The increased demand for more school counselors since World War II raised many questions concerning their preparation and training. One of the most controversial topics has been that of requiring teaching experience as a prerequisite for counselor certification. We find ourselves in a milieu of controversy in which some advocates are proposing that teaching experience can handicap the counselor in his effectiveness while others are saying that teaching experience is a vital prerequisite for counselor effectiveness.

The following manuscript is a collection of poetry based on experiences. Religious hypocrisy and abuse thread throughout the collection with both first hand experiences and fictional ones. It is divided into three parts: the hometown, the bodily abuse, and then, finally, the religion.

Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Czech Republic Student: Zuzana Maršálková Tutor: PharmDr. Jitka Pokladníková, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis: PATIENTS' EXPERIENCES WITH ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT III Background: Acupuncture becomes more popular in Czech Republic where study concerning patients' experiences and opinions with this treating method hasn't been carried out yet. Aim: To assess patients' experiences with acupuncture focusing on the patients' expected effect before, during and after treatment, on the potential change in expectations during treatment and on its potential effect on treatment outcomes, and on the evaluation of the truly perceived therapeutic effect. Methods: Using semistructured questionnaires, we led interviews with selected patients in the period from 19. 9. 2015 to 18. 5. 2016. Rewritten dialogues were afterwards coded in MAXQDA 12 and evaluated using the content analysis method. Results: Content analysis identified topics related to the expected and actual effect of acupuncture. It involved symptoms of migraine before and after treatment, treatment beliefs and expectations before, after and during treatment, recognition of therapeutic effect, adverse effects and benefit in patients' life. Patients had...

Fathering has been studied with renewed interest by scholars seeking to understand the unique effects and contributions fathers have in the lives of children. Father involvement has been measured by tracking fathers· engagement with. accessability to. and responsibility for their children during childhood and adolescence. Generative fathering theorists have proposed that fathering and fatherhood are better understood by expansion of the dimensions of father involvement. Generative fathering research has found that father-child relationships are imbued with meaning across the life cycle. The meaning of generative fathering was explored in this study across four generations of fathers. all from one extended family tree. By applying a phenomenological method of inquiry through long interviews, the paricipants themselves have offered a unique description of the essence of generative fathering for their family. The similarities and differences in the qualitative nature of the fathering experience were expressed by the participants both between and within the generations. The influence of the spouses of the participants on both the conception and practice of fathering was explored along with other fa milial and nonfamilial influences. The results of the study provide evidence of the transmission of the meaning of fathering generatively over the generations in a unique ex tension of the definition beyond that of other theorists. There is support as well for key elements of the generative fathering conceptual framework and the model of responsible fathering.

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In contemporary Western nursing, the notion of health is considered a basic concept in all nursing theory, yet the many nursing theorists have failed to express unanimity in their various descriptions of health. This situation exists even while the achievement of health is generally identified as the goal or purpose of nursing. In Australia, the requirement that nurses become health-promoting practitioners assumes that nurses understand health in positive ways, which can be translated into nursing practice. Given the myriad definitions of health, confusion among nurses about the nature of health as it is to be promoted appeared possible, even probable.This phenomenological research aimed to illuminate the nature of nurses' understandings of health and the ways such understandings are translated into nursing practice. The purpose of the study was to describe and interpret nurses' experiences of health, and their experiences of giving health care to someone in their care, in order to illuminate the nature of health for nurses and in nursing.The manner in which this research was carried out was informed by the human science approach to phenomenology described by van Manen, which is derived from the traditions of Husserl, Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty. Thus, the inquiry was grounded in the hermeneutic phenomenological philosophical perspective, which began with the work of Husserl who recognised the need to return to the grounding of truths in human experience. The thesis is informed by two views of phenomenology. The first involves the traditional approach to phenomenology advocated by the European phenomenological philosophers while the second approach is referred to by Silverman as arising from 'American continental' philosophy.Data were generated from multiple audiotaped interviews with each of nine participants, and from personal reflection and journalling undertaken ++ / by the researcher during the research process. The dual data analyses were guided by the phenomenological approach of van Manen and by that of various nursing scholars who have used phenomenological methodology as it has evolved from American continental philosophy. These analyses included several levels of reflection undertaken by the researcher and each of the participants in the study to illustrate the nature of health in nurses' lives and in nursing.The nature of health, as revealed through the original experience of the participants, was disclosed as manifest in the lives of the participants with most descriptions conveying a sense of contentment that showed as feelings of happiness, feeling alive, complete, energised and optimistic. Health also revealed itself as transient in nature, passing quickly and without notice into and out of the lives of most of the participants. Although obvious in some ways, health simultaneously eluded clear description and, even at the completion of the exploration with each participant, was characterised by an atmosphere of elusiveness. For all the participants, health was an embodied phenomenon with a common element of energy and a sense of wellbeing. These, together with a sense that life was manageable and achievable gave to it a distinctive spirit, even while the spirit simultaneously helped to make life manageable and achievable and thus contributed to health. For all of those who participated, health presented as having the ability to transform their emotional responses to daily life events in such a way that it made those events more acceptable and the tasks of life more achievable.Although health showed as a physical, embodied state which was expressed as vitality and energy, it could not be separated from the mental / emotional state. As it was described, the following leitmotifs of health were lexically revealed: Health: ++ / A different encounter for each person, Health described as peace, Health described as feeling good about oneself, Health described as balance, Health as energy, Health as vitality and zest, Health described as happiness and/or contentment, Health described as quality of life, The 'picture of health', Health described as dignity, and Health as the unknown or the inexpressible.The nature of health-focused care in nursing showed as caring, rapport building and support, ever dependent on the social relationship that develops between each nurse-carer and the individual to whom they offer care. However, clear relationships between the meanings of health for the nurses in the study and the way they gave health care could not be elucidated. These relationships have not been identified because of the individualistic nature of health-focused care as these nurses have described it. For this reason, this research makes a strong plea for continued dialogue about the relationships between health and health-focused care in nursing.

Hospitality industry has a long history of providing accommodation along with recreation facilities. Resorts are a more recent phenomenon in offering similar services. The similarity stops there as the people who use resorts have different expectations and motives to be there. While hotels are mainly used by the business people and are busier during the weekdays, resorts are generally used for vacation and rest and are busy during holiday season. The difference in the clientele's motivations makes it difficult for the resort marketers to effectively position and market the property to the right segment. There have been many studies done primarily on hotel clients, while resorts have largely been neglected. This study is the first step in evaluating the level of contribution beliefs and past experiences make when Australian tourists decide on their resort accommodation purchase. To achieve this aim the Australian resort market was segmented and then every segment was tested on the model developed for the study. In this study, 412 people responded by filling out the questionnaires that were put in their rooms, by the participating resorts they were staying in. The study targeted all states and Territories of Australia. Every possible precaution was taken to maintain the anonymity of the respondents and the participating resorts to avoid compromising their financial interests. The study found four segments of resort tourists. They were named active conventionalists, young conservatives, elite regulars and veterans. The role of beliefs and past experience in purchase decision was found to be of varying degrees amongst the segments. It was also found that benefit beliefs had the bigger role in resort accommodation selection compared to normative beliefs. Control beliefs had the least role in the formation of the purchase behaviour. It was also found that while the Theory of Planned Behaviour was incapable of predicting resort accommodation purchase behaviour on its own, the addition of past behaviour to the mix increased the predictability perceptibly. The main limitation of the research was that the researcher and the respondents were far removed from each other. It is recommended that in future studies; there must be a provision for qualitative data to complement the quantitative approach. Besides this, there are many more important recommendations made relating to design and application of the questionnaire for future studies. The study also stresses that similar studies should be conducted, preferably on longitudinal basis to confirm or reject the findings of the present study. The present study contributed to the body of knowledge by providing a theoretical framework and suggesting a resort accommodation purchase predictability model incorporating beliefs and past experience of resort tourists. It also provided resort marketing planners with practical recommendations and implications in terms of attracting the right clients to their resorts as well as how to position their resorts for the intended market segment to get the best returns on their investment in marketing.

This research project will explore American philosopher John Dewey’s theory of transaction, and Shannon Sullivan’s interpretation of Dewey’s theory, the ‘Transactional Body’, and their inherent potential for the making and reception of painting. Dewey stated (Dewey, cited in Sullivan: 1-2) that organisms live as much in processes across and 'through' skins as in processes 'within skins'. Sullivan’s ‘transactional body’ is always in a state of flux, a morphic body in perpetual motion. Within an artistic context this raises the possibility of exploring the theory of transaction as it applies to painting, using the concept of automatic intuitive art practice. Central to this investigation will be direct connection between senses, instincts, intuition, and the painting. Sullivan suggests that truth and wisdom can be pursued through somatic experience. Therefore the process will be explored by an extension of the corporeal body through the physicality of gesture, movement, rhythm, colour, and mark making. A recurring subtext throughout this investigation will be that of ‘duality’; specifically that defined as the struggle between the use of the conscious, critical mind, allowing for the transaction between artist, paint and canvas to occur naturally and intuitively. The conscious mind / intuition duality manifests at various stages during the manufacture and reception of a painting. Whilst the project relies upon automatic and intuitive praxis, conscious decisions are made regarding the size and shape of the canvas, the medium used, and through reflective analysis of the completed work.

