The process of aging causes the major changes in nervous tissue such as changes in the size of brain, architecture of glial cells and extracellular matrix. The size of brain is on the decrease as consequence of aging and there is a change of molecules as well as morphology at all levels. Extracellular space (ECS) is interstitium important especially in communication between cells mediated by diffusion. The limit of diffusion in extracellular space is given by size of ECS, which is discribed by volume fraction and tortuosity, that reflect amount of diffusion barriers. The changes of ECS diffusion parameters during aging were measured by real-time iontophoretic method in four parts of brain (cortex - Cx, hippocampus - Hp, inferior colliculus - IC and corpus trapezoideum - TB). Further, we studied influence of deficiency of Bral2 link protein at differences of ECS diffusion parameters and importance of Bral2 protein at aging and regulation mechanisms of cytotoxic brain edema. Our results show, that aging leads to decreasing of ECS volume v Cx and Hp, but it was not observed in IC and TB, where the intact perineuronal nets act like protecting shield against the degenerative disease induced by aging. However, small differences in composition of perineuronal nets, deficiency of Bral2 link protein, may...

Hyaluronan (HA) and its principal receptor CD44 are known to be involved in regulating tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. It is hypothesized that the CD44-HA interaction regulates proliferation and invasion of tumor cells in dependence on the molecular weight and the presentation form of HA. To address this hypothesis, we reconstituted 3D collagen (Coll I) matrices and functionalized them with HA of molecular weight of 30-50 kDa (low molecular weight; LMW-HA) and 500-750 kDa (high molecular weight; HMW-HA). A post-modification strategy was applied to covalently immobilize HA to reconstituted fibrillar Coll I matrices, resulting in a non-altered Coll I network microstructure and stable immobilization over days. Functionalized Coll I matrices were characterized regarding topological and mechanical characteristics as well as HA amount using confocal laser scanning microscopy, colloidal probe force spectroscopy and quantitative Alcian blue assay, respectively. To elucidate tumor cell behavior, BRO melanoma cell lines with and without CD44 receptor expression were used for in vitro cell experiments. We demonstrated that only soluble LMW-HA promoted cell proliferation in a CD44 dependent manner, while HMW-HA and immobilized LMW-HA did not. Furthermore, an enhanced cell invasion was found only for immobilized LMW-HA. Both findings correlated with a very strong and specific adhesive interaction of LMW-HA and CD44+ cells quantified in single cell adhesion measurements using soft colloidal force spectroscopy. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of presentation mode and molecular weight specificity in biomaterial studies on the impact of HA on cell behavior.

No description available.

Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (hESCC) is a very aggressive form of cancer due to its ability to easily metastasize into proximal lymph nodes and adjacent organs. The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its stromal cells in metastasis remains unclear. To better understand the effect of the ECM and fibroblast cells on esophagus cancer cell migration and invasion, we propose a biomimetic human esophagus model cultured with hESCC and human primary fibroblast cells (fibroblast). To mimic the extracellular matrix of human esophagus we use decellularized porcine esophagus matrix (DEM) to culture with hESCC and fibroblasts in static conditions. This DEM can recapitulate the human esophagus tumor microenvironment with relevant cues. This model will provide valuable information regarding esophagus cancer cell migration with respect to the heterogeneous extracellular matrix and stromal fibroblast cells. We expect to discover the mechanisms by which extracellular matrix and stromal cells affect cancer migration and invasion in vitro. Characterizing this process will provide vital insight towards the effects of fibroblasts cells on facilitating migration and invasion of esophageal cancer cells. This esophagus cancer model also provides promising potential to study drug screening and develop new strategies against esophagus metastasis. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

No description available.

The corneal wound healing process is a complex process, which often leads to the development of scar tissue with loss of transparency. When the cornea is wounded, some of the viable keratocytes are activated by growth factors to proliferate, and repair the wound by the production of a new extracellular matrix (ECM) that is either normal or is disorganized (fibrotic). The first part of this dissertation aims to show that the growth factors IGF-I, TGF-ß, FGF-2, and PDGF stimulate keratocytes to synthesize different levels of collagens and proteoglycans and are therefore responsible for initiating the wound healing repair process. FGF-2 stimulated keratocytes to proliferate but did not stimulate collagen production; IGF-I and PDGF stimulated keratocytes to proliferate and produce a collagenous ECM that could restore transparency; while, TGF-ß stimulated keratocytes produce a fibrocollagenous ECM that is opaque. The second part of this dissertation aims to evaluate collagen fibril content, distribution, and orientation in the ECM deposited by keratocytes cultured in IGF-I, TGF-ß, FGF-2, and PDGF under a layer of agarose: a culture modification that enhances the formation of ECM in vitro. FGF-2 agarose cultures had little ECM and the keratocytes were in close cell contact while IGF-I, TGF-ß, and PDGF agarose cultures had the least cell contact with an extensive fibrillar ECM. This newly developed agarose overlay cell culture system increases ECM formation with the cell layer only when the synthesis of collagen is stimulated and that the ECM morphology is growth factor specific. Cell culture has proven to be a reliable technique to study the keratocytes response to trauma and disease; however, limitations exist. Primary keratocytes that possess quiescent phenotype are unable to be rapidly expanded or subcultured without the addition of a mitogen(s). Most commonly, keratocytes are cultured and passaged in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), which activate the cells to proliferate and differentiate into fibroblasts or myofibroblasts as well as lose expression of their unique transparency enabling gene products. The third part of this dissertation aims to develop a defined culture media that can be used to expand and subculture keratocytes that express keratocyte specific markers. Culture medium supplemented with FGF-2 combined with ITS was used to: expand and subculture primary bovine keratocytes while maintaining their expression of keratocan and to restore keratocan expression to bovine keratocytes expanded and subcultured with media containing 2.5% FBS. This dissertation shows the significance of signaling molecules in vitro to produce keratocyte cultures useful for understanding normal stromal biology and its repair process.

La phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110δ (PI3Kδ) est principalement exprimée dans les cellules hématopoïétiques et son inhibiteur, l'idélalisib est approuvé pour le traitement de la leucémie et du lymphome. Cependant, la fonction de cette isoforme dans les cellules non hématopoïétiques reste insaisissable. Dans cette étude, nous rapportons que la formation des canalicules biliaires est dépendante de l’activité de la PI3Kδ lors de la culture en 3D de cellules de carcinome hépatocellulaire. Une étude in-vitro reposant sur la différenciation de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines en hépatocytes révèle que la PI3Kδ est enrichie dans les cellules souches et que son expression diminue au fur et à mesure que les cellules se différencient. Lorsqu’elle est surexprimée, la PI3Kδ reprogramme ces cellules en cellules ressemblant à des cellules souches formant des rosettes polarisées et perdant des marqueurs d’hépatocytes pour acquérir des traits de cholangiocytes. Dans le foie murin, la réexpression de la PI3Kδ entraine des modifications de la morphologie de cellules jouxtant la veine porte, ainsi que l’augmentation de l’expression du gène codant pour EpCAM. Cette reprogrammation dépendante de la PI3Kδ est associée à l'activation de la voie de Notch et requiert l'activation de la protéine Src. Enfin, la PI3Kδ est exprimée dans les lignées cellulaires dérivées d’hépatoblastome humain et le traitement des souris par l’idélalisib diminue la taille des tumeurs formées par les PDX d’hépatoblastome. La PI3Kδ représente donc une cible thérapeutique prometteuse dans ce cancer pédiatrique avec des caractéristiques de cellules souches. / The phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110δ (PI3Kδ) is primarily expressed in the hematopoietic cells and its inhibitor, Idelalisib, is approved for leukemia and lymphoma treatments. Nevertheless, the function of PI3Kδ in the non-hematopoietic cells is still elusive. Here we report that the formation of bile canaliculi is dependent on the PI3Kδ activity using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells grown in a 3D culture. In-vitro study based on hepatocytes differentiation from human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) highlights that PI3Kδ is enriched in hESC and increasingly reduces over time while cells are differentiating. When PI3Kδ is overexpressed, it reprograms those cells into stem-like cells forming polarized rosette structures and losing hepatocyte markers to gain cholangiocyte characteristics. These changes were observed in mice liver overexpressing PI3Kδ. The aforementioned reprogramming, dependent on PI3Kδ, is associated with the Notch pathway activation and requires the Src protein activation. Finally,PI3Kδ is expressed in hepatoblastoma cell lines and idelalisib efficiently reduces tumor size formed by patient derived xenograft (PDX). Therefore, PI3Kδ represents a promising therapeutic target for this pediatric cancer with stem cell features.

La physiopathologie de l’anévrysme de l’aorte abdominale (AAA) est complexe. Elle implique notamment des facteurs hémodynamiques, une protéolyse matricielle, un stress oxydatif et une réaction immune. Des modèles expérimentaux ont été mis au point pour explorer les mécanismes impliqués dans la genèse et la croissance des AAAs. Dans ce travail, nous explorons le rôle de ces modèles dans la compréhension du remodelage vasculaire des AAAs. Dans une première partie, une revue de la littérature sur les modèles expérimentaux d’AAA est menée. Dans une seconde partie, nous explorons l’origine et le rôle des calcifications des AAAs expérimentaux. Dans une troisième partie, le modèle de xénogreffe aortique décellularisée est utilisé pour étudier le rôle de l’immunité adaptative dans la rupture. Notre revue identifie les principaux modèles d’AAA. Leur limite majeure est la survenue d’une cicatrisation empêchant l’évolution vers la rupture. Notre exploration des calcifications anévrysmales retrouve une co-localisation des calcifications avec de l’ADN libre et un modèle expérimental démontre la capacité de l’ADN libre à induire des calcifications. La croissance anévrysmale est toutefois ralentie par les calcifications. Notre étude sur le modèle de xénogreffe décellularisée retrouve la possibilité d’induire une rupture lorsqu’une pré-sensibilisation contre la matrice extracellulaire est réalisée. Les glycoprotéines de structure et les protéoglycanes semblent être les composants matriciels en cause dans ces ruptures. Les modèles expérimentaux constituent des outils majeurs pour l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans le remodelage vasculaire des AAAs. / Pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is complex. It mainly involves hemodynamics, matrix proteolysis, oxidative stress and an immune reaction. Several experimental models have been described to explore mechanisms involved in this disease. In the present work, we explore the role of experimental models in AAA vascular remodeling. First, a literature review regarding experimental models of AAA is performed. Second, we explore the origin and the role of calcifications observed in experimental models. Third, the decellularized xenograft model is used to study the role of adaptive immunity in triggering rupture. Our review identifies main AAA models. Their major limit is aortic healing, preventing evolution toward rupture. We find that AAA calcifications co-localized with free DNA and that free DNA could induce calcifications experimentally. However, AAA growth is decreased by calcifications. The decellularized xenograft model can evolve toward rupture when pre-sensitization against the extracellular matrix is performed. Structural glycoproteins and proteoglycans seems to be the main matrix component involved in these ruptures. Experimental AAA models are major tools to study mechanisms involved in vascular remodeling.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19396号 / 医博第4047号 / 新制||医||1012(附属図書館) / 32421 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 野田 亮, 教授 萩原 正敏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21159号 / 農博第2285号 / 新制||農||1060(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5133(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 植田 和光, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 矢﨑 一史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM