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<p>The growth of ternary InGaP nanowires (NWs) is explored. Free-standing NWs are grown with the Au nanoparticle-assisted method using a gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GS-MBE) system. The grown samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These characterization techniques were employed to examine the composition of the InGaP NWs, the morphology and the crystal structure. With varying the growth conditions, such as temperature, growth rate and V/III flux, a dependence of the NWs' composition, morphology and crystal structure were observed. In addition, the characteristics of the NWs showed great dependence on the diameter of the Au seed particle responsible for the NW growth.</p> <p>A physical-based growth model is developed to understand the NW growth results. The model deals with each of the group-III growth species differently and splits the group-V into two components, with each component associated with one of the group-III species. The model is able to match composition and morphology results obtained from the experimental data.</p> <p>Furthermore, a nucleation-based model is employed and integrated with the growth model to predict the crystal structure of the NWs. Based on this model, the operating regions for all out samples were illustrated. In addition, the dependence of the crystal structure of the NWs on the Au seed diameter, in our samples, was attributed to the change in the surface energies of the formed nucleus as the Au seed diameter change.</p> / Doctor of Engineering (DEng)

Les déficiences sensorimotrices ou troubles du mouvement sont ce qui sous-tend ou cause les incapacités aux membres supérieurs. Par exemple, la spasticité musculaire, faiblesse musculaire, pauvre contrôle moteur sélectif, spasmes musculaires ou mouvements involontaires ou tremblements sont tous des exemples de désordres sensorimoteurs/troubles du mouvement. Lorsque des personnes vivent avec de tels désordres sensorimoteurs, cela peut entrainer des incapacités aux membres supérieurs et de la difficulté à réaliser diverses tâches quotidiennes. Dans plusieurs cas, les personnes atteintes n'ont pas accès aux services d'un aide-soignant. La famille doit donc s'occuper de la personne dans le besoin ou encore la personne atteinte doit se débrouiller avec les assistances techniques disponibles sur le marché. La situation risque de se détériorer dans un futur proche considérant le vieillissement de la population où il faudra prendre soin de plus en plus de personnes en perte d'autonomie avec moins de main d'œuvre active. À la suite d'une revue de littérature, et de consultations avec des ergothérapeutes, il a été établi que les assistances techniques commercialisées ne sont pas suffisamment adéquates pour plusieurs usagers. Ce mémoire porte sur le développement d'assistances techniques mécaniques afin de venir en aide aux personnes ayant des difficultés de mouvement aux membres supérieurs. L'hypothèse est que l'utilisation des assistances développées aidera les personnes vivant avec des troubles de mouvement à s'alimenter de manière plus autonome. Et ce, tout en réduisant la charge de travail du personnel médical. Deux types d'aide à l'alimentation ont été développés : un système d'aide à l'alimentation passif pour la spasticité et un ustensile anti-tremblements. Le premier est un système utilisant des mécanismes à quatre barres et des amortisseurs afin de stabiliser l'ustensile et d'amortir les mouvements involontaires. Le deuxième est un ustensile de plus petite taille qui stabilise les tremblements en utilisant des contrepoids. / Many people live with disabilities that may affect the control of their upper limbs and therefore affect their daily autonomy. These disabilities can include muscle spasticity, non selective motor control, muscle weakness and others. This can cause spasms or tremors which will inevitably affect the person when he/she tries to eat by him/herself. In many cases, people living with that kind of disabilities do not have access to the service of a caregiver. The affected person can use technical aids available commercially or the family can takecare of the person in need. The situation is likely to deteriorate in the coming years considering the aging population. It will be necessary to take care of more and more people losing their autonomy while dealing with less active medical labor. Following a literature review, and several discussions with occupational therapists, it was established that the technical aids available commercially are not sufficiently adequate formany users. This thesis focuses on the development of mechanical feeding assistances tohelp people living with upper limbs movement disorders. The hypothesis is that using the developed aids will help people living with movement disorders to eat more independently. The use of the developed mechanical aids will increase user involvement while reducing the workload of the medical staff. Two different types of feeding aid have been developed: a passive feeding system forspasticity and an anti-tremor utensil. The first is a complex system using four-bar mechanisms and dampers to stabilize the utensil and reduce the effects of involuntary movements. The prototype is fixed on a table and is controlled with a handle. The second solution developed is a smaller sized utensil that stabilizes tremors using counterweights

