Os revestimentos cerâmicos de fachadas passaram a ser, há alguns anos, objeto de preocupação de muitas empresas construtoras por terem se tornado importante fonte de manifestações patológicas em edifícios. A busca de tecnologias que minimizem a incidência destes problemas encontrou como uma possível solução o aumento da capacidade de absorver deformações dos revestimentos cerâmicos, pelo emprego de detalhes construtivos tais como as juntas de movimentação. No entanto, ao longo da sua utilização, logo foi percebido que este detalhe construtivo demanda uma tecnologia construtiva particular para que não se constitua numa nova fonte de problemas. Estimulada pela carência de estudos sobre este detalhe construtivo específico, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento do seu estado da arte, sistematizando as informações visando a especificação a execução das juntas em revestimentos cerâmicos de fachadas. Como metodologia de trabalho realizou-se a investigação da bibliografia nacional e internacional disponível sobre o assunto, a qual buscou a reunião de informações de diferentes comitês e grupos internacionais que vêm empreendendo estudos há muito tempo sobre o assunto. Numa segunda etapa realizou-se um levantamento de campo que envolveu o resgate da experiência da autora no desenvolvimento e aplicação de projetos de revestimentos, além de entrevistas com projetistas. Como resultado, o trabalho reuniu informações a respeito do comportamento dos revestimentos cerâmicos de fachadas que leva à necessidade de utilização de juntas de movimentação; apresentou requisitos de desempenho das juntas e propriedades dos seus constituintes para atendimento desses requisitos; causas e métodos de prevenção de falhas nas juntas; métodos de ensaios para controle da qualidade dos materiais utilizados no selamento; e propôs-se, ao final, um caminho para o processo de projeto para a produção das juntas de movimentação. Pôde-se concluir que tecnologia de produção de juntas de movimentação demanda, para a sua especificação, conhecimentos da engenharia estrutural e da tecnologia de construção, além de uma sólida base sobre o comportamento dos materiais e dos inúmeros pormenores envolvidos em sua execução que também devem ser dominados; por isto mesmo, deve ser uma etapa mais valorizada no conjunto dos projetos do edifício. / Ceramic tiled buildings facades have become a preoccupation object for the last few years for many construction companies, because they have turned an important source of buildings pathology. The search by technologies that minimize the incidence of these problems identified, as a possible solution, the increase of the capacity to absorb deformations of the ceramic tile, by the use of constructive details such as the movement joints. However, during its utilization, it was noticed, that the movement joints demand a particular constructive technology, so these have not become a new source of problems. Stimulated by the lack of study about this specific constructive detail, this research had as objective to do a survey of its State of the Art, systematizing the information seeking the specification and execution of the movement joints. As a methodology of this work, it has been accomplished an investigation of both national and international bibliography, available about the topic, bringing together the information of different international committees and groups that has been executing studies about the topic for a long time. On the second stage, it was accomplished a field research involving the recovery of the author's experience in the development and application in the cladding projects, besides interviews with projectors. It is possible to conclude that the production technologies of movements joints demand, for its specification, knowledge of structural engineering and the construction technologies, besides a solid base about the materials behavior and of the innumerable details involved in its execution, that also must be dominated; thus that stage should be more valorized in the building projects.

