Thesis (M.A. in education)--Washington State University. / Includes bibliographical references.

To determine whether extreme endurance exercise induces lipid peroxidation, we studied 14 athletes (5 females: 9 males) during a 50 km ultramarathon (trial 1) and during a sedentary protocol (trial 2) one month later. At dinner the evening before the race (or sedentary trial), subjects consumed vitamin E labeled with stable isotopes (75 mg each d₃-RRR and d₆-all rac-α-tocopheryl acetates). Blood samples were taken at baseline, 30 minutes pre-race, mid-race, post-race, 1 h post-race, 24 h post-race, and at corresponding times for each individual during trial 2. During the sedentary day of trial 2, subjects consumed the same amounts of race day foods, including ergogenic aids, that they had consumed in trial 1; vitamin E intakes were 77 ± 40 mg, and vitamin C 406 ± 169 mg. All 14 subjects completed the race; average time to completion was 390 ± 67 minutes. Plasma F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-I), labeled and unlabeled α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid (AA) were measured. F₂-I increased from 76 ± 24 pg/ml pg/ml at pre-race to 117.4 ± 38.0 pg/ml (p<0.0008) at mid-race to 130 ± 54 pg/ml (p<0.0001) at post-race, then returned to baseline at 24 hours post-race; F₂-I were unchanged during trial 2. Deuterated d₃ α-tocopheryl (d₃ α-Toc) disappearance rates were faster (2.8x10⁻⁴ ± 0.5x10⁻⁴) during the race compared to the sedentary trial (2.3x10⁻⁴ ± 0.6x10⁻⁴; p < 0.03). Plasma AA increased from 75.2 ± 11.2 μM at pre-race to 157.7 ± 36.2 μM at race end (p<0.0001) and decreased to below baseline concentrations at 24 h post-race (40.4 ± 5.2 μM p<0.0001). AA levels also increased during trial 2. Despite increased plasma AA, F2-I increased during exercise, but not during the sedentary period. Additionally, vitamin E disappeared faster during the run compared to the sedentary protocol. Thus, extreme endurance exercise results in the generation of lipid peroxidation and increased vitamin E utilization. / Graduation date: 2001

Marketing in social media has been studied extensively in recent years, but not specifically for extreme-sport oriented companies. Even though most of the extreme-oriented companies are using social media for marketing, only a few pay special attention to its risks and possibilities. The purpose of this study is to identify extreme-sport oriented companies' practices to use social media as a marketing tool. I interviewed eight extreme- oriented companies and athletes. In addition to interviews, I also performed a four weeks observation in social media, mostly in Facebook and Twitter, and made notions about companies' practices in using social media for marketing. Almost all interviewed companies (88 %) were using social media. They usually posted updates about once a week and did not have a marketing strategy. However, it is possible that larger companies, which were not directly interviewed in this study, have a clear strategy for marketing in social media. Interviewed companies used social media in an improvised and unplanned manner. However, through trial and error, extreme-sport oriented companies have found their way to use social media effectively. Writing posts in social media about new products, upcoming events, offers, extreme-sport pictures or films and up-to-date information about the company seemed to be a good way to use social media for marketing. Most of the extreme-sport oriented companies can find social media a very useful marketing tool, but only if they have resources and time to invest to be active on social media.

The purpose was to describe the physiological response and nutritional consumption of one athlete competing in the RAAM. The 1999 RAAM covered 4727 kilometers from Irvine, CA. to Savannah, GA. The subject was a 36 year-old male elite triathlete with 12 years of training experience. VO2max was 4.32 L/min. Prior to RAAM, cycling economy was measured at 100 and 150 watts. During RAAM, the following measurements were continuously recorded: heart rate, power output, nutritional intake, and body mass. Power output was recorded using a hub dynamometer (4 strain gauges, PowerTap). The subject completed RAAM in 10.1 days and spent 18.6 h/day cycling. Mean cycling values for power output, mechanical energy and heart rate were: 97 watts, 6676 kjoules and 99 b/min. Daily cycling energy expenditure was 7,946 +/- 1435 kcal/day. Energy intake averaged 6,812 +/- 914 kcal/day with 67% CHO, 24% fat, and 9% protein. Body mass decreased by 2.5 kg and percent fat decreased from 9.2% to 7.1%.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: p. 319-354.

