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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第23642号 / 教博第270号 / 新制||教||208(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育学環専攻 / (主査)准教授 野村 理朗, 教授 楠見 孝, 教授 齊藤 智 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Use of liquid administration paradigms in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has rapidly increased and expanded. Despite rapid expansion, there are no studies examining the methods setup of this paradigm. The present study aims to address basic questions about the methodology of liquid administration paradigms using a series of three experiments. These questions include whether using timing files generated by the study computer accurately represent the time of taste receipt, whether variation in methods setup meaningfully impacts time of taste receipt, and whether inaccurate receipt time impacts first-level analysis of fMRI data. Experiment 1 used an equipment setup simulating the running of an fMRI study with three taste stimuli; tasteless solution, chocolate milkshake, and chocolate milk. For each taste stimulus, we captured and compared the times of administration recorded by the study computer and the time of receipt captured using two measurement systems. Experiment 2 used a similar setup with only one taste stimulus: chocolate milkshake. Using high-definition video, we captured the time elapsed as the taste stimulus passed through the tubing at three infusion speeds and varying temperatures. In Experiment 3, we used the fMRI data from a previous study, in which five participants were administered chocolate milkshake to demonstrate how the lag times captured in Experiment 1 affect first-level fMRI data analyses. There were significant differences in time of administration recorded by the computer and time of receipt, demonstrating the existence of a lag time. This lag time was greatest for chocolate milkshake. Semiautomatic pump speed also was significantly associated with lag time. Temperature and length of tubing were not significantly related to lag time. Additionally, our fMRI analyses show that the variation in the methods setup have a meaningful impact on first-level fMRI analyses. When using the computer-generated time that was not corrected for lag time, increased neural activity in response to the chocolate milkshake taste was shown in three out of the five participants. When correcting using the lag time, increased neural activity in response to chocolate milkshake taste was found in all five participants. Overall, this study demonstrates a “proof of concept” that the practice of estimating liquid administration times from computer-generated files may not be accurate, that variation in methods setup may affect the timing in this paradigm, and that these differences in timing introduce variation in the fMRI data of individual participants. / Psychology

Extensive research has supported the existence of a specialized face-processing network that is distinct from the visual processing areas used for general object recognition. The majority of this work has been aimed at characterizing the response properties of the fusiform face area (FFA) and the occipital face area (OFA), which together are thought to constitute the core network of brain areas responsible for facial identification. Although accruing evidence has shown that face-selective patches in the ventral anterior temporal lobes (vATLs), within perirhinal cortex, play a necessary role in facial identification, the relative contribution of these brain areas to the core face-processing network has remained unarticulated. The current study assessed the relative sensitivity of the anterior face patch, the OFA, and the FFA, to different aspects of person information. Participants learned to associate a name and occupation label, or a name only, with different facial identities. The sensitivity of the face processing areas to facial identity, occupation, and the amount of information associated with a face was then assessed. The results of a multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) revealed that distributed activity patterns in the anterior face patch contained information about facial identity, occupation, and the amount of information associated with a face, with the sensitivity of the anterior face patch to occupation and amount of information being greater than the more posterior face processing regions. When a similar analysis was conducted that included all voxels in the perirhinal cortex, sensitivity to every aspect of person information increased. These results suggest that the human ventral anterior temporal lobes may be critically involved in representing social, categorical, information about individual identities. / Psychology