Syfte: Att undersöka effekterna vid ersättning av större delar av fasader ikontorsbyggnader med glas, där fokus ligger på energianvändning samtkoldioxidutsläpp. Metod: Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, litteraturstudier och dokumentanalys. Resultat: En kontorsbyggnad studerades med hänsyn till den specifikaenergianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen. Glasarean och fasadarea beräknades förden befintliga byggnaden. Sedan utökades glasarean i fasaden från 30 % till 50respektive 70 %. Resultatet visade att en ökning från 30 % till 50 % minskade denspecifika energianvändningen för samtliga fyra energiberäkningar som utfördes iGöteborg, Lund, Stockholm och Umeå. Däremot ökade den specifikaenergianvändningen för samtliga fall vid en ökning från 50 % till 70 %. Vid analyseringav koldioxidutsläppen fick man fram att koldioxidhalten alltid minskade vid ökning avglasarea. Konsekvenser: Rapporten visar tydligt att det finns ett problem gällandeenergiförbrukning och koldioxidutsläpp idag. Byggregler och råd ska följas utavbyggbranschen för att uppnå målen som EU har satt upp. Studien visar att det finns etttydligt samband mellan koldioxidutsläppen och ökningen av glasarean dock saknadesdetta samband för energianvändningen. Begränsningar: Arbetet begränsas till att undersöka en kontorsbyggnad medbetongstomme belägen i Göteborg, Stockholm, Lund och Umeå. Glasets arkitektoniskaperspektiv behandlas inte och påverkar därav inte val eller placering av glaspartier,glaset har inte några bärande egenskaper. / Purpose: To investigate the effects of replacing major parts of facades in officebuildings with glass, focusing on the energy use and the carbon dioxide emissions Method: Qualitative semi- structured interviews, literature studies and documentanalysis. Findings: An office building was studied with regard to the specific energy use andcarbon dioxide emissions. The glass area and façade area were calculated for theexisting building. Then the glass area was expanded from 30 % to 50% and 70%respectively. The result showed that an increase from 30% to 50% decreased thespecific energy use for all four energy calculations carried out in Gothenburg, Lund,Stockholm and Umeå. On the other hand, the specific energy use for all cases increasedwhen expanding the glass area from 50% to 70%. When analyzing carbon dioxideemissions, it was found that the carbon dioxide content always reduced as a result ofthe increasing glass area.Implications: The report clearly shows that there is a problem regarding energyconsumption and carbon dioxide emissions today. Building rules and advice should befollowed by the construction industry in order to achieve the goals set by the EU. Thestudy shows that there is a clear connection between carbon dioxide emissions and theincrease in the glass area, however, this connection was lacking for the energy use. Limitations: The work is limited to investigating an office building with concreteframes located in Gothenburg, Stockholm, Lund and Umeå. The architecturalperspective of the glass is not considered and therefore it does not influence theselection nor does placement of the glass portions, the glass have no bearing attributes.

The majority of adults in the Tshwane municipal area have limited or no literacy or numeracy skills. Illiterate adults live mainly in marginalised townships and informal settlements across Tshwane. The relocation of people away from the opportunities offered by the city centre in the past forms part of the reason for the illiteracy problem. Various institutions have started programmes to enhance literacy, but the number of people and the wide distribution of the settlements complicate these efforts (Ministerial Committee on Literacy: 2007). The aim of this dissertation is (among others) to investigate the best possible location for the development of a literacy enhancement centre. Such a centre should be on a major commuter route to ensure that passers-by benefit from the facility and that it is accessible to the general public. The centre should take cognisance of its surrounding location, be approachable in design, both internally and externally, and take into account all factors related to literacy. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Architecture / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lavinia Coelho.pdf: 21119629 bytes, checksum: 89b5130ab72b3882a88c26e5c42ccaad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-05 / A facade coating is, by itself, a system of complex solution. It envelops a series of variables such as project conception, material specification, execution and maintenance. And, even with all aspects well attended, one can not determine the system useful life, because the environment has a strong influence in its durability. The use of dimension stones as coating element is another item that needs attention, since rocks have an uncontrollable composition, are anisotropic regarding resistance, are normally unstable before inclemency of the weather and being tile its thickness has been reduced, weakening them and diminishing protection to the building body. This work is about a case study where granite tiles (200x400xl0 mm), commercially