The thesis takes up the question of the representation of the migrant on the Australian screen in terms of a specific set of concerns around the notions of stereotype and self-reflexivity. The stereotype is read as a self-referential image: hence, as a question of film spectatorship and identity; in short as an unconscious reflex or self image. The text of the thesis is in two parts: part one, comprises the production of the film ‘Italians at home’. It is the major component of research and text which, for this purpose, has been copied and submitted hereto on VHS video cassette. Part two, includes an analysis and discussion of the television documentary ‘The migrant experience’, and an exegesis, of the production, narrative and reception of the film ‘Italians at home’. The migrant experience is read and discussed as an exemplary text of dominant, stereotyped discourse of cultural difference; while ‘Italians at home’ is proposed as a parallel text and a self-reflexive reading and criticism of such a text. Both the television documentary and the film, deal with the representation and problematic of homogenised representations of ethnicity. In the case of ‘The migrant experience’, it is argued, that the figure of the migrant as other and self-image, functions as an object of Australian culture and discourse of national identity within a logic of representation of binary structures; while the film ‘Italians at home’, the question of self-referentiality is seen in terms of the viewing subject and a problematic of film representation; thus, the film attempts to make such signifying structures, visual codes and agreed assumptions of otherness visible, while, at the same time, attempting to displace them or pose them as a problem of representation or reading for the viewer.

The main purpose of this study was to examine the roles that college supervisors perform in the Field Experience programme with particular reference to the Field Experience programme in a Catholic College of Education. Through clarification of the roles it was expected that the effectiveness of college supervisors would be improved resulting in a more efficient and productive Field Experience programme at the institution concerned. The overall aims of the study were: (1) to clarify the roles of college supervisors (2) to improve the quality of the Field Experience programme (3) to give the programme more meaning in the teacher education course at the College concerned and (4) to make it clear to participants in such a programme that there is an important role for college supervisors to play. The study involved the co-operation of 62 student teachers, 45 classroom teachers (country and city) and 10 college lecturers (totalling 117). A questionnaire was designed on the basis of discussions with Field Experience participants, on a survey conducted the previous year, and on an open-ended survey conducted immediately after the mid-year Block Practicum. The final questionnaire was then distributed to 82 student teachers (75.5% return), 76 classroom teachers (58.5% return) and 11 college lecturers (90% return). The study made use of earlier work by Waters (1973) and also by Duck and Cunningham (1985). In the study, student teachers, classroom teachers and college lecturers were surveyed by means of a questionnaire to rate the frequency with which specific supervisory tasks (already identified in a pilot study) were performed. This involved rating each of the supervisory tasks twice; firstly rating , the 'actual' occurrence of the task and secondly by rating the 'ideal' occurrence of the task. Results of the study showed that there are differences of perception surrounding role expectations for college supervisors and that these roles require clarification. What were perceived to be the roles for and the behaviour of college supervisors contrasted with what was actually exhibited. Students and teachers (country and city) perceived college supervisors to be actually performing an Evaluator role; while lecturers perceived a Manager role. The 'ideal' role for college supervisors was perceived by all respondent groups to involve the functions and tasks of Manager. The degree of role conflict present indicates that follow-up measures deserve consideration and clarification and that orientation and learning programmes need to be conducted for all Field Experience participants in order to give the Field Experience programme more significance and to improve its overall effectiveness. A result of the study and one which could be emphasised in order to improve the quality of the programme was the indication of 'desirable' and 'undesirable' characteristics of college supervisors who were involved in the Field Experience programme at the College concerned. These results were similar to the earlier work of Beer et al. (1983) and were indicated by' the use of openended comments being included at the conclusion of the questionnaire. These comments concerned the personal and professional characteristics of college supervisors and together with this author's work could form the basis of further study as a step towards increasing the efficiency of Field Experience programmes.