The purpose of this master's degree thesis is to analyze a fundamental area of Civil Law - the consequences of defects in legal acts. The reason for this research is that this area of law is of great importance mainly but not limited to the contractual obligations and the numerous changes introduced by the new statute, the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code, gave rise to a large number of potential issues. The main objective is to provide a general overview of legal consequences of defective legal acts in order to better understand the context and the development in this area. The differences between particular consequences are appropriately highlighted and, where relevant, the paper provides comparison with the former legislation and points out the significant case law. The paper is composed of the Introduction, three Chapters and the Conclusion. Chapter One is introductory and defines the concept of "legal acts" and its essentials. In addition, a notion of defects in legal acts is presented. Chapter Two is an analysis of the various consequences of defects in legal acts. It is subdivided into four parts. Part One describes the new concept of non-existence in detail and the most disputable areas are discussed. It is argued that the concept of non- existence, although theoretically sound, does...

The thesis "The Phenomenon of Free Time" focuses mainly on grasping free time as a phenomenon by analyzing the related terms in the work of Karl Marx and in the work of Emmanuel Lévinas. The introductory section is therefore devoted to a selection of philosophical questioning about the nature of time. Then I focus on analyzing the works of Karl Marx, especially in the light of the terms work, working hours and free time. In the chapter "Time in Phenomenology", I focus on the difference between the Aristotle's conception of time and the phenomenological conception of time. In this relation, I come mainly from the ideas of Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jan Patočka and Emmanuel Lévinas. In the next section, I analyze the work of Emmanuel Lévinas and focus on the terms existence, time, work and other related terms. In the next chapter, I try to capture the tension of onticity and ontology of Marx and Lévinas and thus reach the phenomenon of free time as an ontological problem. I present this conception of the problem of the phenomenon of free time in the conclusion.

TITLE: The Problem of Freedom in Existential Philosophy AUTHOR: Bc. Simona Grospičová DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences and Philosophy Department SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Naděžda Pelcová, CSc. ABSTRACT: The main theme of this dissertation is the concept of freedom in the philosophy of Jean Paul Sarte and Søren Kierkegaard. The aim of this paper is to interpret freedom from the point of view of two representative existential thinkers in order to compare them. The dissertation strives to show that freedom does not have to be seen only as an ethical value but it can also be approached as a fundamental part of ourselves. Freedom is connected with the notion of existence, choice, anxiety, absurdity, paradox and responsibility. The first chapter is dedicated to the theme of existentialism in general. In the second chapter are examined Sartre's atheistic and ontological themes. In the third chapter is Sartre's freedom depicted in relation to the project and choice. The forth chapter concentrates on absolute concept of freedom in J. P. Sartre's philosophy. In the fifth chapter is Sartre's freedom put into relation with absolute responsibility. In the sixth, the seventh and the eighth chapter is examined Kierkegaard's concept of existence and freedom. In the ninth chapter is drawn comparison between these two thinkers and...

In this thesis I have examined Anti-Natalism, specifically arguments by David Benatar, which conclude that human procreation is under all circumstances wrong, and Seana Shiffrin, which concludes that procreation is a “moral hard case.” I provide objections and responses to each argument of my own, as well as those from Saul Smilansky, Rivka Weinberg, and David Wasserman. I also examine the manner in which female unemployment rates (as well as aggregate female and male) unemployment rates in a year between 2005 and 2014 impact fertility rates in the following year (from 2006-2015).

<p>For living things, being spatial means being in some place. Beyond mere geometric containment, this being in place reveals a relational and active spatiality that arises through one’s bodily interaction with an environment. However, for human beings this engagement occurs primarily through the medium of technology, broadly construed as the production and use of artifacts. Working at the intersection of philosophy of technology and phenomenology, my project accounts for this technologically mediated spatiality. In particular, I develop extant arguments that technology is best understood as an extension and externalization of our bodies and minds into the environment. I argue that this technological extendedness generates a <i>topological</i> spatiality that is a key feature of human existence. Put differently, I show that we are more than bodies <i>in</i> space; rather, we <i>are </i>spatial <i>via</i> our relation to technology.</p>