named "cinza andorinha" have been used, fixed by chemical anchorage, held by clamps, in a region with high humidity, high isolation, subjected to sea mist and pollution, Recife (PE) metropolitan region. Through the method proposed by Lichtenstein (1986) it was made a facade inspection and several pathologies were found, such as tiles fall, infiltration and clamps oxidations and the granite tiles preseting chemical physical and biological alteration such as change in color, salt crystallization, efflorescence, mineral oxidation, disagregation, cracking, and microorganism aggression. As a result, the following cosiderations were done about the facade; constructive method, emphasizing the project importance (specially the constructive detail): material specification in compatibity with the situation subdued; execution and maintenance. Likewise, the granite alteration was analyzed. Features as change in composition (biotite oxidation) and in microstructure (salt crystallization) were studied aiming to contribute for a more rational use of this specific building material / o revestimento de uma fachada é em si um sistema de complexa resolução. Envolve uma série de variáveis como concepção de projeto, especificação de materiais, execução e manutenção. E, mesmo com todos os aspectos bem atendidos, não se pode determinar a vida útil do sistema, pois o meio tem forte interferência na sua durabilidade. O uso de rochas ornamentais como elemento de revestimento é outro item que necessita de atenção, uma vez que as rochas têm composição não controlável, são anisotrópicas em relação à resistência, são normalmente instáveis frente às intempéries e, quando em placas, suas espessuras têm sido reduzidas, fragilizando-as e diminuindo a proteção ao corpo da edificação. O presente trabalho trata de um estudo de caso onde foram usadas placas de rocha (200x400xl0 mm) do granito 'cinza andorinha', fixadas por ancoragem química com auxílio de grampos, em uma região com alta umidade, grande insolação, sujeita à névoa marinha e a poluição, Região Metropolitana de Recife. Através do método proposto por Lichtenstein (1986) foi feita a vistoria da fachada, na qual foram encontradas diversas patologias como desplacamento, infiltração e oxidação de grampos, e as placas de granito apresentavam alteração química, física e biológica, como mudança de tonalidade, cristalização de sais, eflorescência, oxidação de minerais, desagregação, fissuração e ataque por microorganismos. Como resultado, foram tecidas as seguintes considerações sobre a fachada: método construtivo, enfatizando a importância do projeto (especialmente do detalhe construtivo); especificação de materiais compatíveis às situações as quais são submetidos; execução e manutenção. Também a alteração do granito foi analisada. Aspectos como mudança de composição (oxidação da biotita) e da microestrutura (cristalização de sais) foram estudados com o intuito de contribuir para um uso mais racional deste material de construção específico

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-06T18:49:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_celia_braga.pdf: 7944105 bytes, checksum: a97ae27af6cef757d762e55e85ec2ecd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T18:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_celia_braga.pdf: 7944105 bytes, checksum: a97ae27af6cef757d762e55e85ec2ecd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-01 / Cases of deterioration in building facades in Recife and surroundings have been subject to the attention of technical construction in the state of Pernambuco. The presence of visual changes caused by pathological manifestations (fungi, cracks, stains, etc.) in these areas is a warning sign that their performance is in decline. The word pathology, originating in medicine, is used in civil engineering, by analogy, to determine diseases that are installed in several parts of the building, especially the most exposed to natural degrading agents (wind, rain, etc.): the facade. This work presents a study case of pathological problems surveyed in the facades of all buildings type t3(ground floor + three more floors) in three social housing projects: Beira Rio, Casarão do Cordeiro and Abençoada por Deus, supported by the Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife (Recife City Hall). Some pathologies related to the use of paint over mortar rendering or over brick only, were observed on the four facades of these buildings. First of all, the Lichtenstein method(1986) was used to guide the early stages of the work because it organizes the different steps to be taken all during the study, which range from the collection of data from the places visited to the diagnosis, conduct and therapy to be adopted. However, this method was slightly adapted for this study. Secondly, two other methods were used to help with recording and counting the pathologies observed on the facades: the methods of incidence and intensity. One hundred and seventy two facades were inspected and a series of problems on the vertical surfaces of these buildings was recorded. The pathologies were as follows: fungus, cracks, blisters on paint, discoloration, stains from corrosion, efflorescence, stain on