Magistro darbe, siekiant išanalizuoti veiksnius, kurie lėmė Lietuvos ekonomikos augimą 2004 -2010 m. laikotarpiu buvo susisteminti įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių teoriniai ir praktiniai tyrimai ekonomikos augimo klausimu, išskiriant, jų nuomone, pagrindinius ekonomikos augimą sąlygojančius veiksnius. Apskaičiuota intesyvaus ir ekstensyvaus veiksnių įtaka Lietuvos BVP ir BVP vienam gyventojui pokyčiams, panaudojant indeksų ir modifikuotos Du Ponto piramidinės analizės metodą bei lyginant su ES 27 šalių vidurkiu. Atlikta Lietuvos ekonomikos augimą sąlygojančių veiksnių analizė, kuri parodė Lietuvos aukštojo mokslo specialistų neatitikimą ūkio poreikiams, menkas investicijas į mokslinius tyrimus ir eksperimentinę plėtrą bei inovacijas, nepatrauklų Lietuvos investicinį klimatą, vartojimo ir tarpinių prekių dominavimą eksporto ir importo struktūroje pagal BEC klasifikaciją, taip pat dėl neigiamų pokyčių darbo rinkoje patirtus valstybės nuostolius. Atlikta analizuojamų veiksnių įtakos BVP pokyčiams analizė, kurios gautų rezultatų pagrindu įvertintos BVP didinimo galimybės. / In der Meisterarbeit, um die Faktoren, die Wirtschaftswachstum vom Litauen im Jahre 2004 - 2010 voraussetzten, zu analysieren, wurden die theoretischen und praktischen Forschungen des Wirtschaftswachstums verschiedener litauischen und ausländischen Autoren verwiesen. Es wurde der Einfluss der intensiven und extensiven Faktoren auf Änderungen vom BIP und BIP pro Kopf des Litauens mit der Methode des Indexes und der modifizierten Methode der Analyse von der Pyramide im Vergleich mit dem Durchschnitt der EU 27 Länder berechnet. Es wurde die Analyse des Wirtschaftswachstums von Litauen voraussetzenten Faktoren erledigt. Die Analyse zeigte, dass im Litauen das Angebot derjenigen Spezialisten der Hochschulen die Nachfrage überbietete. Litauen investiert nicht viel in Entwicklungsforschungen und Innovationen, es gibt unattraktives Investitionsklima in Litauen, im Export und Import von BEC Klassifizierung dominierten Konsum und Vorleistungsgütern. Es wurde die Verluste von der negativen Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt analisiert. Es wurde die Analyse vom Einfluss der Veränderungen vom BIP erledigt, die Möglichkeiten der Vergrösserung vom BIP aufdeckten.

As the title suggests, this diploma thesis is focused on the activities of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires. First, the theoretical part describes general information about forest fires that concerns, among other things, the most common causes and kinds of forest fires. Drawing on this part, there is information on various ways of extinguishing fires, especially by means of the aerial fire-fighting service. The chapter of The Present State is further focused on legislation and the tasks of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires because the competences and duties of mayors have to be clearly defined in such serious situations, which consequently enhances the clarity of the situation. This diploma thesis follows two objectives. The first one is the evaluation of the activities of self-governing bodies in the event of extensive forest fires, and in connection with this, pointing out possible flaws. For this, a hypothesis has been established claiming that it is necessary to increase the readiness quality of the self-governing bodies for the possible occurrence of extensive forest fires. The other objective is to prepare a methodical process draft for solving an extensive forest fire. The output of the thesis is a methodical draft or manual, which should support the preparation for and solution of such situations. This final thesis will provided as a study material for students. The methodical draft will be further offered to mayors of municipalities that are endangered by forest fires.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2016. / We present in this work studies on ultra-high energy cosmic rays using the air- uorescence detection technique. The research main objective consists in event reconstructions from a fluorescence telescope, such that a simulation code has been developed taking into account the physical processes involved in the generation and the propagation of uorescence photons from an extensive air shower to a telescope. The secondary particles of air showers has been previously obtained using CORSIKA code for dierent primary energies and compositions. Furthermore, the photon generation has been calculated using Bethe and Bloch equation for the energy loss of electrons and positrons in air and the uorescence yield parameterized with air conditions at given altitudes. The attenuation of photons towards the telescope has been calculated for Rayleigh and Mie scatterings. With the developed simulation, it was possible to study the dependence of the shower maximum depth in the atmosphere, considering dierent experimental congurations for the telescopes used in the Pierre Auger Observatory, Telescope Array and MonRAt. Finally, the reconstruction of the geometric parameters of cosmic rays has been performed by the determination of the arrival directions and the angular reconstruction limits.

