The aim of this thesis is to describe the theory of external and internal audit and to familiarize with a practical prespective on cooperation between external and internal auditors in banks. Specifically, the cooperation between external and internal auditors was consulted with one of the biggest banks in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical anc practical part. The theoretical part deals with definitions and bacis principles of external and internal audit. Moreover, auditing standards and code of ethics are presented. The practical part is based on the information about professional experience of auditors and is focused on cooperation between external and internal auditors in banks.

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como as empresas comunicam ao público externo, por meio do resumo público de auditoria, suas dificuldades (representadas pelas não conformidades) para atender aos requisitos socioambientais da certificação FSC. Foi considerada a influência da configuração da auditoria na comunicação às partes externas. Foram coletados dados secundários de 95 resumos públicos das auditorias executadas entre 2010 e 2015, analisados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo com o intuito de identificar as principais áreas temáticas as quais as não conformidades evidenciadas se referiam, sendo mapeado um total de onze áreas temáticas. Com base em análise estatística descritiva (testes de Kruskal Wallis e Chi quadrado) buscou-se identificar as relações entre as características das auditorias definidas (Tamanho da equipe auditora, Diversidade na formação da equipe, Tempo de auditoria, Empresa certificadora e Evento de auditoria) e as áreas temáticas identificadas. Atendimento à legislação do trabalho; Plano de manejo; Qualidade do monitoramento do sistema; e Comunicação e relacionamento com o público foram as áreas temáticas com maior quantidade de não conformidades. Identificou-se que, com exceção de casos específicos, não há relações significativas entre as características das auditorias e a comunicação de não conformidades. No entanto, isso não quer dizer que a maneira como a auditoria ocorre não influencie a qualidade dos resultados obtidos, pois há outros fatores, como a qualidade e veracidade das não conformidades apontadas, a ser considerados. Os relatórios públicos de auditoria representam um avanço na comunicação dos resultados socioambientais obtidos, que convergem com a necessidade de transparência da certificação. Entretanto, há de se evoluir na busca da divulgação de resultados de maneira mais clara e organizada e na relação com comunidades do entorno dos empreendimentos florestais / The study aimed to analyze how companies communicate to the public through the public summary of audit their difficulties (represented by the non-conformities) to meet the environmental requirements of FSC certification. The influence of the configuration of the audit was considered on the results obtained in the process, results these communicated to external parties. We collected secondary data from 95 public summaries carried out between 2010 and 2015, analyzed by the content analysis technique in order to identify the main thematic areas which non-conformities referred, and mapped a total of eleven thematic areas. Based on descriptive statistical analysis (Kruskal Wallis test and Chi square) sought to identify the relationship between the characteristics of the audits defined (Size of the audit team, Diversity in the training of staff, Audit time, Certifying company and Audit event) and thematic areas identified. The Compliance with labor legislation; Management plan; Quality of system monitoring; Communication and relationship with the public were the thematic areas with the highest number of non-conformities. It was found that, except for specific cases, there is no significant relationship between the characteristics of the audits and the disclosure of non-conformities. However, this does not mean that the way the audit happen not influence the quality of the results, as there are other factors such as the quality and truthfulness of non-compliances identified to be considered. Public reports represent a breakthrough in communication of socioenvironmental results obtained, converging with the need for transparency in the certification. However, is necessary to evolve in pursuit of disseminating results in a more clear and organized way and at the relation with the communities that surrounding enterprise

Cette thèse porte sur analyser la place de l'audit, plus particulièrement l'audit externe, dans l'évolution de gouvernance des organisations publiques à Djibouti qui a débuté depuis plus de quinze (15) ans. Il s'agit aussi d'apporter des éléments de réponse sur les formes d'audit qui sont associés à cette évolution de la gouvernance. Il s'agit ici d'une l'analyse des pratiques de contrôle externe relatives au secteur public djiboutien et plus particulièrement celles concernant les établissements publics, en s’appuyant sur un cadre théorique privilégiant les relations entre parties prenantes de la gouvernance de ces organisations.Pour ce faire, cette recherche se propose, après avoir proposer un cadre d'analyse de la gouvernance et des systèmes de contrôle externe dans lequel évoluent les établissements public djiboutien, de montrer la place essentiel de l’audit externe dans la gouvernance de ces établissements publics en tant que mécanisme de règlement des conflits d’intérêts entre les principaux acteurs de la vie publique. / This thesis analyzes the place of the audit, more particularly the external audit, in the evolution of governance of the public organizations in Djibouti which began for more than fifteen years. This study is also bringing answers on the forms of audit which are associated to this evolution of the governance.To do it, this search proposes, having proposed a frame of analysis of the governance and the systems of external control in which evolve the Djiboutian public institutions, to show the essential place of the external audit in the governance of these public institutions as mechanism of regulation of conflicts between the main actors of the public administration.

Introduktion Den interna revisorn antas ha bättre insyn i företaget än den externa. Enligt agentteori maximerar internrevisorn sin egen nytta, vilket ifrågasätter dennes oberoende. Dagens forskning är delad i två perspektiv där den interna revisionen och de externa revisionskostnaderna har ett positivt eller negativt samband. Den rådande trenden med ökad intern revision och kontroll i samband med den nya kontext som skapats genom de under 2000-talet införda regelverken motiverar och aktualiserar studien. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att förklara hur den interna revisionen påverkar kostnaden för den externa revisionen i svenska noterade bolag. Metod Studien har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi och en deduktiv forskningsansats. Genom dokumentstudier har data för svenska noterade företag samlats in och med hjälp av en regressionsmodell analyserats. Operationalisering har skett i enlighet med tidigare forskning och internrevisionens förekomst har mätts med en dummyvariabel. Slutsats Studiens resultat visar att internrevisionens förekomst har ett starkt signifikant positivt samband med kostnaden för den externa revisionen. Studien finner att företag med internrevision får högre revisionskostnader, men att de bakomliggande orsakerna kan vara krav på ökade kontroller. Tidigare forskning bekräftar resonemanget och att efterfrågan på ökad kontroll leder till ökade investeringar i både den interna och externa revisionen. Studiens resultat implicerar att internrevisionen används av företagsledningen för att signalera förtroende till ägarna. / Introduction The internal auditor is assumed to have a greater insight in the firm than the external auditor. Agency theory tells us that the internal auditor maximizes his own utility, which questions his independence. The current research is divided into two perspectives where the internal audit and the cost of the external audit has a positive or a negative relationship. The prevailing trend of increased internal audit and control together with the new context created in the 21th century with introduced regulations motivates and actualizes this study. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explain how the internal audit impacts the cost of the external audit in swedish listed firms. Method This study has a quantitative research strategy and a deductive research approach. Data from swedish listed firms has been collected through studies of documents and analyzed with a linear regression. Operationalization has been made in accordance with previous research and the presence of internal audit has been measured with a dummy variable. Conclusion The result of this study shows that the presence of internal audit has a strongly significant positive relationship with the cost of the external audit. The study finds that firms with internal audit increase their audit costs, but that underlying reasons might be demand for greater control. Previous research confirms the argument and that demand for greater control leads to greater investments in both internal and external audit. The result of this study implies that internal audit is used by management to signal trust to the shareholders.

These thesis focus on one of the most problematic fields of the governance of local authorities – the control system of local governments‘ and the most important figure in this system – the municipality controller‘s institution. This work aims to analyse the municipality controller‘s instituttion and to present an in depth and systematic analysis of it‘s legal regulation and institutional development, problems and topicalities, concerning the controller‘s practise and functions. Another aspect of this research - is to describe the international and the EU standards, related to the external and internal audit, and to give examples of the experience of other European countries in the field of the municipality control.