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Extreme sport participation has traditionally been conceptualized as a psychological disorder and something to be avoided (Cashmore, 2002). Viewed in this way, these individuals are thought to be enacting an unhealthy psychology (Ogilvie, 1997; Slanger & Rudestam, 1997). Other research has described participants in extreme sports as sensation seekers under-stimulated by their normal surroundings and out of control (Zuckerman, 1979). Using Brymer's (2005) focused definition of extreme sports, "activities where a mismanaged mistake or accident would most likely result in death, as opposed to injury" (p. 5), this study utilized a phenomenological method to analyze semi-structured interviews with 16 free-solo climbers (n =16). The participants described their motivations in terms of overwhelming enjoyment, heightened focus, and personal progress. These results support more recent research describing extreme sport experiences as opportunities for positive transformation with outcomes including gains in courage, humility, eco-centrism, and emotional engagement (Brymer, 2009; Willig, 2008). These findings challenge the traditional, stereotypical notions of extreme sports participants as young and male (Wheaton & Beal, 2003), sensation-seeking (Zuckerman, 1979), and psychologically unwell (Ogilvie, 1997; Slanger & Rudestam, 1997). Answering Brymer's (2005) call to investigate all extreme sports individually, this study focused on the specific extreme sport of free-solo climbing and found the experience of the free-solo climber is a powerful undertaking enjoyed by young, old, male, and female.

In the past two decades, the popularity of Extreme Sport (X-Sport) has rapidly increased in Hong Kong. “Exploration of Excitement” would be the main reason why teenagers and young adults would like to play X-Sport. Unlike other sports, X-Sport does not require any rules, restrictions or physical requirements for its players, which provides more freedom and creativity. However, the general public does not agree with this particular interest group due to their misunderstanding with limited knowledge of the X-Sport. Also, there are only few existing X-Sport park and related facilities in Hong Kong and most of them are located at unwanted spaces with poor environmental and facilities qualities, which leads X-Sport player would play at local parks and unused space in their neighbourhood. Damages on landscape feature are normally appeared in these local parks recreational spaces. Due to the lack of societal supports and deficiencies in government, there are only six existing X-Sport park in Hong Kong, where they are all inaccessible and far apart. This thesis aims to promote X-Sport by using an X-Sport park as a median to integrate both young and old generations in physical and social aspects, not just exists as a functional space for X-Sport players. A roundabout site, Chai Wan Roundabout Garden, in major transport interchange in Hong Kong Island is selected for the development of this concept. Three stages design process has been incorporated. The first design stage has developed based on the primary site-observation and comprehensive site analysis. The second design stage is to conduct a special study of a landscape technique with both local and international case studies. The third design stage is to combine both first and second stages development and formulate the final design solution. Comments from first and second juries has been addressed and amended accordingly. / published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

Snowboard media producers attempt to create subculturally relevant videos that connect with the audience. Videos provide the opportunity to report and document snowboarding activity, highlight new developments and provide visibility to prominent participants and associated businesses. Being a well-known and esteemed snowboarding participant is advantageous to being a producer, as it provides an identifiable cultural capital and implies a trustworthy ‘by-riders-for-riders’ philosophy. Connecting with the viewers is vital, as the audience plays a role in the distribution of videos by sharing and endorsing them through their social networks. Motivating factors in audience media sharing, also known as media spreading, include status seeking, improving credibility, personal satisfaction and personal expression. Snowboarding was founded on anti-mainstream and anti-commercialism beliefs, which means that incorporating advertising and promotional messaging could negatively impact on audience connection. Yet, filming and producing snowboarding videos is difficult and expensive. Advertising represents an opportunity to attract funding and support to assist with production costs and, ultimately, provide profit. In order to accommodate advertising into their videos, producers are sometimes required to compromise their standards. This compromise represents a threat to audience connection. Producers believe that high quality, innovative snowboarding action footage provides the best opportunity to wow the audience. Various forms of advertising, including stealth marketing, sponsored journalism, and hybrid messaging, are often displayed in the moments between action footage shots, but advertising compromise can also affect action footage, particularly on client-funded projects. How advertising is incorporated can also depend on the industry the advertiser operates in. Alcohol brand advertising is identified as highly restrictive due to legal implications and public perceptions. Advertisers from businesses strongly related to the snowboarding subculture are more aware of their competitors’ presence in videos, which can cause conflict. Ski field support can be varied, despite high levels of visibility in the videos.

The purpose of this study was to discover what impact, if any, personal social networks have on an individual’s snowboarding skill progression, and whether any differences emerge based on gender, class, race, or age. Interviews with 10 demographically diverse snowboarders in Washington State, USA, were conducted and analyzed. The study revealed that personal social networks are highly important to snowboarding skill progression, with nine progression benefits noted. It was also found that the type of relationship was important, with the roles of gatekeepers, “godfathers,” and crews as the most critical for progression. Lastly, respondents indicated a variety of methods to access social networks, including social media, events, organizations, industry employment and through existing social networks. To further analyze the findings, an intersectional feminist reading of Castells networking theory was applied, with investigations into gender, race, class, and age patterns. The analysis revealed two overlapping values systems, one based on snowboarding ability and commitment, and one based on alignment of demographics with those who are most valued in the snowboarding world--mainly young, white, middle class men. The research closes with potential solution ideas to improve equitability and inclusion, which can be applied from the grassroots level to large-scale implementation.