This work focuses on the evaluation of the growth capacity of czech red cattles in breeding conditions, without market production of cattle. A whole herd of czech red cattles was regularly weighed. The Czech Association of Cattle Breeders provided data from KUMP, which was added to the data. In statistical processing the data were compared with the growth capabilities of meat breeds (hereford, meat simmental, charolais and limousin) kept under similar conditions. A sample of blood was collected from selected individuals and processed by biochemical methods. Statistical analysis showed that in the weight at the age of 120 days there is a statistically significant difference between czech red cattle and meat simmental and charolais. Comparing the weights in 210 days and comparing the gains, there was no statistically significant difference between any breeds. Czech red cattle thus showed very good growth abilities. It was also found that calves from the ZF JU averaged better in terms of increments than the average of the whole population as early as 2010. Herd health status was evaluated as good in terms of hoof and limb excellent. The blood test showed a tendency to stress caused by animal manipulation and stabling in wintering grounds, as in a closed stable without enclosure. The Czech red cattle has been shown to have easy births without help, which is 99% and good level of reproduction. In conclusion, the czech red cattle is very suitable for extensive breeding with a year-round stay outdoors and is capable of achieving comparable increments such as extensive breeds of meat breeds and is ideal for the production of cattle for fattening.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-05T13:09:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9544233 bytes, checksum: 67a4854cf3a43adf8a531c196cbfb7d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-05T13:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9544233 bytes, checksum: 67a4854cf3a43adf8a531c196cbfb7d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Green areas of the city are occupied increasingly by buildings and waterproofing floors, and this implies lower quality in urban environments, since the effect of vegetation in these areas goes far beyond the landscape, it is responsible for purification air, moisture maintenance, thermal equilibrium, among other benefits. Given the lack of green space, and knowing that the roofs are in a significant percentage of impermeable areas, it is defended here the use of vegetated roofs, in order to increase the green of the cities and enjoy its benefits. An extensive green roof modular technology developed on a pre-molded cement, which uses the residue of footwear (EVA) was investigated here, from its conception to its evaluation. In the methodological procedures the following milestones have been met: module design (called block TEVA) and from mold to manufacture, experimental moldings with definition of proportions among the cementitious composite materials, green roof systems simulations, the modular system installation in real scale for plant development monitoring, and prototype scale to evaluate the thermal behavior and in four other types of coverage (exposed slab, ceramic roof, fiber cement roof, green roof with concrete blocks). Comparing the same prototypes, was also made an assessment of rainwater drained by different types of roof coverings. Based on the results it can be concluded that the module designed to be sometimes vegetated, sometimes be used as floor, has geometry, mechanical strength, lightness and water permeability suitable for the type of green roof proposed. The modules also allowed a good development of vegetation. A thermal evaluation confirmed that the green roof with TEVA modular blocks provided a better thermal balance and reduced indoor air temperature when compared with other types of coverage. The analysis of rainwater drained by different systems, modular green roof with TEVA block was also the one with the best performance, significantly reducing the volume of runoff. / As áreas verdes da cidade estão sendo ocupadas cada vez mais pelas edificações e impermeabilizações de pavimentos e isto implica em menor qualidade nos ambientes urbanos, uma vez que o efeito da vegetação nesses espaços vai muito além do paisagístico, sendo responsável pela purificação do ar, manutenção da umidade, equilíbrio térmico, entre outros benefícios. Diante da falta do espaço para o verde, e sabendo que os telhados constituem-se em uma porcentagem significativa das áreas impermeabilizadas, defende-se aqui a utilização dos telhados vegetados a fim de se aumentar o verde das cidades e aproveitar os seus benefícios. Uma tecnologia modular de telhado verde extensivo desenvolvida à base de um pré-moldado cimentício, que utiliza resíduo da indústria de calçado (EVA), foi investigada aqui desde sua concepção até a sua avaliação. Nos procedimentos metodológicos foram cumpridas as seguintes etapas: concepção do módulo (denominado bloco TEVA) e do molde para sua fabricação, moldagens experimentais com definição das proporções entre os materiais do compósito cimentício, simulações de sistemas de telhados verdes, instalação do sistema modular em escala real para acompanhamento do desenvolvimento vegetal, e em escala de protótipo para avaliação do comportamento térmico, comparado com quatro outros tipos de coberturas (laje exposta, telhado cerâmico, telhado de fibrocimento, telhado verde com blocos de concreto). Comparando os mesmos protótipos, também foi feita uma avaliação da água pluvial drenada pelos diferentes tipos de coberturas. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que o módulo idealizado para ora ser vegetado, ora ser utilizado como piso, tem geometria, resistência mecânica, leveza e permeabilidade à água satisfatórios para o tipo de telhado verde proposto. Os módulos também permitiram um bom desenvolvimento da vegetação. A avaliação térmica confirmou que o telhado verde modular com blocos TEVA promoveu um maior equilíbrio térmico e reduziu a temperatura do ar interno, quando comparado com os outros tipos de coberturas. Quanto à análise da água pluvial drenada por diferentes sistemas, o telhado verde modular com bloco TEVA também foi o que apresentou o melhor desempenho, diminuindo significativamente o volume da água escoada.

