O uso telhados verdes oferece benefícios como: moderação dos valores da temperatura no interior de edificações e contenção temporária da água de chuva, limpeza de poluentes atmosféricos, além de favorecer aspectos ecológicos. Poucos estudos científicos foram realizados no sentido de adaptar as técnicas contemporâneas e a indicação de espécies apropriadas ao sistema de telhado verde extensivo, originadas de regiões de clima temperado para as condições dos climas tropicais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar espécies com potencial de uso em telhado verde em sistema extensivo, quantificando a reação das plantas à variação de diferentes profundidades de substrato, em situações limitadas de manutenção, no aspecto de irrigação e nutrição do solo. Procurou-se também registrar o comportamento térmico do solo, a fim de verificar a influência da vegetação no aquecimento da parte inferior do solo em relação a distintas profundidades de substrato. Os vegetais foram plantados em setembro de 2009 aplicados em 27 plataformas de teste. Foram cultivadas três espécies de plantas das famílias Fabaceae (Arachis repens Handro), Poaceae (Paspalum notatum Flügge) e Ruscacea (Ophiopogon japonicus (L.F. Ker Gawl)), sob três tratamentos de profundidades de substrato, 0.05, 0.075 e 0.10 m. Quantificou-se mensalmente a porcentagem de cobertura vegetal, crescimento vertical e de sobrevivência, com encerramento ao final de um ciclo anual. O comportamento térmico dos solos nos diferentes tratamentos foi registrado automaticamente por meio de sensores. Os resultados indicaram a espécie Ophiopogon japonicus, em solos de 0.10 m, como a que apresentou o melhor desempenho entre as três examinadas, seguida por Paspalum notatum. Todas as espécies cultivadas em solos de 0.10 m apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto a cobertura do solo, crescimento vertical e sobrevivência, em relação ao cultivo em profundidades menores de substrato. O cultivo em menor profundidade de solo (0.05 m) revelou baixo valor de sobrevivência para todas as espécies durante o período de poucas chuvas. O crescimento vertical foi satisfatório para todas as espécies analisadas, dispensando manutenção com poda regular. Os resultados de comportamento térmico indicaram melhor desempenho de solos à profundidade de 0.10 m, independente do tipo de planta cultivado. Concluiu-se que solos de menor espessura são mais dependentes de cobertura vegetal para minimizar seu aquecimento e que os solos de maior espessura o fazem com menor dependência da vegetação. O melhor desempenho térmico foi observado em solos de 0.10 m, em relação às profundidades menores, embora não variasse seu comportamento térmico significativamente com o cultivo das três diferentes espécies de plantas, referente aos valores de cobertura atingidos neste experimento. / The uses of green roofs provide benefits such as moderation of the temperature inside buildings, temporary containment of rainwater, cleaning of air pollutants, in addition to promoting ecological aspects. Few scientific studies have been conducted to adapt contemporary techniques and indication of appropriate species for extensive green roof system, originated from temperate regions to the conditions of tropical climates. The objective of this research was to identify species with potential for use in green roof in the extensive system, quantifying the response of plants to variation of different depths of substrate, in limited situations of maintenance in respect of irrigation and soil nutrition. Was searched register the thermal behavior of soil in order to determine the influence of vegetation on the warming of the lower soil depths for different substrates. The plants were planted in september 2009, applied in 27 platforms. There were three species of cultivated plants of the families Fabaceae (Arachis repens Handro), Poaceae (Paspalum notatum Flügge) and Ruscacea (Ophiopogon japonicus (L.F.) Ker Gawl) under three treatments of substrate depths, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.10 m. Was quantified the percentage of monthly vegetation cover, vertical growth and survival, with closing at the end of an annual cycle. The thermal behavior of soils under different treatments was recorded using sensors. The results indicated that Ophiopogon japonicus in 0.10 m soils, showed the best performance among the three examined. All species grown in 0.10 m of soils had been satisfactory results of soil cover, vertical growth and survival in relation to culture in shallower substrate. The species Arachis repens showed the highest sensitivity to the depth and water stress during the autumn and winter, requiring more necessity of maintenance. Cultivation in shallower soil (0.05 m) showed low survival value for all species during the short rains. The vertical growth was satisfactory for all species analyzed, of which the greatest height reached was Ophiopogon japonicus without requiring regular maintenance pruning. The results indicated better performance thermal behavior of soil to a depth of 0.10 m, regardless of the type of plant grown. It was concluded that soils of lesser thickness are dependent on vegetation cover to minimize your heating, and the soils with more thickness are less dependence on the vegetation. The best thermal performance was observed in soils of 0.10 m compared to shallower depths, but did not vary significantly its thermal behavior with the cultivation of three different species of plants, referring to amounts of coverage achieved in this experiment.

