varit framgångsrika i Sverige, men det finns brister som företag utnyttjat på hyresgästers bekostnad. Det sker även en utveckling med krav marknadsorienterade reformer vilket har kritiserats av the Shifts grundare Leilani Farha. / The Shift is a movement with close connections to the UN, with the purpose to help the countries of the world achieve their commitments regarding the Human Right to Housing. The movement bases a large part of their work on the report “Guidelines for the Implementation of the Human Right to Housing”, which may be described as a coherent list of problem descriptions and measures to make possible the realization of the right to housing. This report is formally edited by the UN, but has been embraced by the Shift and is used as a document of their overall policy. The document will from now on be referred to as “the Shift’s guidelines”. One of the guidelines, no 6, focuses on evictions and is a call to: “Prohibit forced evictions and prevent evictions whenever possible” This study examines how guideline no 6, the prevention of evictions, compares to the general situation in Sweden and more specifically in Stockholm. The purpose is to study how well actors, processes and law/rule in Sweden fulfills to the Shift Guideline no. 6 (within some boundaries), and what can be done to better fulfill them. The study is based upon interviews with representatives of “Sveriges Allmännytta” (public housing), “Kronofogden” (bailiffs) and officials working on eviction prevention in different districts in Stockholm and information gathered from the internet such as statistics from government agencies, documentation from the Shift’s home page, news articles and other information. The study reaches the conclusion that Sweden’s already existing preventative work regarding evictions matches virtually every one of the measures that the Shift advocates. The Shift’s measures could be described as a subset of what Sweden’s municipalities and governing branches perform. Regarding the Swedish national programmes to prevent evictions there are also counterparts to the Shift’s suggestions, within the limitations of this study. There are practical hardships in entirely avoiding evictions; the ever increasing second-hand rentals which do not offer the security of housing that is expected out of adequate housing, the challenging cases when the help that is offered is turned down by the individual it is directed to, and of course the cases where the preventative measures simply fail. The national programmes in general have been successful in Sweden, but there exist flaws that corporations have taken advantage of on the tenants’ expense. There is also a development with demands for a more market-oriented reforms that have been criticized by the founder of the Shift, Leilani Farha.

Au Cambodge depuis le début des années 2000, la forte croissance économique et la stabilisation de la vie politique, après des décennies de guerre, encouragent une importante spéculation immobilière dans la capitale, Phnom Penh. Les bidonvilles sont particulièrement visés par ces investissements privés, ainsi que par des projets d’aménagements publics. L’insécurité foncière qui caractérise ces quartiers informels permet aux autorités de libérer ces terrains par la force. Les déguerpissements de bidonvillois se multiplient et aboutissent à la création de « sites de relocalisation » sur lesquels des parcelles sont distribuées aux déplacés. Hors-la-ville, dans un cadre rural et isolé, ces sites de relocalisation sont une forme de reterritorialisation subie pour les déguerpis qui s’y installent, tandis qu’une partie d’entre eux retournent se reloger en centre-ville. La municipalité et le gouvernement cambodgien présentent ces déguerpissements comme un processus positif permettant de régulariser la situation des plus démunis dans de meilleures conditions de sécurité et d’hygiène. A l’inverse, les anciens bidonvillois estiment qu’ils ont été « jetés au milieu des rizières » sans ressource, sans logement, sans infrastructures. Le déplacement sous contrainte de citadins pauvres représente un choix de société résolument tournée vers le capitalisme et la compétitivité, aboutissant à une nouvelle forme de ségrégation socio-spatiale. La relocalisation apparaît plus comme un moyen d’éloigner les bidonvillois et de s’accaparer les terres qu’ils occupaient au profit d’une élite économique proche du pouvoir, plutôt que comme une façon de régler le problème des bidonvilles. / In Cambodia, since the 2000’s, strong economic growth and political stability stimulate an increasing speculation on urban lands in the capital, Phnom Penh. Slum areas are the targets of privet housing projects as well as public policies of beautification. The informal tenure of theirs lands makes slums dwellers particularly exposed to forced evictions, implemented to clean up the ground and to relocate them outside the city center. Resettlement sites are created to accommodate the involuntarily displaced people from the city to the fare and rural suburban areas. Part of these evicted people intends to resettle there, while others decide to seek for a new location back in the city. Both the Municipality and the Cambodian government present those forced relocations as a positive process to solve the informal settlements issue, and to offer more decent life conditions to the urban poor. Relocated people on the contrary, consider that they have been “thrown out in the middle of the rice fields” without any job opportunity, housing solution, or infrastructure. The “right to the city” is denied to the poorest. Forced evictions of the urban poor come within a social choice that encourages capitalism and urban competitiveness. One of the main consequences of this phenomenon is an increasing social and spatial segregation. Relocations appear as a mean to barely banish the slum dwellers from the city in order to grab the land they occupied, rather than to solve the informal settlements issue.