Introduction: Women with bipolar disorder (BD) have higher rates of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The primary goal of this thesis was to examine the neural correlates of bipolar disorder and comorbid PMDD and identify changes in brain structure or function that may mediate emotional and cognitive dysregulation in the late luteal phase. Results: In healthy women with no history of PMDD, absolute levels of estradiol, progesterone, allopregnanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were correlated with patterns of functional coupling in multiple regions associated with emotional and cognitive processes, in the mid-follicular and late luteal menstrual phases. A systematic review of the literature on resting state functional connectivity (Rs-FC) in BD during euthymia highlighted consistent patterns of resting state functional connectivity (Rs-FC) using ICA and SBA; including stability of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and fronto-parietal network (FPN) relative to controls. Available literature largely failed to control for sex, menstrual cycle phase or menstrual cycle disorders. Thus, we conducted the first fMRI studies to control for menstrual cycle phase in BD. During the mid-follicular phase, we found increased Rs-FC between critical nodes of the default mode and frontoparietal networks in BD compared to controls and increased functional connectivity between the somatosensory cortex and the insular cortex, inferior prefrontal gyrus and frontal orbital cortex in BD compared to controls. Voxel based morphometry analysis showed decreased gray matter in the somatosensory cortex in the same population compared to controls. Finally, women with BD and co-morbid PMDD displayed different patterns of Rs-FC using the right and left hippocampi as seed regions than women with BD without comorbid PMDD and controls with PMDD. Differences in cortical thickness between controls with and without PMDD and with and without BD were also found in regions central to emotional regulation and cognitive processing. Conclusions: Results highlight the influence of sex hormones on Rs-FC and support the need to control for menstrual phase and PMDD diagnosis. Differences in structural and functional connectivity, and the clinical profile of women with BD and those with BD and co-morbid PMDD highlights the impact of PMDD on BD and the need for future research in this area. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Communication is the exchange of thoughts and ideas from one person to another, often through the form of narratives. People communicate using speech, gesture, and drawing, or some multimodal combination of the three. Although there has been much research on how we understand and produce speech and pantomimes, there is relatively little on drawing, and even less on cross-modal communication. This dissertation presents novel empirical findings that contribute to a better understanding of the brain areas that mediate narrative communication across speech, pantomime, and drawing. Since the neuroscience of drawing was so understudied, I first used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the existence of a basic drawing network in the human brain (Chapter 2). The drawing network was shown to contain three visual-motion areas that process the emanation of the visual image as drawing occurs. Next, to follow up on the poorly-characterized structural connectivity of these areas in the human dorsal visual stream, I used diffusion imaging to explore how these dorsal stream areas are connected (Chapter 3). The tractography results showed structural connectivity for two of the three predicted branches connecting the three visual-motion areas. Finally, I used fMRI to investigate how the basic drawing network is recruited during the more complex task of narrative drawing, and to find common brain areas among narrative speech, pantomime, and drawing (Chapter 4). Results suggest that people approached narratives in an intrinsically mentalistic fashion in terms of the protagonist, rather than as a mere description of action sequences. Together, these studies advance our understanding of the brain areas that comprise a basic drawing network, how these brain areas are interconnected, and how we communicate stories across three modalities of production. I conclude with a general discussion of my findings (Chapter 5). / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

While dreaming, one lacks the understanding that what is experienced is self-generated hallucinatory contents of consciousness. However, during dreaming there is a rare state called lucid dreaming. The minimal requirement for a dream to be considered lucid is that one is self-aware that one is currently sleeping. If self-awareness is the minimal criterion for lucid dreaming, that would entail the activation of those brain areas and networks typically related to self-referential processing. Further, lucid dreaming often entails the ability to exert volition over dream content. This thesis is a systematic review of the neural correlates of lucid dreaming and investigates the potential overlap of the neural correlates of lucid dreaming and volition. Only peer-reviewed original empirical articles that used healthy adults as participants were included. Thus, five studies were found. Two of the studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), two used electroencephalography (EEG), and one used both EEG and fMRI. This thesis found that the precuneus and left parietal lobe, which are brain areas related to self-referential processing, have increased activity during lucid dreaming compared to non-lucid dreaming. Also, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has increased functional connectivity in people who are more likely to experience lucid dreaming. DLPFC has been associated with metacognitive functions, which includes volition.There also seems to be an overlap in brain regions activated in volition compared to lucid dreaming; these areas include the parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, and anteriorprefrontal cortex.

Learning the count list (one, two, three, …) is a critical stepping-stone for the acquisition of number concepts. Most research about counting, however, is done in the behavioral domain, and little is known about the neural representations underlying counting sequences. Here, we test the hypothesis that transitional knowledge within a counting sequence exist both at sensory and conceptual (ordinal and magnitude) levels. To test this hypothesis, we employed a passive-listening violation-to-expectation fMRI paradigm where adult participants heard auditory count sequences that were correct (4 5 6 7) or violated at the end (4 5 6 8; consecutiveness) and, orthogonally, that were ordered or unordered (orderedness). Another orthogonal dimension was the manipulation of sensory sequence violation where the voice speaking the numbers was consistent throughout the trial or could change on the last number (voice identity). This 2x2x2 factorial design was analyzed using univariate and multivariate pattern analyses. Three clusters in the right fronto-parietal network (BA44, BA46, and IPS) showed greater neural response to violations to orderedness. Of the three clusters, the anterior IFG (BA46) demonstrated the encoding of consecutiveness. Interestingly, the bilateral STG, which showed a robust effect to violations in voice identity, also demonstrated the encoding of consecutiveness. These results indicate that a right-lateralized fronto-parietal network activity can differentiate between a count list and random numbers, while BA46 and bilateral STG respond specifically to violations of the count sequence, suggesting specific mechanisms in the brain for processing consecutive numbers in both the perceptual and cognitive levels.