Os raios cósmicos de ultra-alta energia (UHECR) são partículas que chegam no topo da atmosfera terrestre com energia acima de 10^{18} eV. Sua composição é uma das chaves para elucidar sua origem que ainda é desconhecida. Devido ao seu baixo fluxo, os UHECR são detectados indiretamente através dos chuveiros atmosféricos extensos (EAS). Em nossa pesquisa desenvolvemos um método de discriminação da composição dos UHECR combinando dois parâmetros característicos destes chuveiros. Um deles é a profundidade na qual o chuveiro atinge seu máximo, tendo o maior número de partículas (X_{max}), e o outro, a densidade numérica de múons a 1000 m do centro do chuveiro (ho_{1000}). Temos como objetivo discriminar chuveiros iniciados por fótons daqueles iniciados por núcleos ou núcleons dado que mesmo uma pequena fração de fótons pode elucidar vários aspectos fundamentais dos UHECR. Nosso método é baseado em simulações de chuveiros, no qual, incluímos os efeitos de detecção e reconstrução, dados pelas técnicas de fluorescência e de superfície. Mostramos que nosso método de discriminação é robusto, mesmo incluindo as incertezas de reconstrução dos múons nos chuveiros que aqui estimamos para as próximas gerações de detectores de superfície. A incerteza do X_{max} será aquela usual da reconstrução pela técnica de fluorescência. Portanto, nossa análise tem um caráter preditivo para a separação da composição dos UHECR com estes parâmetros. Desta forma, nosso método pode ser aplicado aos dados dos observatórios de UHECR que utilizarem a próxima geração de detectores de superfície para reconstrução dos múons dos EAS, tais como as Colaborações Pierre Auger e Telescope Array. / Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) are particles which reach the Earth\'s atmosphere with energy above 10^ eV. Their composition is one of the keys to elucidate their origin which is still unknown. Due their low flux, the UHECR are detected indirectly by Extensive Air Showers (EAS). In this thesis, we develop a method to investigate their composition by simultaneously analyzing two EAS parameters, the depth at which the shower reaches its maximum size, where the number of particles reaches its maximum (X_), and the muon number at 1000 m from the shower core (ho_). We aim at discriminating EAS initiated by photons from those initiated by nucleus and nucleons. Even a small photonic fraction might reveal important fundamental UHECR questions. Our method is based on EAS simulations which includes, the detection and reconstruction by fluorescence and surface detectors. We show that our methodological approach is robust even when muons reconstruction uncertainties are considered. We derive the necessary uncertainty of the next generation of surface detectors that look for detect muons in EAS. As a result, our analysis is predictive in separating photon showers from nucleus and nucleons. Thus, our method can be used as an data analysis tool for UHECR experiments, such as the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array.

