Proceedings from the Fab 9 Research Stream 9th International Fablab Conference, 21-27 July 2013, Yokohama. / Since 2007, Latin America has incorporated a set of emerging techniques promoted under three initiatives: a) from the experience of Master and Doctoral students who return to their home countries and promote their experience, b) from the external academic experience that goes towards the region, and c) from self-learning. These experiences are developed in an academic area, unlike Europe or the U.S., where they were promoted from and to professional practice, with varying degrees of implementation and effect. Generally speaking, the academic programs of the region lack a policy of inclusion of systematized emerging technologies, and that produces a slow uptake, especially in architecture. On one hand, if educational policies are not stable, equipment investment cannot be stable, and on the other hand, the generation gap between those who promote and those who accept blends into disruption and status quo. Each implementation in the region produces adverse and complex patterns, replicating existing models and seeking alliances with institutions in developed countries. Thus, there are self-help groups, while others incorporate academic, technical and/or commercial supervisions, in principle through the Center for Bits and Atoms (MIT Fab Lab) and McNeel Associates (Rhino Fab Lab). In this research, we evidence evolution and implementation processes in Latin America of the three types of initiatives, analyzing the case study in Peru, which together open up the possibility of moving from a phase of experimentation, trial and error to another that actually promotes local innovation and inclusion.

The LSST M1/M3 combines an 8.4 m primary mirror and a 5.1 m tertiary mirror on one glass substrate. The combined mirror was completed at the Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab at the University of Arizona in October 2014. Interferometric measurements show that both mirrors have surface accuracy better than 20 nm rms over their clear apertures, in near-simultaneous tests, and that both mirrors meet their stringent structure function specifications. Acceptance tests showed that the radii of curvature, conic constants, and alignment of the 2 optical axes are within the specified tolerances. The mirror figures are obtained by combining the lab measurements with a model of the telescope's active optics system that uses the 156 support actuators to bend the glass substrate. This correction affects both mirror surfaces simultaneously. We showed that both mirrors have excellent figures and meet their specifications with a single bending of the substrate and correction forces that are well within the allowed magnitude. The interferometers do not resolve some small surface features with high slope errors. We used a new instrument based on deflectometry to measure many of these features with sub-millimeter spatial resolution, and nanometer accuracy for small features, over 12.5 cm apertures. Mirror Lab and LSST staff created synthetic models of both mirrors by combining the interferometric maps and the small high-resolution maps, and used these to show the impact of the small features on images is acceptably small.

Modern large telescopes such as TAO, LSST, TMT and EELT require 0.9m-4m monolithic convex secondary mirrors. The fabrication and testing of these large convex secondary mirrors of astronomical telescopes is getting challenging as the aperture of the mirror is getting bigger. The biggest challenge to fabricate these large convex aspheric mirrors is to measure the surface figure to a few nanometers, while maintaining the testing and fabrication cycle to be efficient to minimize the downtime. For the last a couple of decades there was huge advancement in the metrology and fabrication of large aspheric secondary mirrors. College of Optical Sciences in the University Arizona developed a full fabrication and metrology process with extremely high accuracy and efficiency for manufacturing the large convex secondary mirrors. In this paper modern metrology systems including Swing-Arm Optical Coordinate Measuring System (SOCMM) which is comparable to Interferometry and a Sub-aperture stitching interferometry scalable to a several meters have been presented. Also a Computer Controlled Fabrication Process which produces extremely fine surface figure and finish has been demonstrated. These most recent development has been applied to the fabrication and testing of 0.9m aspheric convex secondary mirror for the Tokyo Atacama Observatory's 6.5m telescope and the result has been presented.

Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (formerly known as Advanced Technology Solar Telescope) will be the largest optical solar telescope ever built to provide greatly improved image, spatial and spectral resolution and to collect sufficient light flux of Sun. To meet the requirements of the telescope the design adopted a 4m aperture off-axis parabolic primary mirror with challenging specifications of the surface quality including the surface figure, irregularity and BRDF. The mirror has been completed at the College of Optical Sciences in the University of Arizona and it meets every aspect of requirement with margin. In fact this mirror may be the smoothest large mirror ever made. This paper presents the detail fabrication process and metrology applied to the mirror from the grinding to finish, that include extremely stable hydraulic support, IR and Visible deflectometry, Interferometry and Computer Controlled fabrication process developed at the University of Arizona.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Bret N. Flanders / Directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) is a method for fabricating nano-structured materials via electrochemical dendritic solidification. This thesis presents two new applications of nano-structured materials that are fabricated via the DENA methodology: cellular force sensors to probe adhesive sites on living cells and single-crystalline metallic dendrites as surface coating materials. Fast migrating cells like D. discoideum, leukocytes, and breast cancer cells migrate by attachment and detachment of discrete adhesive contacts, known as actin foci, to the substrate where the cell transmits traction forces. Despite their importance in migration, the physics by which actin foci bind and release substrates is poorly understood. This gap is largely due to the compositional complexity of actin foci in living cells and to a lack of technique for directly probing these sub-cellular structures. Recent theoretical work predicts these adhesive structures to depend on the density of adhesion receptors in the contact sites, the receptor-substrate potential, and cell-medium surface tension. This thesis describes the fabrication of sub-microscopic force sensors composed of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) fibers that can interface directly with sub-cellular targets such as actin foci. The spring constants of these fibers are in the range of 0.07-430 nN m-1. These fibers were used to characterize the strength and lifetime of adhesion between the single adhesive contacts of D. discoideum cells and the fibers, finding an average force of 3.1 ± 2.7 nN and lifetime of 23.4 ± 18.5 s. This capability is significant because direct measurement of these properties will be necessary to measure the cell-medium surface tension and to characterize the receptor-substrate potential in the next (future) stage of this project. The fabrication of smart materials that are capable of the high dynamic range structural reconfiguration would lead to their use to confer hydrophobic, lipophobic, and anti-corrosive character to substrates in a regenerative manner. As a step towards this goal, we have extended the DENA method to enable repetitive growth and dissolution of metallic dendrites to substrates. The experimental parameters that control this process are the frequency and duty cycle of the alternating voltage signal that initiates the dendritic growth.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a fabricação de fotodetetores do tipo Metal-Semicondutor-Metal (MSM) com corrente de escuro da ordem de 1 nA, responsividade da ordem de 0,1 A/W e razão fotocorrente/corrente de escuro de pelo menos 10. Estes valores asseguram que os fotodetetores obtidos tenham sensibilidade suficiente para serem utilizados em sensores ópticos integrados. Todos os materiais utilizados na construção dos fotodetetores MSM são compatíveis com processos convencionais de fabricação em microeletrônica, facilitando a integração com outros dispositivos em estado sólido. O semicondutor utilizado nos fotodetetores foi o silício, na forma monocristalina ou policristalina. Como material de eletrodo, foi utilizado o alumínio, o titânio ou o níquel. No processo de fabricação básico, foram utilizados apenas três etapas: deposição do filme metálico, fotolitografia e corrosão, confirmando a simplicidade de fabricação desse fotodetetor. Através da construção de dispositivos com diferentes geometrias e diferentes combinações dos materiais citados acima, foi possível verificar a influência que a estrutura cristalina do semicondutor, tipo de dopagem do semicondutor, geometria e material de eletrodo tem sobre o desempenho e o comportamento dos MSMs. O comprimento de onda de 632,8 nm foi utilizado na caracterização dos dispositivos, devido a sua disponibilidade e o desenvolvimento de guias ópticos utilizando esse comprimento de onda em trabalhos anteriores do nosso grupo de pesquisa. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram com as amostras de Si monocristalino tipo-p com eletrodos de titânio. Na amostra sinterizada à 250°C foi obtido um valor da corrente de escuro de 4,8 nA e, na amostra de referência, foi obtido um valor de responsividade de 0,28 A/W. / The goal of this work was the fabrication of Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) photodetectors with the following characteristics: dark current of about 1 nA, responsivity of about 0.1 A/W and dark/photocurrent ratio of at least 10. These values ensure that the photodetectors have enough sensitivity to be used in integrated optic sensors. All materials used in the fabrication of the MSM are compatible with conventional microelectronic manufacture process, so that the photodetectors can be more easily integrated with other solid-state devices. The semiconductor used in the photodetectors was silicon, in single crystal and polycrystalline form. As material of electrodes, aluminum, titanium or nickel had been used. The basic fabrication process consists of only three steps: metal film deposition, photolithography and etching, which confirm the simplicity of the fabrication of this device. Building MSMs with different geometries and making combinations with the materials cited above, gave the possibility to verify the influence that crystalline structure of the semiconductor, doping type of the semiconductor, geometry and electrode material have on the behavior of the photodetectors. The wavelength of 632.8 nm was used in the characterization of the devices, due to its availability and the development of optic waveguides using this wavelength in previous works of our research group. The best results were obtained with the samples fabricated using single crystal Si p-type with titanium electrodes. The sample annealed at 250°C had dark current value of 4.8 nA and, the reference sample had responsivity of 0.28 A/W.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é confrontar os impactos da chamada \"revolução digital\" sobre o design de mobiliário no Brasil, em comparação com a produção e design tradicionais. Pretende-se verificar como estas tecnologias podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de produtos mais adequados no que diz respeito à sua utilização e à sua significação, ao mesmo tempo em que se procura reconhecer se nossa cultura material está preparada para estas mudanças. Para tanto, optou-se realizar entrevistas com designers de gerações diferentes. O primeiro com raízes modernistas e carreira estabelecida no pós-modernismo e o segundo com raízes contemporâneas e atuante no campo do Open Design e fabricação digital. Verificou-se a necessidade de um trabalho sinérgico entre o artesanal e o digital para a criação de produtos diferenciados e adequados à sua contemporaneidade. / The purpose of this research is to confront the impacts of the so-called \"digital revolution\" on furniture design in Brazil, comparing it with the production and traditional design. The aim is verify if these technologies can assist the development of products with more suitable use and meaning, at the same time seeking to recognize if our material culture is ready for these changes. To do so, we conduct interviews with different generations of designers, one with modernist roots and established career in postmodernism and the second with contemporary and active roots in the field of Open Design and digital fabrication. It was found the need for synergistic efforts between the craft and digital aspects to create differentiated products and that are fitted for contemporaneity.

A study has been made of the enhancement of the mechanical strength of bricks fabricated from five Sri Lankan Quaternary and post-Quaternary brick clays with the objective of identifying and optimising those factors which control the quality and performance characteristics of fired clay products of this type. Mineralogical investigations have shown that the clays are predominantly kaolinitic. Of the accessory minerals, feldspars and gibbsite are the chief constituents. The experimental programme involved the development of feasible processing techniques for clay bodies, the establishment of optimum heat treatments for their firing, and the testing and evaluation of material properties of the fired products. The microstructures of fired materials have been characterized using optical and electron microscopical techniques, as well as X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and chemical analysis. A limited study was also made of the durability of laboratory fired specimens. Methods of strength enhancement included use of the reactions of phosphates with natural clays, use of mineralizers to induce mullitization and surface coating by an efflorescence process. A kinetic analysis based on the first order kinetics is proposed for the estimation of optimum firing conditions for kaolinitic clays. The study has shown that surface coating of bricks increases the load at the elastic limit by up to 30% and the ultimate failing load by 19% in the clays examined. The measured increases in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity are over 33% and 40% respectively. A fabrication technique which requires the incorporation of phosphates has been developed. This provides the possibility of lowering the peak temperature of firing to 500°C. Flexural strength increase of up to 60% over the normally fired unbonded specimens can be achieved using this technique. Relevant compatibility relations in the ternary system Si02- P205-AI203 at 500'C are proposed. The presence of an optimum amount of mineralizer in a clay body may alter its sintering characteristics resulting in an increase in modulus of rupture up to 55%. However, uncontrolled additions exceeding 4 wt% cause deleterious effects. Microstructural analysis provides evidence that liquid phase sintering, development of mullite, development of pores and bloating are the dominant strength determining features in these clays. An empirical equation correlating the functional relation between modulus of rupture, mullite content and porosity is proposed. Mechanisms of strength development are discussed in the light of these findings.

