Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 547094 bytes, checksum: fbc46ca081a19fe0fccfa5b4430ee942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to explain the relationship between freedom and existence in Being and nothingness of Jean-Paul Sartre. Freedom is seen as the central issue of all Sartrean thought and from it we understand the contours and scope of the existential and humanistic thought of Sartre. In addition, the itinerary that Sartre takes to address the issue, allows us to go a long ontological reflection and, above all, understand the direction that takes its famous dictum that "existence precedes essence". Thus, we intended to present the basic elements of this journey that takes us from being to nothing and thus the existence of the subject. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo expor a relação entre liberdade e existência em O ser e o nada de Jean-Paul Sartre. A liberdade é considerada como a questão central de toda reflexão sartreana e a partir dela compreendemos os contornos e o alcance do pensamento existencialista e humanista de Sartre. Além disso, o itinerário que Sartre adota ao tratar do tema, nos permite percorrer sua longa reflexão ontológica e, sobretudo, compreender o sentido que assume sua famosa máxima segundo a qual a existência precede a essência . Desse modo,temos como finalidade apresentar os elementos fundamentais desse percurso que nos leva do ser ao nada e deste à existência do sujeito.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste trabalho investigam-se as viagens artísticas como práticas do duplo movimento de atravessar o desconhecido e ser atravessado pelas potências do imprevisível. Identifica-se a experiência viajante como uma forma de ensaio da existência e, na busca por essa compreensão, são estudados quatro movimentos distintos: narrar, atravessar, ser atravessado e bordejar. Trata-se, aqui, de apresentar relações entre a narrativa poética e a experiência viajante através daquilo que esses procedimentos provocam de desestabilizador no sujeito da razão. Busca-se investigar o que poderia haver de próprio no conhecimento do viajante, compreendendo-o como um saber adquirido na passagem pelo incógnito. Faz-se uma digressão pela margem, em uma caminhada ao redor da noção de eixo desconhecido, buscando compreender as potências das obras de arte que se dão como travessia pelo desconhecido e alguns efeitos provocados por essa forma de incursão. Chega-se, por fim, à noção de que a travessia artística implica em uma espécie de desvio, pois ser atravessado pelo incógnito não pode ser sucumbir às potências perigosas do mundo, sendo antes um exercício de bordeja-las, de deslizar por suas margens em um jogo de investidas e recuos no qual a obra de arte é criada / In this work, practices of artistic travel are investigated as the double movement of crossing the unknown and being crossed by the powers of the unpredictable . The travel experience is identified here as a kind of existence essay and, in the search of that comprehension, four distinct movements are studied: narrating, crossing, being crossed and tacking. The relations between poetic narrative and travel experience are presented here with emphasis on the destabilizing potency of these procedures. We seek to investigate what could be the singularity of the traveler knowledge, understanding it as a wisdom acquired on a passage through the incognito. We also study the concept of margin, walking around the notion of unknown axis , seeking to understand some particularities of works of art that are defined as crossings through the unknown and some effects caused by this form of incursion. Finally, we get to the notion that an artistic journey requires a deviation, because being crossed by the incognito is not succumbing to the dangerous powers of the world , but rather an exercise of bordering them, sliding along its borders in a game of onslaughts and retreats in which the artwork is created

Non-existence as a new legal institution of Czech law This paper deals with non-existence as a legal insitution that has been added to the traditional consequence of defective legal acts - invalidity - during the recodification of Czech private law. The aim of this diploma thesis is to comprehensively analyse the legal institution of non-existence. The paper is divided into eight chapters, the introduction and the conclusion. For the purpose of analysing non-existence comprehensively the paper focuses also on systematic explanation of legal acts themselves. The first chapter brings the definition of legal act, deals with different ways to enter into legal acts as well as forms of legal acts provided by law or by agreement of contracting parties. The second chapter focuses on describing the principles of legal act whilst aiming especially on manifestation of will as the essence of legal act. Besides that this chapter deals with creation of legal acts and their legal effects. The chapter three defines the four essential elements of legal acts - the elements of subject, the elements of will, the elements of manifestation of will and the elements of the object of legal acts. The fourt chapter continues with description of legal acts that suffer from defect in one or more of their essential elements,...