L’objectif principal de la thèse était de caractériser les impacts de différents types de gestion pastorale (bovins, équins, caprins) sur les communautés végétales de « nouveaux écosystèmes » fortement anthropisés que sont les digues et remblais de la réserve de Donzère-Mondragon dans la basse vallée du Rhône. Différents outils ont été utilisés (relevés de végétation, analyses de sols, analyses minérales des herbages, télédétection, SIG, etc.) à des échelles spatiales différentes afin de dégager les interrelations entre les différents niveaux d’organisation et fonctionnalités de la végétation. En effet, l’émergence des « nouveaux écosystèmes » oblige les gestionnaires à reconsidérer les principes initiaux de la gestion conservatoire. Dans notre étude, il a pu être démontré que les systèmes de pâturage faisant appel à des troupeaux d’herbivores dont l’organisation est adaptée pour maintenir l’ouverture des milieux, augmentent la richesse spécifique, la diversité et l’hétérogénéité de la végétation à court terme (3-5 années) par rapport à l’absence de gestion ou aux interventions mécaniques. Les analyses montrent également que les espèces annuelles qui apparaissent sont appétentes et contribuent à augmenter la valeur fourragère de certains faciès du site pâturé par les chevaux. Ces herbivores ont également un impact sur la banque de graines permanente du sol en augmentant son hétérogénéité et la densité de graines viables sous les faciès les plus pâturés. Le pâturage des vaches et des chevaux confirme une corrélation entre l’indice de végétation (NDVI) obtenu après l’analyse de photographies aériennes, la biomasse et la richesse en espèces végétales. Les estimations d’indices de consommation de la ronce sous SIG ont permis d’apprécier l’efficacité de l’action des chèvres. Ces différents résultats, pour les modalités testées, correspondent bien à ceux déjà obtenus lors d’applications de systèmes pastoraux en milieux naturels. Des expérimentations devraient également être menées à l’avenir via des systèmes de pâturage mixtes notamment bovin-caprin et équin-caprin pour accroître l’effet de la restauration aux dépens de la colonisation d’arbustes compétitifs dont la ronce. La gestion pastorale appliquée devrait néanmoins être pensée sur le moyen terme, si possible via des contrats pluriannuels, favorisant la durabilité de cette méthode de gestion et de ses effets dans le temps. / The main objective of the thesis was to characterize the impacts of different types of pastoral management (cattle, horses, goats) on "new ecosystems" plant communities. Our experimentations were conducted in highly anthropized dykes and embankments of the Donzère-Mondragon reserve in the lower Rhone valley. Various tools were used (i.e. vegetation surveys, soil analyzes, grassland mineral analyzes, remote sensing, GIS, etc.), and at different spatial scales in order to identify the interrelationships between the different levels of vegetation organization and functions. Indeed, the emergence of "new ecosystems" requires managers to reconsider the initial principles of conservation management. Our study showed that, in the short term (3-5 years), grazing systems using herds of herbivores, whose organization is adapted to maintain open habitats, increase species richness, diversity and heterogeneity of plant communities compared to lack of management or mechanical interventions. Moreover, the annual species that appear are appetizing and contribute to increase the forage value of the site grazed by horses. These herbivores also have an impact on the permanent seed bank by increasing both its heterogeneity and the density of viable seeds under the most grazed patches. Grazing of cattle and horses confirm a correlation between the vegetation index (NDVI), biomass and plant species richness. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of goats’ action on bramble via consumption indices calculated using GIS. Our different results are in the line with those already obtained in natural environments. Future experiments should test the effects of mixed grazing systems, particularly cattle, goats and horses, on the colonization dynamic of competitive shrubs such as brambles. Applied pastoral management should be considered in the medium term, via multi-year contracts to promote the sustainability of this management method and its effects over time.