If we look at the construction industry, particularly the modular single-family construction industry, we often see that the design stage is distinctly separate from the construction and fabrication stages. This separation has been occurring for some time now, however, there is often a noticeable lack of understanding of the constraints in linking architectural design to modular construction for single-family housing. In addition, no framework exists which seeks to support overcoming these constraints for the architectural design process while simultaneously bringing knowledge of fabrication, materials selection, and modular construction to the early stage of design. Also, there is a lack of knowledge of fabrication and modular construction constraints by many architects. This research intended to focus upon mapping the design and manufacturing processes for a specific scale of projects: residential single-family units. The research also aimed to understand the relationships among design, the role of emerging technologies, and manufacturing within the modular home construction industry in order to develop a design process that is based upon mass customization, rather than mass production. Thus, qualitative research methods based upon a grounded theory approach were used for evaluating, capturing, and structuring knowledge. To achieve the greatest possible amount of useful information, case studies of on-site visits to manufactured housing production facilities and structured, in-depth, open-ended interviews of architects, engineers, production managers, business managers, and other knowledge-holders within the manufactured modular housing industry were performed. The aim of this research was to map the design and modular homes manufacturing processes in an effort to better understand the relationships between these two domains. The Integration Definition (IDEF0) for Function Modeling was used as a graphical presentation technique. The goal of using such a graphical technique was, first, to understand and analyze the functions of the existing "As-is" design-manufacture communication process; and second, to enhance and improve the communication and productivity performances among people working in the design, manufacturing, and production sectors. Using this graphical modeling method assisted with mapping the design and modular manufacturing processes, including organizations, teams, decisions, actions, and activities. Through this mapping process, strategies to improve the emergent relationships were proposed as a new "To-be" design and manufacturing framework for modular single-family housing projects. / Ph. D.

Le mélanome uvéal est le type de cancer de l'œil le plus répandu chez l'adulte. Il s'agit du mélanome le plus commun après le cancer de la peau. La curiethérapie en est le traitement privilégié : elle consiste à irradier la tumeur à l'aide de sources radioactives disposées dans un support lui-même maintenu en place à l'aide d'une plaque épisclérale (PE). Leur conception a été élaborée par l'Association Américaine des Physiciens en Médecine (AAPM) et la Société Américaine de Curiethérapie (SAC) il y a plusieurs décennies. Cette conception permet de traiter adéquatement la plupart des formes et tailles des mélanomes uvéaux. Néanmoins, le traitement peine à traiter toutes les formes et engendre fréquemment des effets secondaires indésirables. Ce projet vise à développer une nouvelle conception des PE personnalisées pouvant répondre à une majorité de mélanomes uvéaux en minimisant les effets secondaires. La fabrication additive, qui consiste à fabriquer des objets couche par couche, a été utilisée afin de produire ces nouvelles plaques pouvant être personnalisables. Ce projet vise à produire des PE issues de la fabrication additive en polyétheréthercétone (PEEK) et de quantifier leur conformité géométrique. Pour ce faire, la tomodensitométrie par rayons X (TDM-X) a été employée. Cette technique d'imagerie permet d'évaluer de manière précise et complète le niveau de conformité géométrique des PE. Ainsi, dans ce projet, des plaques épisclérales de 10 mm, 14 mm et 22 mm ont été imprimées en PEEK, en adaptant leur conception à la fabrication additive. Une analyse de conformité géométrique utilisant la TDM-X et comparant les résultats avec les modèles 3D des plans de conception a permis de quantifier la conformité géométrique à une hauteur de 0,13 mm en moyenne. En somme, ce projet de maîtrise pave la voie à un traitement de curiethérapie pour traiter le cancer de l'œil à l'aide de PE conçues sur mesure pour le patient.