[pt] A dissertação consiste em uma reflexão sobre a noção de existência. É feita, de início, uma breve exposição a respeito do argumento ontológico de Santo Anselmo e o tipo de concepção de existência que ele demanda. A seguir, é empreendida uma breve investigação a respeito da visão de três pilares de nossa tradição filosófica a respeito da noção de existência: Hume, Kant e Frege. Suas concepções são estudadas, até certo ponto, em separado, a fim de que possam ser trazidos à luz seus principais aspectos e os contornos peculiares que conferem à noção de que pretendem dar conta. Posteriormente, são postas lado a lado em um cotejo de algumas de suas mais relevantes semelhanças e discrepâncias. A esse estudo, segue-se uma investigação crítica. Em primeiro lugar, é exposta a parte negativa desta: algumas observações a respeito de problemas envolvidos em cada um dos tipos de concepção da existência exemplificados nas partes precedentes, mescladas a reflexões a respeito da relação da existência com noções como quantificação e indivíduo, às quais dão ensejo. Em segundo lugar, sua parte positiva: com base nas observações já feitas, algumas sugestões de como dar conta de certos aspectos relevantes da noção de existência. A dissertação inclui ainda um apêndice em que se leva a cabo uma breve incursão no pensamento aristotélico. Mais precisamente, será investigada a relação entre a existência e a quantificação no contexto da teoria do quadrado das oposições, tal como formulada no célebre tratado De Interpretatione. / [en] The dissertation consists of a reflection on the notion of existence. At first, a brief exposition about St. Anselms ontological argument and the kind of conception of existence that it demands is made. After that, a brief investigation regarding the vision of the notion of existence of three main pillars of our philosophical tradition - Hume, Kant and Frege - is undertaken. To a certain extent, their conceptions are studied separately, so that the main aspects and peculiar outline that they convey to the notion of which they intend to give an account can be brought to light. Subsequently, these conceptions are put side by side in a comparison of some of their most relevant similarities and discrepancies. This study is followed by a critical investigation. First, its negative part is exposed: some observations regarding problems involved in each one of the kinds of conception of existence exemplified in the precedent parts, mixed with reflections on the relation between existence and notions such as that of individual and quantification to which they give rise. Secondly, its positive part: based on the observations already made, some suggestions on how to give an account of some relevant aspects of the notion of existence. The dissertation also contains an appendix in which a brief incursion in the aristotelian thought is undertaken. More specifically, it consists of an investigation regarding the relation between existence and quantification in the context of the theory of the square of oppositions as formulated in the famous treatise De Interpretatione.

The Schrödinger equations have had a profound impact on a wide range of fields of modern science, including quantum mechanics, superfluidity, geometrical optics, Bose-Einstein condensates, and the analysis of dispersive phenomena in the theory of PDE. The main purpose of this thesis is to explore two Schrödinger-type equations appearing in the so-called Bohmian formulation of quantum mechanics and in the study of exciton-polariton condensates. For the first topic, the linear Schrödinger equation is the starting point in the formulation of a phase-space model proposed in [1] for the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics. We analyze this model, a nonlinear Vlasov-type equation, as a Hamiltonian system defined on an appropriate Poisson manifold built on Wasserstein spaces, the aim being to establish its existence theory. For this purpose, we employ results from the theory of PDE, optimal transportation, differential geometry and algebraic topology. The second topic of the thesis is the study of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, called the complex Gross-Pitaevskii equation, appearing in the context of Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons. This model can be roughly described as a driven-damped Gross-Pitaevskii equation which shares some similarities with the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. The difficulties in the analysis of this equation stem from the fact that, unlike the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, the complex Gross-Pitaevskii equation does not include a viscous dissipation term. Our approach to this equation will be in the framework of numerical computations, using two main tools: collocation methods and numerical continuation for the stationary solutions and a time-splitting spectral method for the dynamics. After performing a linear stability analysis on the computed stationary solutions, we are led to postulate the existence of radially symmetric stationary ground state solutions only for certain values of the parameters in the equation; these parameters represent the “strength” of the driving and damping terms. Moreover, numerical continuation allows us to show, for fixed parameters, the ground and some of the excited state solutions of this equation. Finally, for the values of the parameters that do not produce a stable radially symmetric solution, our dynamical computations show the emergence of rotating vortex lattices.

Práce pojednává o budoucnosti lodní nákladní dopravy v ČR. Některé varianty provozu a možnosti získání přepravního prostředku - plavidla, jsou řešeny pomocí metod manažerského rozhodování a finanční analýzy. Varianty analyzují situaci a možnosti podnikání v lodní nákladní přepravě v roce 2006 a možnou provozní situaci firem po výstavbě jednoho anebo obou zbývajících plavebních stupňů na Dolním Labi u města Děčína.

The following dissertation is a study of the "ontological proof' for God's existence, specifically of the controversy concerning this proof from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries. As the title indicates, the primary theme is Hegel's defense and reformulation of the proof. I argue for a metaphysical interpretation of Hegel's Science of Logic, by showing that one of Hegel's chief goals in the Logic is to provide a demonstration for the thesis that "necessary existence belongs to God's nature." I conclude that while Hegel offers a coherent and informative account of this thesis, his analysis does not overcome one of the principal shortcomings of the ontological proof, namely, that the argument involves an appeal to intuition. The ontological proof is thus, if in some sense valid, not persuasive. The discussion of Hegel is preceded by a detailed analysis of Descartes' formulation of the proof. I argue that Descartes consistently defends his argument by appealing to metaphysical and epistemological doctrines as premises, so that the proof represents a conclusion of his entire philosophical system. I also provide a lengthy treatment of Kant's objections to the proof, and I conclude (1) that most of his arguments are repetitions of older objections and (2) that even his best arguments are question-begging. I show that Hegel sides with Descartes, and against Kant, on every relevant issue, and that Hegel's metaphysical system brings Descartes' assumptions to their ultimate consequences. In the concluding chapters I examine some of the problems that underlie the theoretical philosophies of Kant and Hegel. I argue that Hegel fails to show that Kant's philosophy is self-refuting, and that Kant's critique of the ontological argument is consistent with the basic principles of his philosophy. The shortcoming of Kant's view is merely that he fails to justify some of those principles. In the final chapter I argue that any transcendental critique of the ontological argument, or of metaphysics in general, is doomed to failure.

M.V. Cerrillo, E.F. Bolinder. / "August 15, 1952." / Bibliography: p. 168. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-100 Project 8-102B-0 Dept. of the Army Project 3-99-10-022