Os raios cósmicos de ultra-alta energia (UHECR) são partículas que chegam no topo da atmosfera terrestre com energia acima de 10^{18} eV. Sua composição é uma das chaves para elucidar sua origem que ainda é desconhecida. Devido ao seu baixo fluxo, os UHECR são detectados indiretamente através dos chuveiros atmosféricos extensos (EAS). Em nossa pesquisa desenvolvemos um método de discriminação da composição dos UHECR combinando dois parâmetros característicos destes chuveiros. Um deles é a profundidade na qual o chuveiro atinge seu máximo, tendo o maior número de partículas (X_{max}), e o outro, a densidade numérica de múons a 1000 m do centro do chuveiro (ho_{1000}). Temos como objetivo discriminar chuveiros iniciados por fótons daqueles iniciados por núcleos ou núcleons dado que mesmo uma pequena fração de fótons pode elucidar vários aspectos fundamentais dos UHECR. Nosso método é baseado em simulações de chuveiros, no qual, incluímos os efeitos de detecção e reconstrução, dados pelas técnicas de fluorescência e de superfície. Mostramos que nosso método de discriminação é robusto, mesmo incluindo as incertezas de reconstrução dos múons nos chuveiros que aqui estimamos para as próximas gerações de detectores de superfície. A incerteza do X_{max} será aquela usual da reconstrução pela técnica de fluorescência. Portanto, nossa análise tem um caráter preditivo para a separação da composição dos UHECR com estes parâmetros. Desta forma, nosso método pode ser aplicado aos dados dos observatórios de UHECR que utilizarem a próxima geração de detectores de superfície para reconstrução dos múons dos EAS, tais como as Colaborações Pierre Auger e Telescope Array. / Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) are particles which reach the Earth\'s atmosphere with energy above 10^ eV. Their composition is one of the keys to elucidate their origin which is still unknown. Due their low flux, the UHECR are detected indirectly by Extensive Air Showers (EAS). In this thesis, we develop a method to investigate their composition by simultaneously analyzing two EAS parameters, the depth at which the shower reaches its maximum size, where the number of particles reaches its maximum (X_), and the muon number at 1000 m from the shower core (ho_). We aim at discriminating EAS initiated by photons from those initiated by nucleus and nucleons. Even a small photonic fraction might reveal important fundamental UHECR questions. Our method is based on EAS simulations which includes, the detection and reconstruction by fluorescence and surface detectors. We show that our methodological approach is robust even when muons reconstruction uncertainties are considered. We derive the necessary uncertainty of the next generation of surface detectors that look for detect muons in EAS. As a result, our analysis is predictive in separating photon showers from nucleus and nucleons. Thus, our method can be used as an data analysis tool for UHECR experiments, such as the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array.

This graduate report is a description of my artistic development through the graduate program at the University of Texas at Austin. It records my development and growth as an artist in relationship to the concepts, materials, and processes I have been investigating and exploring in the past three years. The graduate report focuses on three important concerns to which I’ve been dedicated. First, materials are imperative to my work. I physically collect and use my father’s ordinary objects and transform them with raw materials, such as clay, flour, honey, chocolate, beeswax, and petroleum jelly. The decision of choosing raw materials is based on my personal and cultural experiences. I am particularly interested in exploiting raw materials because I believe these raw materials can trigger a particular memory, place, or relationship that I want to preserve and remember. Second, my process of making involves ritualistic aspects with repetitive acts. I believe that everyday practices are a way of reconstructing relationships and remembering home. I am interested in embracing emotional attributes that may be simple activities: spraying a piece daily to keep it wet or sewing a personal object until it is impossible to sew. Finally, through the relationship among the objects, repeated actions, and an anticipation that evokes magical power and charged energy, I methodically transform objects. I do this to celebrate emotions and to preserve not only these personal objects but also my memories of home. / text

No description available.

This thesis deals with the integration of firms into export markets when trade barriers decrease. It consists in three chapters.The first chapter focuses on how cross-industry differences in factor intensities and within-industry differences in firm productivity shape the response of the extensive (the decision to export) and the intensive (the exported volumes) margin of export. The context of the analysis is the entry of Turkey into the European Customs Union in 1996. Results suggest that the extensive margin reacted more in labor-intensive sectors.In the second chapter we use a gravity approach to analyze how the decrease in tariffs promoted during the '90s by the Uruguay Round multilateral agreement affected trade margins for French firms. We find that the tariffs significantly affect trade only through the extensive margin. The third chapter describes the dynamic of firms' export to different countries and uncovers eleven new stylized facts on firm-level trade. / Esta tesis trata de la integración de las impresas en los mercados internacionales cuando las barreras al comercio bajan. El primer capitulo analiza como las diferencias de la intensidad de los factores entre las industrias y de la productividad de las impresas en cada industria determinan la respuesta del margen extenso (la decisión de exportar) y intensivo (los volúmenes exportados) de cada impresa. El contexto de este análisis es la entrada de la Turquía en la Unión Aduanera Europea en el 1996. Los resultados indican que el margen extenso reacciona más en los sectores más intensivos en mano de obra.En el segundo capitulo utilizamos una ecuación gravitacional para analizar como el decrecimiento de las tarifas obtenida en los '90s gracias al "Uruguay Round" ha afectado los márgenes del comercio de las impresas Francesas. Descubrimos que las tarifas afectan de una manera significativa solo el margen extenso.El tercero capitulo describe la dinámica del exporte de las impresas en distintos Piases y revela once nuevos hechos estilizados sobre el comercio de las empresas.