Αποτελεί κοινό τόπο η διαπίστωση ότι οι δημόσιες δαπάνες σε μια δημοκρατική κοινωνία, θα πρέπει να βασίζονται σε ένα αποτελεσματικό σύστημα δημοσιονομικής διαχείρισης και ελέγχου. Τα ανώτατα ελεγκτικά ιδρύματα (Supreme Audit Institutions-SAIs), επιφορτισμένα με τον εξωτερικό έλεγχο που ασκείται στους δημόσιους οργανισμούς κάθε χώρας, συμβάλλουν αποφασιστικά στην ποιότητα και την αποτελεσματικότητα της δημοσιονομικής διαχείρισης. Ειδικά στην Ελλάδα, η σημερινή οικονομική συγκυρία, καθιστά περισσότερο επιτακτική την ανάγκη για λογοδοσία των δημοσίων λειτουργών, διαφάνεια στην διάθεση του δημοσίου χρήματος και αναδιοργάνωση του συστήματος εξωτερικού ελέγχου σύμφωνα με τα πρότυπα και τις καλές πρακτικές που ακολουθούνται σε διεθνές επίπεδο. Παραδόξως όμως, σε ερευνητικό επίπεδο, δεν έχει δοθεί η ανάλογη βαρύτητα στο θέμα των ανώτατων ελεγκτικών ιδρυμάτων και γενικά η έρευνα στον τομέα της κυβερνητικής λογιστικής και του εξωτερικού δημοσιονομικού ελέγχου, παρουσιάζει μια πρόσφατη σχετικά ανάπτυξη. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, εστιάζει στο θέμα αυτό και ειδικά στη συμμόρφωση των δημόσιων οργανισμών προς τη δημοσιονομική νομοθεσία στην Ελλάδα, αναζητώντας κάποιους από τους παράγοντες που επιδρούν σε αυτή, προκειμένου να καταλήξει σε προτάσεις για την αναμόρφωση του συστήματος του εξωτερικού ελέγχου. Η έρευνα διενεργήθηκε με την στατιστική επεξεργασία των στοιχείων των Ετησίων Εκθέσεων του Ελεγκτικού Συνεδρίου των ετών 1998-2009, αλλά και με ανάλυση πρωτογενών δεδομένων, τα οποία συγκεντρώθηκαν με τη μέθοδο διανομής ερωτηματολογίων μεταξύ των δύο κύριων κατηγοριών των εμπλεκομένων στην ελεγκτική διαδικασία: των ελεγκτών και των ελεγχομένων φορέων, προκειμένου να αναδειχτούν διαφορετικές πτυχές του ίδιου θέματος. Περαιτέρω, η έρευνα εστιάζει και στον ελεγκτικό θεσμό της χώρας το Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο, Ανώτατο Δημοσιονομικό Δικαστήριο, εξέτάζοντάς το όμως, όχι από την πλευρά της νομικής επιστήμης, στο χώρο της οποίας είχε κατά κύριο λόγο αποτελέσει αντικείμενο έρευνας μέχρι σήμερα, αλλά υπό την οπτική γωνία μιας διαφορετικής επιστημονικής προσέγγισης: της επιστήμης της διοίκησης των επιχειρήσεων και των οργανισμών, τα εργαλεία της οποίας χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως τα τελευταία χρόνια για την ανάπτυξη και την «οικοδόμηση» ικανοτήτων των ανώτατων ελεγκτικών ιδρυμάτων σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. / It is a commonplace that public spending in a democratic society should be based on an effective system of financial management and control. Supreme audit institutions (SAIs), responsible for the external audit conducted in public institutions in each country, contribute to the quality and effectiveness of financial management. In Greece, the current economic crisis makes it more imperative for accountability of public servants, transparency in the disposal of public money and reorganizing the external audit system in accordance with the standards and best practices at the international level. Paradoxically, however, research, has not give due emphasis to the subject of supreme audit institutions and the general research field of governmental accounting and external financial control has a relatively recent development. This thesis focuses on this issue and especially in public institutions' compliance with budgetary laws and regulations in Greece, looking for some of the factors that affect it in order to come up with proposals for reform of the system of external control. The research was conducted with the statistical data of the Annual Reports of the Greek Court of Accounts for the years 1998-2009, as well as an analysis of primary data, which were collected by questionnaire distribution method between two major categories involved in the audit process: auditors and controlled entities, in order to emerge different aspects of the same topic. Further, research focuses on the Greek Court of Accounts, from the perspective a different approach: the science of business administration, the tools of which are widely used in recent years to develop and the "building" capacity of supreme audit institutions worldwide

The target of this diploma thesis is the application of the external audit on the financial statement of the concrete accounting unit according to applicable audit regulations. In the first theoretical part I deal with the definition of audit, its functions, further legislation of audit in the Czech Republic and the auditing process. Literature has been the source of information for me. In the second practical part I focus on selected company. For my thesis I have chosen DUDÁK ? Měšťanský pivovar Strakonice, a.s. Next I focused on own implementation of auditing in the organization. I carried out the audit of financial statements for year 2011. The result of my work is to refer to facts that I evaluate as positive.