In the recent years area organic photovoltaics is generating a lot of interests because whole process of synthesis and fabrication is less energy intensive process as well as it is cost effective compared to conventional inorganic Si based photovoltaic technology. This work mainly deals with the fabrication and optimization of device fabrication conditions for organic photovoltaic materials. In first part of the work, the solar cell fabrication conditions were optimized for the commonly used system P3HT – PCBM. The fabricated device was optimized for the solvents used for the active material, concentration of the active material solution, donor- acceptor ratio of the active material, annealing conditions of the active layer and the metal evaporation conditions for the cathode. All the optimization procedures were carried out in controlled atmosphere to minimize the environmental effect inference during fabrication of the solar cell devices. All the characterization was carried out at ambient conditions. The efficiency of the solar cell was improved from 0.009% to 6.2%. the environmental stability of the fabricated devices were carried out after encapsulating it with epoxy based resin in both ambient conditions as well as extreme conditions like 85% RH at 25°C inside the humidity chamber. It was observed that both the data matches well with each other indicating proper encapsulation required to safe guard the device for the better performance over the period of time. Second part of this work mainly deals with understanding the structure property relationship of thiophene based donor- acceptor- donor molecule 2,5-dithienyl-3,4-(1,8-naphthylene) cyclopentadienone (DTCPA), which is highly crystalline, low band gap organic molecule which absorbs over entire visible region of the solar spectra. DTCPA crystals of various morphologies were prepared by various recrystallization routes. It was observed that macro scale morphology of these crystals differs from each other. Also depending on the method of recrystallization sizes of the crystals also varies. All the recrystallized DTCPA shows strong orientation toward (001) direction. However, it was observed that lattice parameters of these crystals slightly differ from each other owing to the recrystallization methodology. These variations in crystal parameters are more than 0.02 which is significant. It was also observed that the crystallite sizes depend on the recrystallization routes. Slow evaporation of concentrated solution (SEC) grown crystals has the larger crystallite size of 170nm. It was observed that absorption range of these crystals slightly differ from each other owing to the change in the crystallite sizes and crystal parameters. Third part of this work deals with the fabrication and optimization of thermal evaporation process of DTCPA for photovoltaic applications. DTCPA is stable at higher temperatures as well as has sharp melting point which make it ideal candidate for thermal evaporation. In this work films of DTCPA were fabricated for various evaporation rates by thermal evaporation technique. Chemical integrity of the molecules upon evaporation is found to be intact as observed from FTIR spectroscopy. XRD shows that at lower (25 W/m2) as well as higher (40 W/m2) films are oriented to (001), (400) as well as (311) directions, at 30 W/m2 and 35 W/m2 there is a strong orientation towards (311) and (001) directions respectively. Photo luminescence studies indicate that there is strong 410 nm emission for films deposited at the power of 25 W/m2 and 40 W/m2. Microscopic studies confirm that morphology is dependent on the deposition rates as it changes with the change in deposition rate. This in turn reflects in the device characteristics of these films. It was observed that films deposited at high deposition rates show better device characteristics with high VOC and current density values. All these device fabrication and characterizations were carried out in ambient conditions. Fourth part of this work deals with P3HT - DTCPA composites which exhibit wide range of light absorption. It was observed that DTCPA act as nucleating centers for the P3HT molecules and increases crystallinity in the composite. Furthermore, DTCPA helps in exciton separation because of donor and acceptor moieties present in the molecule. It also helps in charge transportation because of its crystalline nature and further it induces molecular ordering in the P3HT matrix. The band diagram of P3HT- DTCPA suggests that the band edges of both materials are ideal for charge separation. In addition, crystalline nature of the DTCPA molecule helps in effective charge transportation. J-V characteristics shows that there is large built in potential in the devices from these blends leading to large Voc. Composites with lower DTCPA loadings show higher efficiency than with higher loadings. These devices were prepared in ambient conditions and needs to be optimized for obtaining better device properties. In the fifth part of the work two types of system were studied to understand the band edge matching on the photovoltaic properties, carbazole based copolymers and DTCPA based copolymers. In the case of carbazole based copolymers it was observed that by copolymerizing carbazole with thiophene based derivatives lowers the band gap and modifies the HOMO and LUMO levels for better suit for the photovoltaic device fabrication. It was observed that that is two orders of improvements in the efficiency by co polymerizing carbazole with benzothiodizole as improves the JSC and VOC. Also the copolymerization of carbazole with both benzothiodiazole and bithiophene results in better light harvesting as the optical band gap was lowered. In the case of DTCPA copolymers with DTBT and DHTBT as both are random copolymers the solubility was low as well as their HOMO band edge was mismatched with the PEDOT: PSS which is a hole transport layer. However, the alternate polymerization of DTCPA with DTBT improved the band edge matching and also the solubility. As a result there was tenfold improvement in the charge collection and hence the efficiency was improved from 0.02% to 2.4%. Many of the conducting polymers have good material property but poor filmability. In the sixth part of this work deals with fabrication of device quality films by alternate deposition technique like pulsed laser deposition. Two types of system were studied in this work (i) polypyrrole- MWCNT nanocomposites and (ii) Poly DTCPA polymer. In both the cases it was observed that chemical integrity of the polymer retained during ablation. PolyDTCPA films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition by both IR (Nd-YAG) and UV (KrF) laser source. Morphological studies indicate that IR laser ablated films were particulate in nature whereas UV laser ablated films were grown as continuous layers as polyDTCPA absorbs better in UV region. As a result the IV characteristics indicate that IR laser ablated films are resistive in nature and UV laser ablated films are good rectifiers indicating the suitability of the process for fabrication of device quality films.

La fabrication additive est un procédé d’élaboration permettant la mise en forme d’une pièce par ajout de matière, par empilement de couches successives. Bien que de plus en plus de polymères puissent être mis en œuvre par cette technologie, les polymères chargés en sont quasiment absents, alors qu’ils sont largement utilisés dans les autres types de procédés de mise en forme. Les objectifs scientifiques et technologiques du projet concernent (i) une meilleure compréhension des relations entre le comportement rhéologique de systèmes polymères et leur aptitude à la mise en forme par les technologies de fabrication additive FDM, (ii) le développement de formulations de base de polymères bio-sourcés adaptées à ces technologies et apportant une multifonctionnalité. Le premier objectif nécessitera tout d’abord d’identifier les conditions (température, gradients de vitesse, nature des contraintes, …) imposées par les procédés considérés puis de mettre en place et/ou d’adapter les moyens de caractérisation du comportement rhéologique des systèmes polymères dans ces conditions. Le comportement rhéologique en cisaillement mais aussi en élongation pourra être considéré. Il conviendra en particulier d’identifier les compromis nécessaires entre comportement adapté à l’écoulement en filière ou en buse et aptitude à la fusion et à la consolidation couche par couche. Enfin, l’effet des différentes voies de fonctionnalisation envisagées sur le comportement rhéologique et thermique et donc sur l’aptitude à la mise en forme devra être analysé. De façon à adapter les polymères bio-sourcés à un large panel d’applications, diverses voies de fonctionnalisation seront considérées, basées sur le compoundage avec des charges particulaires. / Additive manufacturing process is a preparation for the forming of a workpiece by the addition of material, by stacking successive layers. Although more and more polymers can be implemented by this technology, the filled polymers are practically absent, so they are widely used in other types of shaping methods. The scientific and technological objectives of the project are (i) a better understanding of the relationship between the rheological behavior of polymer systems and their ability to shaping by additive manufacturing technologies FDM, (ii) the development of polymer-based formulations biosourced adapted to these technologies and providing multifunctionality. The first goal will require first of all to identify the conditions (temperature, velocity gradients, nature constraints ...) imposed by the processes considered then to implement and / or adapt the means of characterization of the rheological behavior of polymer systems under these conditions. The rheological behavior in shear but also in elongation may be considered. It should in particular identify the necessary compromise between behavior adapted to the flow at the die or nozzle and meltability and consolidation layer by layer. Finally, the effect of different ways of functionalization considered on the rheological and thermal behavior and thus on the ability to formatting will be analyzed. In order to adapt the bio-sourced polymers for a wide range of applications, various routes of functionalization will be considered based on compounding with particulate fillers.

Published Article / This article examines the synergy between aesthetic and technical issues surrounding current input and output modes applicable to digital sculpture built by means of additive fabrication technologies. The scope is limited to select sculptural aspects that either transcend, question or fall short when measured against traditional manufacturing and aesthetic modes. Presented are a range of technical as well as aesthetic aspects that have impacted on this ''new form'' of sculpture delivery. It is indicated that irrespective of current strengths and weaknesses, for the evolving sculptor, an interactive creative partnership between technologies equally positions this ''new form'' of sculpture delivery as a leading role player towards defining a new digital aesthetic.