Reading is considered to be a vital skill for academic success, yet it is seldom taught to or practised with students. Students begin to `read to learn' during primary and secondary schooling. However, at tertiary level the academic demands are much greater than before and involve more extensive reading of conceptually more complex texts. This study investigates the implementation of an intensive reading programme for post-matric English Second Language Science students, based on the assumption that reading improves reading. In addition, this study investigates the effect that reading ability has on academic performance in Science, which relies inter alia, on the ability to read, comprehend and interpret word problems. An intervention group and a control group were used to ascertain the effects of an intensive reading programme and the findings suggest that any reading (intensive or extensive) improves reading and language skills. This in turn impacts on academic performance in Science, if students have an ability in Science to begin with. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / MA - SP APPLIED LINGUISTICS

Submitted by Andréa Silveira (arcgs@ufba.br) on 2015-05-15T18:15:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 _DISSERTAÇÃO Andréa Silveira.pdf: 3571700 bytes, checksum: d386617806263f608f80e12361071097 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Urania Araujo (urania@ufba.br) on 2015-05-22T18:18:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 _DISSERTAÇÃO Andréa Silveira.pdf: 3571700 bytes, checksum: d386617806263f608f80e12361071097 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-22T18:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 _DISSERTAÇÃO Andréa Silveira.pdf: 3571700 bytes, checksum: d386617806263f608f80e12361071097 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa analisa o grau de usabilidade do Sistema de Informação na Biblioteca Virtual de Psicologia (BVS-Psi), as facilidades e dificuldades dos processos de acesso, bem como a busca e uso de informações pelos alunos do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Os objetivos da pesquisa são: (1) identificar o papel da biblioteca universitária no gerenciamento de informações digitais; (2) compreender a usabilidade do sistema de informação como ambiente de aprendizagem; (3) levantar estudos e modelos sobre o processo de comunicação, usabilidade, sistema de informação e mediação da informação em ambientes acadêmicos; (4) analisar como se dá a utilização dessa ferramenta para a formação, apoio às pesquisas e atuação dos estudantes de psicologia. Constitui-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e de um estudo de caso. O procedimento metodológico dividiu-se em duas etapas. Na primeira parte, foi realizado um estudo comparativo do sistema e analisado o mesmo com base na Cartilha de Usabilidade do Ministério de Logística do Governo Federal do Brasil; na segunda parte, foram analisados dados coletados por meio de questionário com 101 alunos e 6 professores de psicologia da UFBA. Foram também relacionados, por meio da revisão da literatura, conceitos sobre usabilidade, o papel e tendência da universidade e das bibliotecas universitárias como espaço de disseminação das TICs e as práticas atuais de competências informacionais e científicas. A BVS-Psi é compreendida como ferramenta de comunicação e ambiente de aprendizagem, que reúne literatura brasileira em psicologia, divulgação de eventos da área e promove parcerias por meio de trabalho cooperativo de diferentes instituições. Foi constatado que, para poder potencializar o desenvolvimento de pesquisas na área, é necessária a motivação para utilização e apropriação de novos espaços de aprendizagem, habilitando o estudante ao autoaprendizado. Um novo paradigma educacional pode fornecer diretrizes no que tange à formação do usuário e traçar reflexões a respeito da relevância do bibliotecário universitário na participação ativa da comunicação virtual, compartilhando recursos, integrando e disseminando democraticamente as diversas fontes de informação e da produção científica nacional.This research analyzes the degree of usability of the Information System at the Virtual Psychology Library (VL-Psi), the advantages and disadvantages of the access processes, as well as the search and use of information by students of the Institute of Psychology at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). The research goals are: (1) identify the role of the university library in the management of digital information; (2) understand the usability of the information system as a learning environment; (3) highlight models and studies about the communication process, the usability, information system and mediate the information in academic environment; (4) analyze how this tool is used in the undergraduate studies, support for researches and the student’s professional practice life. It is a descriptive research and also a case study. The methodological procedure had two stages. The first part constituted a comparative study of the system based on the Cartilha de Usabilidade do Ministério de Logística do Governo Federal do Brasil; in the second part, was analyzed the data collected through a survey with 101 students and 6 teachers of psychology of UFBA. It was also done a literature review, which related concepts of usability, the role and trends of the university and college libraries as a space for dissemination of ICTs and the current practices of information and scientific knowledge. The VL-Psi is understood as a communication tool, a learning environment which gathers Brazilian’s psychology literature, publish events of the area and promotes partnerships through the collaborative work of different institutions. It was found that in order to enhance the development of research in this area, it is required motivation to use and appropriation the new learning centers, enabling the student to self-learn. A new educational paradigm may provide both guidance to the development of users and discuss the relevance of the active participations and democratically disseminating several information sources of national scientific production.

