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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

L'approche expérimentale du J-Pal en économie du développement : un tournant épistémologique? / The J-Pal's experimental approach in development economics : an epistemilogical shift?

Favereau, Judith 14 February 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur la méthode expérimentale utilisée par les chercheurs du J-PAL en économie du développement. La volonté de ces chercheurs est double: (1) produire des preuves d'efficacité des programmes de développement, (2) afin de guider la décision politique. L'objectif de la thèse est de mener une analyse épistémologique de l'approche du J-PAL. Cette analyse s'offre d'étudier une double dimension: une dimension méthodologique et une dimension théorique. La dimension méthodologique vise à interroger la méthode utilisée par le J-PAL: la randomisation. Deux principales questions guident cette analyse méthodologique: (1) la nature de go/d standard méthodologique de la randomisation, (2) et la possible transposition des résultats obtenus par le J-PAL dans la sphère politique. La seconde dimension (théorique) questionne l'apport du J-PAL aux débats théoriques qui ont traversé l'économie du développement ces dix dernières années. S'intéresser à ces deux dimensions permet d'examiner l'approche du J-PAL dans son ensemble. La thèse montre alors que cette approche offre des résultats dont la validité interne est importante mais dont la validité externe est faible, rendant difficile l'utilisation de tels résultats dans la sphère politique. Cette tension entre la validité interne et la validité externe montre l'antagonisme des deux objectifs que se fixe le J-PAL et définit un problème épistémologique: le refus de théorie ainsi que l'absence de mise en évidence des mécanismes qui sous-tendent les résultats obtenus par le J-P AL empêche ce dernier de produire des recommandations politiques claires. / This thesis focuses on the experimental approach used by J-PAL's researchers in development economics. The goal of these researchers is twofold: (1) producing evidence concerning the efficiency of development programs, (2) in order to guide policy decisions. The aim of this thesis is to conduct an epistemological analysis of the J-PAL's approach. This analysis studies two dimensions: a methodological one and a theoretical one. The methodological dimension aims to question the method used by the J-PAL: randomization. Two main questions guide this methodological analysis: (1) randomization's methodological status of «gold standard », (2) and the possibility to transpose the results obtained by the J-P AL in the political area. The second, theoretical, dimension questions the J-PAL's contributions to the (theoretical) debates within development economics over the past ten years. The study of these two dimensions allows an examination of the J-PAL's approach as a whole. The thesis shows that the results of this approach have a strong internal validity at the expense of a weak external validity. This makes the use of such results in the political area difficult. This tension between internal validity and external validity points out the antagonism of the J-PAL's two objectives and defines an epistemological issue: the refusal of a theory along with the lack of emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of the J-PAL's results prevents it from producing clear political recommendations.
2

Experimento com leilões e avaliação de ativos pelo custo corrente para mensuração do capital intelectual: uma aplicação nas empresas Gama, GVDASA e SKA

Dameda, André das Neves 31 July 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As transformações sociais e econômicas presenciadas desde o final da década de 1970 evidenciaram a importância do conhecimento como recurso econômico intangível e motivaram tanto a comunidade acadêmica quanto o mercado a identificar e mensurar este recurso, também denominado capital intelectual. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o uso combinado de experimentos com leilões e da avaliação de ativos pelo custo corrente como procedimento para mensuração do capital intelectual. Foram discutidas as relações entre ativos intangíveis, goodwill e capital intelectual, bem como os principais modelos de mensuração. Com base nos requisitos teóricos da economia experimental, foi desenhado e aplicado um experimento sob a forma de leilões, com a finalidade de indicar o valor de mercado das três empresas que compunham a amostra. Posteriormente foi realizada a avaliação dos itens do ativo permanente pelo custo corrente, alocando-se um valor contábil ajustado livre das distorções inerentes à avaliação pelo custo histórico. A / Social and economical transformations witnessed since the end of the decade of 1970 had evidenced the importance of knowledge as an intangible economic resource and motivated both academic community and market to identify and measure this resource, also denominated intellectual capital. The objective of this study is to analyze the combined usage of auction experiments and current cost asset valuation as a procedure to measure intellectual capital. Relations among intangible assets, goodwill and intellectual capital were discussed, as well as the main measurement models. Based on the theoretical requirements of experimental economy, an experiment was designed and executed in the format of an auction, aiming to indicate the market value of the three enterprises compounding the sample. Later a valuation of the permanent assets was conducted through current cost, allocating an adjusted book value free from distortions inherent to the historical cost valuation. From the difference between indicated market value a
3

Une approche comportementale de la congestion urbaine / A behavioral economic approach of urban congestion illustrated by field Experiments on ridesharing practices

Josset, Jean-Marc 24 March 2016 (has links)
Comment résoudre les problèmes de congestion liés au développement urbain ? Les investissements massifs dans les infrastructures et le traitement monétaire et coercitif des comportements ayant montré leurs limites, nous proposons d'explorer la possibilité de favoriser les comportements positifs (covoiturage, vélo, télétravail). Nous commençons par élargir le modèle comportemental de l'individu en posant comme préalable à l'étude des motivations la prise en compte du cadre dans lequel il se situe. Nous justifions théoriquement cet apport principalement par les travaux du psychologue Daniel Kahneman et du sociologue Ervin Goffman. Nous précisions ensuite notre démarche méthodologique : en montrant combien la démarche des expérimentations de laboratoire est reliée à l'hypothèse comportementale de l'homo œconomicus, nous montrons la cohérence de notre hypothèse de cadre avec celle des expériences de terrain. Nous décrivons ensuite trois expériences visant à montrer (i) comment le cadre correspond à une représentation confortée par un discours dominant (ii) l’importance de la mesure rétroactive de cette représentation et (iii) comment les motivations agissent à l’intérieur de ce cadre. Nous en déduisons plusieurs principes susceptibles de favoriser un changement de comportements de mobilité à même de traiter le problème de congestion : (i) la place de l’individu dans les schémas de transports, (ii) le temps ou le bien être comme indicateur de mesure et (iii) les représentations collectives comme support de coordination. / How to solve congestion problems related to urban development? As the massive investment in infrastructure and the monetary and coercive treatment of behaviors have shown their limits, we propose instead to explore the promotion of positive behavior (carpooling, biking, telecommuting). We start by expanding the behavioral model of the individual, by taking into account the context (frame) in which it happens. We justify this contribution primarily through the work of the psychologist Daniel Kahneman and the sociologist Ervin Goffman . Then we clarify our methodological approach: by showing how the process of laboratory experiments is connected to the behavioral factors of the homo oeconomicus, we show the consistency of our frame hypothesis with field experiments. We then describe three experiments to show (i) how the frame is underpinned by a dominant discourse (ii) the importance of the retroactive measure of this representation and (iii) how motivations acts within that frame. We derive several principles to promote a change of mobility behavior able to treat congestion: (i) the place of the individual in transport schemes, (ii) using time or well-being as a measurement indicator and (iii)collective representations as coordination enablers.

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