Les demandes du marché sont toujours plus exigeantes dans le domaine de la micro- électronique. Les besoins en termes de fréquence de fonctionnement (> 10GHz) des dispositifs ainsi qu'en termes de puissance délivrée (> 1W/mm) sont en constante augmentation. De ce fait, on commence à atteindre les limites du matériau silicium. Ceci présente une grande opportunité pour les matériaux III-V, en particulier ceux à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN) qui offrent un très grand gap (3.4 eV) et une très bonne mobilité grâce au 2DEG (1500-2000 cm[indice supérieur 2]/V.s) [Touati, 2007]. Bien que ce soient les composants actifs (transistors) qui définissent les performances d'un circuit, les composants passifs doivent être correctement étudiés afin de ne pas nuire au reste du circuit. Le matériau de base étant fixé : le GaN, il est ici question de développer le procédé de fabrication des dits composants passifs. L'objectif est donc ici de déterminer et d'adapter les procédés de fabrication permettant d'obtenir des composants passifs fonctionnant à hautes fréquences (30-300GHz) dans l'optique de réaliser des circuits MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit). La durée d'une seule maîtrise ne permettant pas d'étudier une technologie de fabrication dans son ensemble, nous nous focaliserons sur une série restreinte d'étapes de fabrication. Les dites étapes seront la fabrication et la caractérisation de résistances à base de NiCr (Nickel-Chrome), l'étude de la gravure de diélectriques (SiO2, Si3N4) ainsi que la réalisation et la caractérisation de capacités et d'inductances. Pour ce qui est des résultats attendus, la littérature montre qu'on est déjà capables de fabriquer des composants passifs fonctionnant au moins jusqu'à 40GHz. On peut noter par exemple, des capacités MIM (Métal Isolant Métal) allant de 0,5 à 10 pF, des inductances spirales allant de 0,25 à 12 nH, des résistances de plusieurs centaines d'Ohms ou encore des lignes de transmissions de différentes longueurs (quelques micromètres jusqu'à quelques millimètres) [Martin, 2007; Richard, 2009].

Optical resonators are structures that allow light to circulate and store energy for a duration of time. This work primarily looks at the fabrication, characterization, and application of whispering gallery mode microresonators and the analysis of organic photonic crystal-like structures and simulation of their resonant effects. Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators are a class of cylindrically symmetric optical resonator which light circulates around the equator of the structure. These resonators are named after acoustic whispering galleries, where a whisper can be heard anywhere along the perimeter of a circular room. These optical structures are known for their ultra high Q-factor and their low mode volume. Q-factor describes the photon lifetime in the cavity and is responsible for the energy buildup within the cavity and sharp spectral characteristics of WGM resonators. The energy buildup is ideal for non-linear optics and the sharp spectral features are beneficial for sensing applications. Characterization of microbubble resonators is done by coupling light from a tunable laser source via tapered optical fiber into the cavity. The fabrication of quality tapered optical fiber on the order of 1-2 μm is critical to working on WGM resonators. The measurement of Q-factors up to 2x10⁸ and mode spectra are possible with these resonators and experimental techniques. This work focuses on microdisk and microbubble WGM resonators. The microdisk resonators are fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining. The micromachined resonators are fabricated by ablating rotating optical fiber to generate the disk shape and then heated to reflow the surface to improve optical quality. These resonators have a spares mode spectrum and display a Q factor as high as 2x10⁶. The microbubble resonators are hollow microresonators fabricated by heating a pressurized capillary tube which forms a bubble in the area exposed to heat. These have a wall thickness of 2-5 μm and a diameter of 200-400 μm. Applications in pressure sensing and two-photon fluorescence of dye in microbubble resonators is explored. Photonic crystals can have engineered resonant properties by tuning photonic band gaps and introducing defects to create cavities in the photonic structure. In this work, a natural photonic crystal structure is analyzed in the form of diatoms. Diatoms are a type of phytoplankton which are identified by unique ornamentation of each species silica shell, called a frustule. The frustule is composed of a quasi-periodic lattice of pores which closely resembles manmade photonic crystals. The diatom frustules are analyzed using image processing techniques to determine pore-to-pore spacing and identify defects in the quasi-periodic structure which may contribute to optical filtering and photonic band gap effects. The data gathered is used to simulate light propagation through the diatom structure at different incident angles and with different material properties and to verify data gathered experimentally.