Importantes mudanças foram implementadas por órgãos normatizadores do mercado de capitais, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, relativas às atividades de controle e fiscalização na elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis. A percepção da necessidade dessas mudanças decorreu, em grande parte, das fraudes corporativas que se utilizaram de instrumentos contábeis, revelados a partir da segunda metade da década de 1990 nos dois países. Nos Estados Unidos, mais precisamente, nos anos de 2001 e 2002. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar, comparativamente, as principais normas publicadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos entre 1998 e 2004, que buscaram o aprimoramento da governança corporativa através da estruturação de controles internos e de fiscalização sobre a elaboração e divulgação de demonstrações contábeis em setores empresariais regulamentados. As normas estudadas foram: a Lei Sarbanes-Oxley, sancionada nos Estados Unidos em 2002, as Resoluções 2554 e 3198 do Conselho Monetário Nacional - CMN, editadas em 1998 e 2004, respectivamente, a Resolução 118 de 2004 do Conselho Nacional de Seguros Privados - CNSP e as Circulares 249 e 280 de 2004 da Superintendência de Seguros Privados - SUSEP. Para a realização da análise comparativa foram coletadas opiniões, através da aplicação de questionário junto a participantes especialistas ativos das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas brasileiras, sobre a eficácia e suficiência das normas estudadas e foram levantados artigos acadêmicos, teses, dissertações e outros trabalhos que já tenham se proposto a analisar as referidas normas. As principais conclusões obtidas revelam que as normas estudadas são em geral eficazes e eficientes e abordaram aspectos importantes para a redução dos riscos de elaboração e divulgação de relatórios financeiros inadequados; que as medidas determinadas na Seção 404 da Lei Sarbanes-Oxley revelam pouca eficácia para a redução daqueles riscos e a custos muito elevados, principalmente para pequenas empresas; que, no Brasil, é necessário que os órgãos normatizadores das indústrias bancária, de seguros e das companhias abertas, bem como da profissão de contabilidade e auditoria desempenhem suas atividades de fiscalização e monitoramento de forma mais ampla e ativa. / Stock market regulatory agencies in Brazil and the United States have effected major changes in the control and inspection of the preparation and disclosure of financial statements. The need for these changes was made mostly evident when corporate frauds perpetrated using accounting tools started to be disclosed in the second half of the 1990s in both countries. In the United States more precisely in 2001 and 2002. The purpose of this thesis was to compare the main regulations enacted in Brazil and the United States between 1998 and 2004, which sought to improve corporate governance by structuring internal and inspection controls over the preparation and disclosure of financial statements in regulated industries. The following regulations were studied: Sarbanes-Oxley Act approved in the United States in 2002, Resolutions No. 2554 and 3198 passed by the National Monetary Council (CMN) in 1998 and 2004, respectively, Resolution No. 118 of 2004 of the National Council of Private Insurance (CNSP) and Circular Letters No. 249 and 280 issued by the Superintendence of Private Insurance (SUSEP) in 2004. For a comparative analysis, opinions were collected by sending out questionnaires to experts from the banking and insurance industries and Brazilian public companies on the effectiveness and sufficiency of the regulation studied. Also, academic papers, dissertations, theses and other works that analyzed those regulations were surveyed. The main conclusions show that the studied regulations are in general effective and efficient and address major issues involved in reducing the risks of preparing and disclosing inadequate financial statements; that the provisions set forth in Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act have little effectiveness in reducing those risks and the costs are very high, specially for small companies; that in Brazil regulatory agencies of the banking and insurance industries and public companies, as well accountants? and auditors? professional bodies, must perform their inspection and monitoring activities more actively and widely.

This dissertation explains principle of external and internal audit, their relation and differences between them. It focuses on specifics of internal audit in banking. Working of internal audit department is described in the end of the dissertation on the example of factual financial institution.

Thesis is focused on comparison of two very successful professions - external and internal audit. It brings shortly view on both professions. It discusses especially review of standards, ethics rules, audit tasks and conditions for admission to profession. Primarily is thesis concentrated on conditions in Czech Republic and on ISA, because audit in Czech Republic starts abide by the International auditor's standards. Fractional part of thesis is even focused on USA standards.