paint, peeling paintwork, crumbling brickwork, moisture staining in the brickwork. After presenting and discussing the results obtained by comparing the data, it was concluded that the origin of these pathologies arose from the architectural planning, the way it was implemented and the quality of the materials used to clad the walls. / Os casos de deterioração de fachadas prediais no grande Recife e arredores têm sido objeto de atenção dos técnicos da construção civil no estado de Pernambuco. A presença de alterações visuais provocadas por manifestações patológicas (fungos, fissuras, manchas, etc.) nessas superfícies é um sinal de alerta de que o seu desempenho se encontra em declínio. O termo patologia, originário da medicina, tem se adequado ao quadro de doenças que têm se instalado nas edificações, de um modo geral, e principalmente as que estão expostas aos agentes degradantes naturais (vento, chuva, etc.): as fachadas. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso das manifestações patológicas observadas nas fachadas de todos os edifícios com tipologia t3 (térreo + três) em três conjuntos habitacionais: Beira Rio, Casarão do Cordeiro e Abençoada por Deus, empreendidos pela Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife. Para tal, foram realizadas visitas e feito o levantamento, através da observação nas quatro fachadas desses conjuntos, das patologias relativas ao uso da pintura sobre revestimento de argamassa e sobre o tijolo. Foi utilizada, em primeiro lugar, uma adaptação do método de Lichtenstein (1986), que permitiu direcionar as várias etapas do trabalho que vão da vistoria do local até o diagnóstico, a conduta e a terapia. Em segundo lugar, dois outros métodos foram adotados para auxiliar no registro e contabilização das ocorrências patológicas identificadas: o método da incidência e o da intensidade. Foram observadas 172 fachadas e registradas as patologias nos planos verticais, desses conjuntos. São as seguintes as patologias: fungo, fissuras, empolamento da pintura, descoloração, manchas de corrosão, eflorescência, manchas na pintura, descolamento da pintura, desagregamento do tijolo e manchas de umidade no tijolo. Através da apresentação e discussão dos resultados obtidos pela comparação dos registros, pôde-se considerar o aparecimento das manifestações como decorrentes do projeto arquitetônico, da execução e da qualidade dos materiais de revestimento.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-02-22T18:25:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 aureliano_amaro_ribeiro_souza_macedo.pdf: 4739932 bytes, checksum: a843a7ec0d2fca6ec5571df431242191 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T18:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aureliano_amaro_ribeiro_souza_macedo.pdf: 4739932 bytes, checksum: a843a7ec0d2fca6ec5571df431242191 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / This work has as its theme "The Damage Map of the Facades of the Santa Izabel Theatre". It results from a qualitative literature review, in books and websites containing scientific articles and relevant legislation, and a field visit to the historic building. It provides an overview of the selected theme including historical monuments, relevant legislation, the outer cladding system, pathological manifestations and a damage map. Moreover, it evaluates the pathologies in the building’s facades, specifying the active degradation processes, that is, the main pathologies in coatings and those associated with the building’s natural environment. The mapping of the existing conditions, including degradation and changeability of the stone material along the years, were performed, making it possible to intervene in the Historic Monument, trying to identify the causes and effects of the damage, and to produce the full report of its pathological manifestations and forms of work to satisfactorily remedy the existing damage in the historic building. / Esta dissertação tem como tema “O Mapa de Danos das Fachadas do Teatro de Santa Izabel”. Resulta de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de natureza qualitativa, em livros e sites da internet contendo artigos científicos e legislação pertinente, e de campo, com visitas ao edifício histórico. Apresenta uma visão geral da temática abordada, monumentos históricos, legislação pertinente, o sistema de revestimento de fachada, as manifestações patológicas e mapa de danos. Avalia-se ainda as patologias das fachadas desse edifício, especificando-se os processos de degradação atuantes, ou seja, as principais manifestações em revestimentos associadas ao ambiente natural da edificação. Procedeu-se ao mapeamento das manifestações patológicas existentes, sua degradação e alterabilidade do material pétreo. Observou-se que o Monumento Histórico vem sofrendo ao passar dos anos deterioração por completo em suas fachadas, e por este motivo foi feito um levantamento das manifestações patológicas existentes para ao mesmo tempo lançar mão da ferramenta Mapa de Danos e assim intervir no Monumento Histórico, procurando identificar as causas, origens e mecanismos desses danos, bem como formas de atuar satisfatoriamente na edificação histórica para sanar os danos nela existentes.