Orientador: Carlos Ourivio Escobar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peixoto_CarlosJoseTodero_D.pdf: 15351567 bytes, checksum: 33b4f282f53a5669d23f8170b3bbf392 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Desde os primeiros Raios Cósmicos de alta energia detectados por Pierre Auger na década de 30, toda a comunidade de Física de Radiação Cósmica procura técnicas matemáticas e métodos estatísticos mais adequados para analisar estes eventos. Estes processos de análise são imprescindíveis na estimativa da energia da partícula primária, bem como no cálculo do ângulo de chegada q . A estimativa desta energia e do ângulo q é o final de toda uma rede de trabalho e o começo de uma nova linha de pesquisa na busca pelas possíveis fontes que produziram tais eventos. Ao longo deste trabalho refizemos o princípio de reconstrução dos "chuveiros de Auger", os chamados "Chuveiros Atmosféricos Extensos" ( C.A.E.), utilizando um conceito relativamente novo de estatística, hoje denominada Estatística Robusta. O Método dos Mínimos Quadrados ou Least Square -LS, apresentado por Gauss e Legendre, possuía limitações que eles próprios já reconheciam e tentaram resolver, sem sucesso. Desde fins do século XVIII e come¸ co do século XIX, os métodos estritamente paramétricos, em especial o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados e a média aritmética, foram questionados quando utilizados para descrever distribuições pouco comportadas ou com grandes utuações. Algumas das principais questões estavam relacionadas a como tratar pontos muito distantes da distribuição principal (os chamados outliers) e como estes influenciavam a própria distribuição. A saída convencional mais utilizada foi a rejeição dos outliers e de pontos que apresentassem grandes desvios em relação a média. Porém, a perda de informações sobre a própria distribuição tornava-se inevitável. O modelo paramétrico mostrou-se apenas uma aproximação da realidade, uma vez que as flutuações, apesar de serem consideradas, não são "bem-vindas"; são vistas apenas como um erro inerente à observação. Então, no fim do século XIX apareceram as primeiras tentativas de extrair informação das flutuações, classificando-as e as considerando parte integral da descrição da distribuição. Se um método estatístico for capaz de descrever os dados observados, incluindo e classificando as flutuações inerentes, este passa a ser conhecido como "Método Robusto" ou "Estatística Robusta", onde a nomenclatura "Robusta" está relacionada à capacidade do método ou modelo de "resistir" às flutuações fornecendo uma descrição da realidade com razoável independência destas mesmas flutuações. Com base em dois métodos robustos, Mínima Mediana Quadrada (Least Median Square - LMS) e Mínimos Quadrados "Aparados" (Least Trimmed Square - LTS), aplicamos estes nos ajustes da Função Distribuição Lateral de Chuveiros (Lateral Distribution Function - LDF) extraindo o valor de S 1000, parâmetro necessário para estimar a energia da partícula primária. Os valores para S1000 calculados a partir de estatística convencional (Mínimos Quadrados) e estatística robusta (LMS e LTS) são comparados. O valor de S1000, para chuveiros de mesma energia, depende do ângulo q dos primários, já que o CAE sofre atenuação na atmosfera, atenuação esta tanto maior quanto maior, for q . Para levar em conta a atenuação no cálculo do espectro de energia, em que todos os ângulos de chegada são considerados (até 60 graus), é introduzido o parâmetro S38, onde 38 graus é a mediana dos dados do Auger. A atenuação é calculada usando-se o método do Constant Intensity Cut (CIC) o qual depende da validade de várias hipóteses. As três hipóteses supostas pela Colaboração Auger são apresentadas neste trabalho. Correlacionamos, assim, todos os novos valores de S38 com os valores da chamada "Energia Híbrida", obtida diretamente do programa de análise da Colaboração Auger. Esta correlação nos permite recorrigir a energia com base em detecção híbrida, que é a grande vantagem do Observatório Pierre Auger. Esta correlação nos permite estabelecer a escala de energia ou calibração do detector de superfície com base na determinação calorimétrica da energia feita pelo detector de flurescência, que é o grande avançoo trazido para o campo pelo Obvservatório Pierre Auger. Com os novos resultados de energia, refizemos os cálculos de minimização para a correlação de radiação cósmica com fontes extra-galácticas obtendo correlações que não estão em correspondência biunívoca com aquelas obtidas pelo método convencional de análise. Por fim fazemos uma análise das próprias estações outliers tentando extrair alguma informação relacionada à performance do detector de superfície. Os apêndices incluídos após as conclusões foram colocados neste trabalho apenas por motivos didáticos como consulta rápida para o leitor leigo em métodos de detecção de radiação cósmica / Abstract: Since the first ultra high-energy cosmic rays detected by Pierre Auger (the 30s) the entire community of Physics of Cosmic Rays search for mathematical techniques and more appropriate statistical methods to analyze these events. These analysis processes are essential for the estimate of the energy of the primary particle as well as in the calculation of the angle of arrival q . The estimate of the energy and the angle q is the end of a long chain of analysis