The term "Metal Matrix Nano-Composites (MMNCs)" broadly refers to a composite system that is based on metal or alloy substrate, combined with metallic or non-metallic nano-scale reinforcements. The main advantages of MMNCs include excellent mechanical performance, feasible to be used at elevated temperatures, good wear resistance, low creep rate, etc. In the recent past, MMNCs have been extensively studied, especially the method of fabrication as the processing of such composites is quite a challenge. Though a variety of processing methods have been explored and studied over the years, none have emerged as the optimum-processing route. The major issue that needs to be addressed is the tendency of nano-sized particles to cluster and also the challenge as to how to disperse them in the bulk melt. This work explored the feasibility of utilizing Lorentz forces to address both of these critical issues: clustering and dispersion. The work was carried out both theoretically as well as with accompanying validation experiments. The results indicate that Lorentz Forces may be viable and should be considered in the processing of MMNCs.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a fabricação de fotodetetores do tipo Metal-Semicondutor-Metal (MSM) com corrente de escuro da ordem de 1 nA, responsividade da ordem de 0,1 A/W e razão fotocorrente/corrente de escuro de pelo menos 10. Estes valores asseguram que os fotodetetores obtidos tenham sensibilidade suficiente para serem utilizados em sensores ópticos integrados. Todos os materiais utilizados na construção dos fotodetetores MSM são compatíveis com processos convencionais de fabricação em microeletrônica, facilitando a integração com outros dispositivos em estado sólido. O semicondutor utilizado nos fotodetetores foi o silício, na forma monocristalina ou policristalina. Como material de eletrodo, foi utilizado o alumínio, o titânio ou o níquel. No processo de fabricação básico, foram utilizados apenas três etapas: deposição do filme metálico, fotolitografia e corrosão, confirmando a simplicidade de fabricação desse fotodetetor. Através da construção de dispositivos com diferentes geometrias e diferentes combinações dos materiais citados acima, foi possível verificar a influência que a estrutura cristalina do semicondutor, tipo de dopagem do semicondutor, geometria e material de eletrodo tem sobre o desempenho e o comportamento dos MSMs. O comprimento de onda de 632,8 nm foi utilizado na caracterização dos dispositivos, devido a sua disponibilidade e o desenvolvimento de guias ópticos utilizando esse comprimento de onda em trabalhos anteriores do nosso grupo de pesquisa. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram com as amostras de Si monocristalino tipo-p com eletrodos de titânio. Na amostra sinterizada à 250°C foi obtido um valor da corrente de escuro de 4,8 nA e, na amostra de referência, foi obtido um valor de responsividade de 0,28 A/W. / The goal of this work was the fabrication of Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) photodetectors with the following characteristics: dark current of about 1 nA, responsivity of about 0.1 A/W and dark/photocurrent ratio of at least 10. These values ensure that the photodetectors have enough sensitivity to be used in integrated optic sensors. All materials used in the fabrication of the MSM are compatible with conventional microelectronic manufacture process, so that the photodetectors can be more easily integrated with other solid-state devices. The semiconductor used in the photodetectors was silicon, in single crystal and polycrystalline form. As material of electrodes, aluminum, titanium or nickel had been used. The basic fabrication process consists of only three steps: metal film deposition, photolithography and etching, which confirm the simplicity of the fabrication of this device. Building MSMs with different geometries and making combinations with the materials cited above, gave the possibility to verify the influence that crystalline structure of the semiconductor, doping type of the semiconductor, geometry and electrode material have on the behavior of the photodetectors. The wavelength of 632.8 nm was used in the characterization of the devices, due to its availability and the development of optic waveguides using this wavelength in previous works of our research group. The best results were obtained with the samples fabricated using single crystal Si p-type with titanium electrodes. The sample annealed at 250°C had dark current value of 4.8 nA and, the reference sample had responsivity of 0.28 A/W.