Ayant vécu les grands désastres des deux guerres mondiales, trois dramaturges de cultures et d’horizons très divers, Eugène Ionesco, le Roumain, Samuel Beckett, l’Irlandais et Arthur Adamov, l’Arménien, se fraient un chemin à part dans lepaysage théâtral des années 1950, exprimant leur sentiment d’aliénation face à un monde incompréhensible et irrationnel où l’homme vit l’expérience irrémédiable de l’absurde. Peignant, chacun à sa manière, la condition de l’être jeté dans le tourbillon existentiel, condamné à mener une existence absurde qui le dépossède de lui-même, ils construisent,en même temps, un théâtre « nouveau », métaphysique, symbolique et allégorique, basé sur une réutilisation de procédés esthétiques et dramatiques très anciens, au service d’une réflexion philosophique neuve, moderne, très proche de la philosophie existentialiste. L’hypothèse d’interprétation du caractère allégorique de ce « nouveau théâtre» interroge l’existence comme acte d’une possible liberté éprouvée dans la confrontation avec l’aliénation et l’absurde, capable de l’éclairer et de lui donner un sens, à travers l’analyse de ses strates successives : les fondements philosophiques et dramatiques, la perception de l’espace théâtral qui fait découvrir des êtres dépersonnalisés aux propos désarticulés, présentés dans une durée déstructurée, par le jeu de pulsions premières. / Having lived through the tremendous disasters of the two world wars, three playwrights from different cultural backgrounds with different views, Eugene Ionesco the Romanian, Samuel Beckett the Irish and Arthur Adamov the Armenian opened up a new way in the 1950’s theatrical scenery, by expressing their feeling of alienation in an incomprehensible and irrational orld where human beings live the incurable experience of the Absurd. Exposing, each one in his particular manner, the condition of the human being thrown into the abyss of life, condemned to a meaningless existence which leads inevitably to strangement, the three playwrights are also building a “new”, metaphysical, symbolic and allegorical theatre, based on old raditional aesthetic and artistic procedures, yet serving a modern philosophical approach, profoundly related to existentialism. The interpretative hypothesis of this new allegorical theatre questions human life as a possible act of liberty tested in its confrontation with the feelings of alienation and absurd, capable of enlightening it by giving it meaning, throughout the analysis of each and every one of its successive strata: the philosophical and dramatic basis, the perception of the theatrical space, unveiling estranged human beings using distorted speech, presented in a devastated duration by the means of primary urges.

For many years, accounting discourse has been concerned with the measurement of attributes of accounting events. The concept of measurement forms one of the central pillars on which the preparation of financial statements is based. For example, financial statements can only be prepared if economic events meet the definition of an element of the financial statements and have a cost or value that can be measured with reliability. This has created the belief that accounting practices are practices of measurement. The principles of measurement require that every process of measurement be based on an appropriate theory of measurement. Given the belief in the accounting discipline that accounting practices are synonymous with practices of measurement, it is to be assumed that acceptable theories of measurement exist in the discipline. However, over the decades, researchers in this field have been unsuccessful in creating an acceptable theory of accounting measurement. This suggests that there is a gap between the accounting concept of measurement and the scientific principles of measurement. The main goals of this thesis are to determine whether the concept of measurement in accounting is in harmony with the principles of the representational theory of measurement and to develop a conceptual model of the accounting measurement problem. Representational theory establishes measurement in the social sciences. Accounting is regarded as a social science. This study applies the principles of the representational theory of measurement to determine the nature of the gap between the accounting concept of measurement and the principles of this theory. The very fact of referring to accounting as a measurement discipline implies the presence of an established and well-known theory of measurement in that discipline: a discipline cannot be referred to as a measurement discipline without the existence of such a theory. Therefore, the lack of success of researchers in creating a theory of accounting measurement suggests that accounting is not a measurement discipline and that accountants are currently unaware of this. To test this hypothesis: 1. A critical literature analysis was conducted, investigating whether the accounting concept of measurement is in harmony with the principles of the representational theory of measurement. The results of this analysis indicated that the accounting concept of measurement is not in harmony with the principles of the representational theory of measurement. 2. A questionnaire was sent to accountants, testing whether they were familiar with the principles of the representational theory of measurement and their application to the accounting discipline. The results of the survey indicated that accountants are not familiar with the principles of the representational theory of measurement or their application to the accounting discipline. The main contributions of this study lie in the fact that it reveals that current accounting practices are not in harmony with the principles of representational measurement. Accountants should be educated in the purpose of the principles of measurement in the social sciences in order to ensure their proper application during accounting measurement. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Financial Management / unrestricted