From the futuristic Jewel at Changi Airport, the healing gardens at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Yishun to School of the Arts at Orchard Road, greenery has sprouted in buildings vertically and horizontally in Singapore, painting a growing green canopy for the dense, high rise city. This paper combines both analyses from first-hand site visits and case studies from external scholar studies to examine the performance of existing Green Building Infrastructures (BGIs) within Singapore’s unique urban context. The study reveals that the success of BGIs is highly dependent on the programming (i.e. thermal comfort design, accessibility, amenity facilities etc.), as well as the function and users of the existing building. Designs and planning that take those factors into consideration while being in line with the city’s general development goals, such as storm water management and pervasive greenery, are likely to bring out the most benefits in BGIs. To demonstrate, this paper also proposed several policy and planning recommendations that included several sets of rudimentary yet relevant parameters. Future research is encouraged to explore more complex combinations of considerations, their incorporation in design and policy making process, as well as a scientific and systematic method to evaluate BGI performance that includes both objective environmental impacts and subjective user experience that might be achieved through smart city developments.

The aim of my thesis is cost analysis of a building a result of changes in the variant of aluminum structures. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the issues are addressed in general terms and in the practical applies to specific construction contract.

Manual modeling of building facades can be a cumbersome process. Instead, procedurally modeling building facades is a practical and quick way to achieve impressive visual results. This paper presents a method for prototyping 2D facades existing in a 3d environment, with the inclusion of shading-based procedural wear-and-tear. State of the art procedural modeling techniques, despite achieving impressive results in general, are lacking in certain specific areas. Urban planners may wish to model the effects of wear-and-tear along with geometric assets and materials on a facade, to prototype future appearances. As of now, a syncretism between a grammar-based procedural modeling system and a procedural wear-and-tear system is relatively unexplored. Exploring how wear-and-tear can replicate damage found on real buildings, and limitations of the used approach, is the primary goal of this research. Furthermore, this work investigates how wear-and-tear can be incorporated into a procedural building facade generation pipeline. Introducing new wear-and-tear functionality to established systems is done by expanding on grammar-like structures to define building shapes, and adding new actions to produce wear-and-tear, which is done by creating textures representing positions of structural components of the facade, and altered and mixed with noise to create damaging effects. The result is a user interface that can combine procedural building modeling with procedural wear-andtear. It can replicate many types of wear-and-tear, such as rust and cracks, although damage such as stains without visible sources or flow-shaped damage is inadequate. The facades accompanying the wear-and-tear are also able to be produced, but is limited in terms of 3D geometric expressibility due to a focus on flat, 2D facades and a deficiency in future flexibility since wear-and-tear cannot be selected in future actions. / Manuell modellering av fasader kan vara en besvärlig process. Istället är procedurell modellering av fasader ett praktiskt och snabbt sätt att uppnå imponerande visuella resultat. I den här rapporten presenteras en metod för prototypering av 2D-fasader som existerar i en 3D-miljö, med inkludering av skuggningsbaserat procedurellt slitage. Den senaste tekniken för procedurell modellering ger generellt sett imponerande resultat, men brister inom vissa specifika områden. Stadsplanerare kan vilja modellera effekterna av slitage tillsammans med geometriska objekt och material på en fasad för att skapa prototyper av framtida utseende. Hittills är synkretismen mellan ett grammatikbaserat procedurmodelleringssystem och ett procedurbaserat slitagesystem relativt outforskat. Det primära målet med denna forskning är att undersöka hur slitage kan replikera skador som finns på verkliga byggnader och begränsningar av det använda tillvägagångssättet. Dessutom undersöks hur slitage kan integreras i en procedurell pipeline för fasadgenerering av byggnader. Införandet av ny funktionalitet för slitage i etablerade system genomförs genom att utöka grammatikliknande strukturer för att definiera byggnadsformer och lägga till nya åtgärder för att åstadkomma slitage, vilket sker genom att skapa texturer som representerar positioner för strukturella komponenter i fasaden, och som förändras och blandas med brus för att skapa skadeeffekter. Resultatet är ett användargränssnitt som kan kombinera procedurell byggnadsmodellering med procedurell slitage. Det kan replikera flera typer av slitage, t.ex. rost och sprickor, dock är skapandet av skador som fläckar utan synliga källor eller flödesformade skador otillräckligt. De fasader som ackompanjerar slitaget kan också framställas procedurellt med detta verktyg, men är begränsade när det gäller uttryck i 3 dimensioner på grund av fokus på platta 2D-fasader och bristande framtida flexibilitet eftersom producerat slitage inte kan utnyttjas i framtida vidare slitageeffekter.