and the beginning of a new line of research in the search for the possible sources that produced such events. Throughout this work we re-analysed the reconstruction chain of the "Auger showers", the socalled "Extensive Air Showers - EAS", using a relatively new concept of statistics, known as Robust Statistics. The Least Square Method - LS, presented by Gauss and Legendre had limitations already recognized by themselves who tried to overcome them without success. Since the end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth century, strictly parametric methods, especially the Least Squares and the arithmetic average, were questioned when used to describe distributions with bad behavior or with large uctuations. Some of the main issues were related to how to deal with points far way from the main distribution (the so-called outliers) and how it in uenced the main distribution. The more conventional way out used was the rejection of the outliers and points that produced large deviations from average. But the loss of information about the distribution was inevitable. The parametric model proved to be only an approximation of reality, since uctuations, despite being considered, are not "welcome"; are seen only as an error inherent in observation. Then, at the end of the nineteenth century there appeared the first attempts to extract information from uctuations sorting them out and considering them as an integral part of the description of the distribution. Whether a statistical method is able to describe observed data, including and sorting the uctuations inherent, then becomes known as "Robust Method" or "Robust Statistic", where the nomenclature "Robust" is related the ability of the method or model to "Resist" the uctuations by providing a description of reality with reasonable independence these same uctuations. Based on two robust methods: Least Median Square - LMS and Least Trimmed Square - LTS; we apply these to adjust the Lateral Distribution Function - LDF extracting the value of S1000, parameter needed to estimate the energy of the primary particle. The values for S1000 calculated from conventional statistic (Least Square) and robust statistic (LMS and LTS) are compared. The parameter S1000 is dependent on the angle of arrival of the shower, then we apply a correction factor called S38. This correlates S1000 and and, currently, there are several ways to calculate this factor. The three hypotheses most used by Auger Collaboration are presented in this work. We then correlate all new values of S38 with the values of the so-called "Hybrid Energy", obtained directly from analysis software of the Auger Collaboration. This relationship allows us to correct the energy based on hybrid detection that is great advantage of the Pierre Auger Observatory. This relationship allows us to establish the energy scale or calibration of the surface detector on the basis of the calorimetric determination of the energy done by the uorescence detector which is the great advancement brought to the field by the Pierre Auger Observatory. With the new results for the energy we reanalysed the the correlation with extra-galactic sources of cosmic ray getting new correlations, which are absent in the conventional methods of analysis. Finally we make an analysis of the surface stations outliers by themselves trying to extract some information relevant for their performance. Appendices included after the conclusions were placed in this work only for a rapid consultation by lay readers in methods of detection of cosmic rays / Doutorado / Teorias Especificas e Modelos de Interação ; Sistematica de Particulas ; Raios Cosmicos / Doutor em Ciências

The reasons for incorporating literature in foreign language classrooms range from increased language proficiency and gaining cultural experience to increasing literary knowledge. In Swedish upper-secondary school, literature inclusion is advocated by the course curriculum, but with few specifics as to how teachers should approach it. This study investigates how teachers approach literature teaching, what their ideals for their teaching are, and what difficulties they experience when teaching. These questions were addressed in semi-structured interviews with seven upper-secondary school teachers. The data was analyzed using Content Analysis. The results show that the teachers viewed the role of literature as a way to enhance students’ social and cultural awareness, as well as their language proficiency. The teachers emphasized maintaining and cultivating students’ interests by choosing literature that contain themes relatable and interesting to students, as well as by enthusing students when introducing the texts. When working with the texts the most common assignments and exercises were based on literary analysis and subjective student reflection. The biggest constraint perceived by the teachers were unmotivated and uninterested students. A possible conclusion to be drawn from the research is that it is increasingly important for teachers to connect to students’ needs and interests when incorporating literature. A suggestion for further research is therefore to investigate students’ perceptions and experiences with literature in English class. In addition, the efficiency of literature teaching approaches needs to be researched, as this area is fairly unexplored.