As remoções de favelas são cada vez mais frequentes no contexto brasileiro e mundial. O reassentamento de famílias atingidas por estes processos deve respeitar os preceitos de moradia adequada como um direito que venha agregar qualidade de vida e dignidade às famílias atingidas, pois do contrário podem intensificar vulnerabilidades. A presente pesquisa analisa a adaptação e a satisfação dos moradores de um reassentamento, o Conjunto Rubens Lara, localizado no bairro Jardim Casqueiro na cidade de Cubatão, resultado de um deslocamento involuntário de famílias moradoras de favelas. O conjunto possui características distintas da produção de habitação social comumente praticada, como aspectos de localização, trabalho social e projeto. O método da pesquisa foi baseado em instrumentos que permitissem a visão dos diversos atores do processo, bem como a satisfação do usuário. Para análise dos dados quantitativos foi utilizada estatística descritiva, análise fatorial e a medida de incerteza. Os resultados mostram que o fato de se tratar de uma remoção involuntária não é determinante para a satisfação do morador. Atributos positivos que ofereçam qualidade de vida trazem maior influência na satisfação, mesmo em uma situação de remoção involuntária. A localização do empreendimento foi apontada como um aspecto determinante da satisfação por conta da oferta de serviços públicos, equipamentos urbanos e oportunidades de trabalho. No entanto, questões como o arranjo em condomínio, manutenção e incremento de gastos podem colocar os ganhos do projeto em risco. Quanto à gestão condominial verificou-se que a manutenção tem importante papel nas questões condominiais, pois é influenciada tanto por aspectos de engenharia como administrativos, podendo assim, ser um componente de preocupação no futuro. A satisfação com a manutenção se mostrou como um elemento de influência para a satisfação com a gestão condominial. Por outro lado, a satisfação com o valor da taxa de condomínio está ligada à capacidade de pagamento dos moradores e não pela qualidade dos serviços em si. Foi observada inadimplência menor que as encontradas na bibliografia. / Evictions have become very frequent in Brazilian and in the worldwide context nowadays. The resettlement of families affected by this process must respect the precepts of appropriate housing as a right, in order to add quality of life and dignity of the affected families, as the opposite intensifies the vulnerabilities. This research studies the adaptation and satisfaction of the resettlements dwellers, Rubens Lara Complex, located in neighborhood Jardim Casqueiro, in Cubatão city, resulted from an involuntary displacement of families living in slums. This social housing presents distinct characteristics of the ones usually found, such as location, social work and the project itself. The research method was based on instruments that permit the view from several actors in the process, and the users satisfaction as well. To the quantitative data analyzes it has been applied descriptive statistics, factorial analyzes and uncertainty measurement. The results show that the fact of being an involuntary eviction is not the determinative to the dwellers satisfaction. Positives attributes that offer quality of life have more influence in the satisfaction even on a situation of involuntary eviction. The enterprise location was indicated as a determinative aspect for satisfaction because of the availability of public services, urban equipment and job offers. However, questions as condominium layout, maintenance and costs adder can put on risk the gains of the Project. About the condominium management the study verified the maintenance is important for the condominium issues, because it is influenced by both engineering and administrative aspects, it can thus be a matter component in the future. The satisfaction with the maintenance has shown to be an influential element in the satisfaction of the condominium management. On other hand, the satisfaction about the value of condominium taxes is influenced by the dwellers payment capability and not by the service quality itself. It was observed minor default rates than the ones found in the bibliography.