The purpose of the thesis is to investigate what broker students and professional brokers in Malmö perceive as aesthetically pleasing. This means analyzing the effect that architecture has on human well-being. That raises the questions why today it is not built in accordance with what the people want to feel good about and What are the values ​​and properties that make a particular form of building perceived as more aesthetically pleasing than another and how are those related to what is being built in Malmö today.    The study is based on a hypothesis that many of the buildings that are being erected today do not correspond to the aesthetics that people want to see, so non-professionals were also asked to answer the questions in the survey to get a better overall picture. The discussion regarding the growth of cities has become more extensive and more tangible, especially when it comes to the debate about aesthetics, that means about how new buildings are designed and shaped. It is thus understood that the aesthetic values ​​of architecture have an effect on people's experience, therefore it should be considered important to examine what Malmö City's residents want to see built and experienced. However, it is a difficult task to measure and satisfy the individual opinions of all Malmö residents. The architectural value of a building thus appears to be an important part of the social environment, whereupon it is interesting and relevant to study the impact its aesthetics have on future and active real estate agents.    The assumption for the study was that many of the buildings being erected today do not match the aesthetics that people want to see and find appealing. In summary, the survey shows that the respondents have a reasonably unanimous view regarding what characterizes an aesthetically pleasing property, i.e. buildings whose facades have a richness of detail. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad mäklarstudenter och professionella mäklare i Malmö upplever som estetisk tilltalande. Det innebär att analysera vilken effekt arkitekturen har för människors välbefinnande. Frågan blir då varför det idag inte byggs i enlighet med vad folket vill ha.     Till grunden för studien ligger en hypotes att många av de byggnader som idag uppförs inte stämmer överens med den estetik som människor önskar se därför tillfrågades också icke- yrkesutövare personer att besvara frågorna i enkäten för att få en bättre helhetsbild.  Diskussionen gällande städers tillväxt har blivit mer omfattande och mer påtaglig särskilt när det gäller debatten om det estetiska, speciellt om hur nybyggnationer utformas och gestaltas. Det är alltså underförstått att arkitekturens estetiska värden har en effekt på människors upplevelse därför bör det anses viktigt att undersöka vad Malmö stads invånare vill se byggas och upplevas. Det är dock en svår uppgift att mäta och tillgodose alla malmöbors enskilda åsikter. Byggnads arkitektoniska värden framstår således som en viktig del i den sociala miljön varpå det är intressant och aktuellt att studera vilken inverkan dess estetik har på blivande och verkande fastighetsmäklare.   Antagandet för studien var att många av de byggnader som uppförs idag inte stämmer överens med den estetik som människor vill se och tycker är tilltalande. Undersökningen visar sammanfattningsvis att respondenterna har en någorlunda enad syn gällande vad som karakteriserar en estetiskt tilltalande fastighet, alltså byggnader vars fasader har detaljrikedom.