Featured adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in women with breast cancer can lead to pain. The aim of this study was to explore, the variety of perceptions and impact of adjuvantchemotherapy-induced pain in daily life, of some women newly diagnosed with breast cancer.Inclusion criteria were participating in an ongoing stress management projectand chemotherapy of (anthracycline/taxan) in doses of 75mg² or more. Exclusioncriteria were inability to understand and communicate in Swedish and mentalillness. After ethical approval of the sub study in September 2010, women wereconsecutively included through oral and written request. Phenomenologicalapproach was used in the eight interviews and data analysis. The resultconsisted of five categories of description, the obvious pain, themanageable pain, the lonely pain, the unimaginable pain andultimately the crippling pain. The existence was open when the pain feltdescribable and manageable, while it was concluded when the pain seemedinexplicable and life drastically changed. The study showed a significantpainful impact of chemotherapy. The woman had difficulties to refer to theinformation given by the medical services, when the pain went beyond previousexperiences. There was a tendency that the woman waited before she contactedthe medical services, this waiting made room for difficult thoughts andfeelings. A question for further research is how the staff can capture andbetter help the women who experience severe pain. / Dagens adjuvanta cytostatikabehandlingav kvinnor med bröstcancer kan leda till smärta. Denna studies syfte var att undersöka olikauppfattningar om inverkan av smärta, utlöst av adjuvant cytostatikabehandling,på dagligt liv hos några kvinnor som nyligen diagnostiserats med bröstcancer.Inklusionskriterier var deltagande i ett pågående stresshanteringsprojekt ochcytostatikabehandling i doser om 75mg² eller mer av antracyklin och/ellertaxan. Exklusionskriterier var oförmåga att förstå och kommunicera på svenska ochpsykisk sjukdom. Efter etiskt godkännande av delstudien i september 2010 inkluderades kvinnorna konsekutivt genommuntlig och skriftlig förfrågan. Fenomenologisk ansats användes i de åttaintervjuerna och i resultatbearbetningen. Resultatet kom att utgöras av fembeskrivningskategorier: den förklarliga smärtan, den övervinneliga smärtan, denensamma smärtan, den ofattbara smärtan och sist den förlamande smärtan.Tillvaron var öppen då smärtankändes förklarbar och därmed hanterbar, medan den slöts när smärtan kändesoförklarlig och kvinnornas liv förändrades drastiskt. Studien visar på en betydande smärtinverkan vid cytostatikabehandling. Kvinnornafick svårt att referera till den av sjukvården givna informationen, när smärtangick utanför tidigare beskrivning och smärtupplevelser. Det fanns en tendensatt kvinnan avvaktade innan hon kontaktade sjukvården och i denna väntanuppstod svåra tankar och känslor. En fråga för vidare forskning är hurpersonalen kan fånga upp och bättre hjälpa de kvinnor som får svåra smärtor.

The main focus of the multidisciplinary nature of design is to provide users a better life in terms of enabling the products to be safe, usable and pleasurable to use. Therefore, physical pain is always avoided. However, physical pain is involved in our daily lives, not only as an avoided concept, but also as a constructive concept. It is used for functional or hedonic purposes / whether consciously or not. The focus in this research is exploring these &lsquo / used&rsquo / pains, and their relations to product design / in other words, how products are (or how they may be) used or manipulated to use pain instead of avoiding it. Eventually, the aim is to map the pain experience as a constructive element of experience and to come up with a statement for the usage of physical pain in product design as a beneficial tool, instead of just being a tool for pleasure as it has been used in product design till now. In order to explore the pain experience with products, a contexmapping study and a focus group study have been done. The phenomena of &lsquo / good, transitional and bad pain&rsquo / were introduced. Following this, pain experience with products model was proposed utilizing the results of the studies and for the exploration of the implementation of the model in practicum, a generative session study to obtain initial design ideas was done.

Research has shown that both optimism and gender affects how we deal with different types of pain, however, it is still unclear which factor has the greatest impact on pain perception and pain tolerance. This study examined which variable, optimism or gender, had the greatest impact on pain. This study used both a convenience and snowball sampling consisting of a total of 45 students, 21 women and 24 men aged 19-39 years old. Optimism was measured by Life Orientation Test Revised and to measure pain perception, a cold pressor task was used. The results showed no significant differences between men and women in pain perception or pain tolerance. The results did not show any difference between optimists and pessimists regarding pain perception and pain tolerance either. These findings contradicted previous research and therefore the measurement instrument reliability in this study was questioned.

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