La notion de contrat préparatoire est étudiée en tant que telle dans cette étude, plus que les contrats préparatoires individuellement. L’objectif était de découvrir la légitimité de la notion de contrat préparatoire. La notion de contrat préparatoire est une notion née de la doctrine, enrichie par la pratique, délaissée par la jurisprudence et inexistante dans le cadre de la loi. Ceci étant, la notion existe. Son identification n’est pas aisée. Elle est parfois assimilée à d’autres notions existantes telles que celle d’avant-contrat, parfois opposée à ces mêmes notions. Les contours de la notion de contrat préparatoire sont flous pour la doctrine, très partagée. Définir des critères d’identification négatifs et positifs est une tâche complexe tant les contrats préparatoires diffèrent selon la conception que l’on en a. Des critères ont été dégagés. La notion de contrat préparatoire recouvre l’ensemble des contrats ayant pour objet la préparation de la conclusion du contrat définitif. Prise ainsi, la définition semble large et permet d’inclure un grand nombre de contrats. L’étude de la pertinence de la notion de contrat préparatoire aboutit toutefois à une réduction drastique de ce qu’est la notion. L’absence de régime commun propre à la catégorie que pourrait être la notion de contrat préparatoire nous conduit à réduire sa pertinence à un usage pratique et pédagogique, la notion n’étant point pertinente en tant que telle. Tel est le cas tout au moins jusqu’à la prochaine réforme du droit des contrats qui pourrait créer un régime commun de sanction des contrats préparatoires propre à dégager des critères effectifs de la notion. / The concept of preparatory contract is considered as itself in this work, more than preparatory contracts separately. The objective was to discover the legitimacy of the concept of preparatory contract. The concept of preparatory contract is a concept born to the doctrine, enriched by practice, neglected by the courts and non-existent under the law. Whereas, the concept exists. His identification is not easy. It is sometimes equated with other existing concepts such as pre-contract, sometimes opposed to those concepts. The determination of the concept of preparatory contract is unclear for very divided doctrine. Define negative and positive identification criteria is a complex task when the preparatory contracts differ so much depending on the conception that we have. Criteria have been cleared, the notion of preparatory contract covers all contracts relating to the preparation of the conclusion of the final contract. Taken like that, the definition seems wide and is used to include a large number of contracts. Only the study of the relevance of the concept of preparatory contract eventually leads to a drastic reduction of what the concept is. The lack of clean common system to the category could be the notion of preparatory contract leads us reduce its relevance to practical and educational purposes, the notion being legally relevant points ; until the next implementation of the reform of contract law which could create a common system of punishment of preparatory own contracts to generate effective criteria of the concept .

In this article, we present results concerning the existence of solutions for a beam evolution equation with variable coefficients in increasing noncylindrical domains.

Cette thèse concerne la description des constructions possessives en tongugbe, l’un des dialectes de l’éwé, langue parlée au sud-est du Ghana au long du fleuve Volta. La thèse présente une description détaillée des constructions; et tente de comprendre la relation qui existe entre les constructions possessives propositionnelles et les constructions locatives et existentielles. De plus, ce travail présente une première esquisse de la grammaire de tongugbe. La grammaire présente surtout des résultats préliminaires sur le contraste de durée qui existe au niveau des tons de tongugbe et un système de démonstratifs très riche. Les constructions possessives peuvent être regroupées dans trois catégories : les constructions attributives, les constructions prédicatives et les constructions à possesseur externe. Il est montré que les configurations structurelles des constructions possessives attributives sont motivées par des considérations fonctionnelles. Il est aussi démontré que les variations structurelles des constructions possessives prédicatives et des constructions à possesseur externe correspondent à des différences de sens. Enfin, il est argumenté que, synchroniquement, les constructions possessives propositionnelles et les constructions locatives et existentielles ne peuvent pas être réduites à une structure unique. La proposition soutenue est que chaque construction est une correspondance entre une forme et un sens. / This dissertation concerns the description of possessive constructions in Tongugbe, one of the many dialects of the Ewe language, which is spoken in south-eastern Ghana, along the Volta River. It presents a detailed description of the constructions; and explores the relationship that exists between clausal possessive constructions and locative and existential constructions. In addition to this, the work presents a first outline grammar of Tongugbe. The grammar presents notably preliminary findings on the duration contrast in tones of Tongugbe and a rich demonstrative paradigm. The possessive constructions can be grouped into attributive, predicative and external possessor constructions. It is shown that the structural configurations of attributive possessive constructions are functionally motivated. It is also demonstrated that structural variations in predicative possessive and external possessor constructions correspond to differences in meaning. Finally, it is argued that, synchronically, clausal possessive constructions and locative and existential constructions are not reducible to a single structure. The view supported here then is that each construction is a form-meaning pair.

Ordinary differential equations of various types appear in the mathematical modelling in mechanics. Differential equations obtained are usually rather complicated nonlinear equations. However, using suitable approximations of nonlinearities, one can derive simple equations that are either well known or can be studied analytically. An example of such "approximative" equation is the so-called Duffing equation. Hence, the question on the existence of a periodic solution to the Duffing equation is closely related to the existence of periodic vibrations of the corresponding nonlinear oscillator.

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