Domestic Variability and the Emergence of Complexity at TiwanakuThe character of the ancient settlement of Tiwanaku has been a subject of debate for the past half century. Despite general acknowledgement that Tiwanaku influenced vast regions of the south-central Andes for several hundred years, the problem of whether or not Tiwanaku was an "empty" pilgrimage site or a densely populated urban center, and if urban, the constitution of its resident populations, remain compelling questions. This paper addresses these questions by presenting the results of extensive excavations in several residential sectors of the Tiwanaku site. Discussion of comparative spatial architectural and artifactual data emphasizes several intersecting patterns in the changing nature of residential organization during the Tiwanaku IV phase (AD 500-800), during which the site expanded into a major political and religious center. Comparative evidence indicates that during this phase Tiwanaku expanded into a densely populated urban center. This evidence emphasizes notable patterns of spatial order and stylistic uniformity across the site, pointing to the creation and dissemination of a common "state culture". Residential patterns were also characterized by traditional markers of social complexity, including marked status differentiation and specialized craft production. At the same time, these residential areas remained mutually differentiated in local social affiliations with group identity, indicating that the urban center developed out of and remained grounded in a fundamental segmentary social order. These results offer a unique perspective into the distinctive nature of pristine Andean urbanism and social complexity. / Las características del antiguo asentamiento de Tiwanaku han suscitado discusiones desde hace más de medio siglo. Pese a aceptar, por lo general, que Tiwanaku ejerció una gran influencia sobre vastas regiones de los Andes surcentrales durante varios siglos, se mantiene el problema de decidir si Tiwanaku fue un lugar de peregrinaje "vacío" o un centro urbano densamente poblado y, aun al aceptar la condición urbana, quedan preguntas difíciles. El presente trabajo trata de estos temas por medio de la presentación de los resultados de excavaciones intensivas en varios sectores residenciales del sitio de Tiwanaku. Se discuten y se comparan los datos espaciales, arquitectónicos y de artefactos, así como se enfatizan varios patrones cruzados en la naturaleza cambiante de la organización residencial durante la fase Tiwanaku IV (500-800 d.C.), en la cual el sitio se convirtió en un gran centro político y religioso. Evidencias comparativas muestran que Tiwanaku fue un centro urbano densamente poblado durante esta misma fase. Estas evidencias subrayan la presencia de notables patrones de orden espacial y de uniformidad estilística a través del sitio, lo cual apunta hacia la creación y difusión de una "cultura estatal" compartida. Los patrones residenciales también se caracterizan por marcadores tradicionales de complejidad social, que incluyen una marcada diferenciación de status y producción artesanal especializada. Al mismo tiempo, estas mismas áreas residenciales mantenían sus diferencias en cuanto a filiaciones sociales locales y la identidad de grupo. Lo que indica que el centro urbano se desarrolló sobre la base de un orden social segmentado. Estos resultados ofrecen una perspectiva única hacia la naturaleza distintiva del urbanismo andino prístino y la complejidad social.