Livestock production is one of the largest and fastest growing agricultural subsectors in the world, contributing almost 40 % of agricultural GDP. The present global trend of livestock intensification affects water demand, resulting in local alterations of hydrological features. This study quantifies water requirements for livestock production and links them to local changes in water-related ecosystem services (WRES). It examines the present situation in Uruguayan beef production as it undergoes an intensification process by analyzing three systems: traditional extensive production, mixed systems and intensive production.Mixed production systems are most water-effective in terms of water requirement. However, extensive production has the least negative long-term effects on the studied WRESs: soil productivity, erosion control and grass, crop and livestock production. Intensive systems contribute the largest negative impacts on soil productivity due to management practices, e.g. continuous cropping and fertilizer application (which is also costly). However, intensification also increases short-term positive effects on crop and livestock production. Mixed systems offer opportunities to increase livestock production, water use efficiency and mitigate soil degradation. However, a threshold value to avoid an undesirable regime shift in soil productivity remains to be determined.This framework developed herein, maps and quantifies local ecosystem effects associated with livestock production from a water perspective. It required simplifications and thus needs further improvements to be of practical use as a tool for best management practices of livestock production. Such tools can assist decision-makers in Uruguay on how to manage multiple ecosystem services in an agricultural landscape and enhance the provision of desired ES without degrading other key ecosystem processes, goods and services. For sustainable production of livestock in Uruguay, one should consider if the tradeoff between long-term negative impacts of intensification on regulating services is justifiable in the context of the short-term economic gains in provisioning services.

The importance of extensive literature reading in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context has been given increasing attention in recent research. Literature reading is also a required part of the national syllabi of the (EFL) courses offered to both adolescents and adults at Upper Secondary level in Sweden. This thesis aims to investigate the teachers’ process of making literature choices for extensive reading in upper secondary EFL courses in Sweden. Eight teachers of three different student groups took part in the study, representing adolescent university preparatory programs and vocational programs, as well as programs for adult students. Questionnaires were used and the data was analyzed for patterns revealing three main factors affecting teachers’ literature choice: language proficiency, reading experience and contextual factors. These three factors were fitted into the theoretical framework of psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic reading models, with the addition of a perspective of motivational research. The results of this survey underline the importance of extensive reading, according to teachers, and that motivation for literature choice can be primarily related to factors associated with psycholinguistic reading models. The survey also points to the need for further investigating of teachers’ own experiences of literature reading, searching for deeper motivational factors which influence teaching choices. Another future field of research is the choice of reading activities assigned together with the chosen literature, which probably also influence teachers’ choices in the Swedish EFL classroom.

The Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) procedure has been established as a frequency specific, objective audiologic measure, which can provide reliable thresholds to within 10 dB of the behavioral thresholds. In order for ASSR to find its place in the existing framework of audiometric procedures, the full potential of the procedure needs to be explored. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of monotic ASSR in estimating hearing thresholds in a group of 15 normal hearing subjects and 15 hearing-impaired subjects. A comparative research design was implemented. Indicating that results obtained in the study was compared to relevant literature where dichotic multiple ASSR was implemented. This was done in order to ascertain ASSR’s capabilities with regard to stimulus presentation methods. Monotic single ASSR predicted behavioural thresholds in the normal hearing subjects within an average of 24 dB across the frequency range (0.5, 1, 2&4 kHz). In the hearing-impaired group, ASSR thresholds more closely resembled behavioural thresholds, with an average difference of 18 dB, which is consistent with recent literature. The literature suggests that better prediction of behavioural thresholds will occur with greater degrees of hearing loss, due to recruitment. The focus in this group also centered on the accurate prediction of the configuration of the hearing loss. It was found that ASSR could reasonably accurately predict the configuration of the hearing loss. In the last instance, monotic single and dichotic multiple ASSR were compared with regard to threshold estimation and prediction of configuration of the hearing loss in the hearing-impaired group. Little difference was reported between the two techniques with regard to the estimation of thresholds in both the normal hearing and hearing impaired groups. In conclusion it was established that monotic ASSR could predict behavioural thresholds of varying degrees and configurations of hearing loss in normal and hearing-impaired subjects with a reasonable amount of accuracy. At this stage, however, more research is required to establish the clinical validity of the procedure, before it is routinely included within an objective test battery. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / Unrestricted