Resumo: Os traçados de previsão representam uma etapa fundamental no tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico pelo fato de evidenciarem a inclinação dos incisivos e anteciparem o planejamento dos movimentos cirúrgicos necessários, proporcionando a visualização do resultado a ser alcançado tanto no tangente ao tecido tegumentar quanto ao esquelético. Sua precisão é de grande importância, inclusive para a orientação e a comunicação com o paciente. Convencionalmente, são realizados de forma manual; no entanto, existem programas computadorizados que realizam a previsão de resultados com base na digitalização de pontos cefalométricos das telerradiografias. A proposta deste trabalho foi comparar os traçados de previsão manuais e os digitalizados pelos programas Dentofacial Planner Plus e Dolphin Image com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos, por meio das análises cefalométricas de McNamara e de Legan e Burstone. Foram selecionadas as telerradiografias pré e pós-cirúrgicas (6 meses) de 25 pacientes face longa submetidos a cirurgia ortognática combinada. Foram realizados os traçados de previsão manual e computadorizados de cada paciente, comparando-se cefalometricamente com os resultados pós-cirúrgicos. Esse protocolo foi repetido para a avaliação do erro do método e realizou-se a avaliação estatística por meio da análise de variância e sobreteste de Tukey, ao nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram uma maior freqüência de variáveis cefalométricas, que não diferiram estatisticamente do resultado pós-cirúrgico real para o método manual, seguido dos programas DFPLus e Dolphin; observando-se valores cefalométricos similares para a maioria das variáveis. Concluiu-se que o método manual pareceu ser mais fidedigno, embora a previsibilidade dos métodos avaliados tenha se mostrado razoavelmente satisfatória, e que nenhum dos métodos foi totalmente preciso em relação à previsibilidade. / Abstract: The predictive tracings are a essential phase in surgical orthodontic treatment because show the incisive inclination and planning the necessary surgical movements, offering the possibility of the results' visualization for tegumentar and skeletal tissues. Its precision is a important point, including in relation to orientation and comunication with the patient. Convencionally, the predictive tracings are manual, but nowadays there are softwares for prediction with base in the digitalization of cephalometric points. The purpose of this research was to compare, by cephalometric analysis (McNamara and Legan e Burstone) the predictive tracings (methods manual and softwares Dentofacial Planner Plus and Dolphin Image) with the post surgical results. Were selected the pré and post surgical lateral telerradiograph (6 months after surgery) of the 25 long face pacients treated with combined surgery. Were made the prediction tracings for each method and comparing cephalometrically with the post surgical results. This protocol was repeated once more for the avaliation of the error method, and the statistical analysis was by variance analysis and Tuckey sobretest, with 5% of significance level. The results show more frequency of the cephalometric values' aproximation of the post surgical results when the manual method, followed of the DFPLus and Dolphin softwares; noting similar values for the great part of the cephalometric variables. The experimental condition permit to conclude that the manual method had more precision, although the previsibility of the avaliated computadorized methods was razoable satisfactory, the avaliated methodos have no full precision. / Orientador: Francisco Antonio Bertoz / Coorientador: Marisa Aparecida Cabrini Gabrielli / Banca: Eduardo César Almada Santos / Banca: Eduardo Hochuli Vieira / Banca: Mário Vedovello Filho / Banca: Luís Augusto Passeri / Doutor

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Recent advances in 4D data acquisition systems in the field of Computer Vision have opened up many exciting new possibilities for the interpretation of complex moving surfaces. However, a fundamental problem is that this has also led to a huge increase in the volume of data to be handled. Attempting to make sense of this wealth of information is then a core issue to be addressed if such data can be applied to more complex tasks. Similar problems have been historically encountered in the analysis of 3D static surfaces, leading to the extraction of higher-level features based on analysis of the differential geometry. Our central hypothesis is that there exists a compact set of similarly useful descriptors for the analysis of dynamic 4D surfaces. The primary advantages in considering localised changes are that they provide a naturally useful set of invariant characteristics. We seek a constrained set of terms - a vocabulary - for describing all types of deformation. By using this, we show how to describe what the surface is doing more effectively; and thereby enable better characterisation, and consequently more effective visualisation and comparison. This thesis investigates this claim. We adopt a bottom-up approach of the problem, in which we acquire raw data from a newly constructed commercial 4D data capture system developed by our industrial partners. A crucial first step resolves the temporal non-linear registration between instances of the captured surface. We employ a combined optical/range flow to guide a conformation over a sequence. By extending the use of aligned colour information alongside the depth data we improve this estimation in the case of local surface motion ambiguities. By employing a KLT/thin-plate-spline method we also seek to preserve global deformation for regions with no estimate. We then extend aspects of differential geometry theory for existing static surface analysis to the temporal domain. Our initial formulation considers the possible intrinsic transitions from the set of shapes defined by the variations in the magnitudes of the principal curvatures. This gives rise to a total of 15 basic types of deformation. The change in the combined magnitudes also gives an indication of the extent of change. We then extend this to surface characteristics associated with expanding, rotating and shearing; to derive a full set of differential features. Our experimental results include qualitative assessment of deformations for short episodic registered sequences of both synthetic and real data. The higher-level distinctions extracted are furthermore a useful first step for parsimonious feature extraction, which we then proceed to demonstrate can be used as a basis for further analysis. We ultimately evaluate this approach by considering shape transition features occurring within the human face, and the applicability for identification and expression analysis tasks.

Geogrid reinforced structures have been successfully used for over 25 years. However their design procedures have remained largely focused on ultimate failure mechanisms, originally developed for steel reinforcements. These are widely considered over conservative in determining realistic reinforcement and lateral earth stresses. The poor understanding of deformation performance led many design codes to restrict acceptable soils to selected sand and gravel fills, where deformation is not as concerning. Within UK construction there is a drive to reduce wastage, improve efficiency and reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions. For geogrid reinforced structures this could mean increasing reinforcement spacing and reusing weaker locally sourced soils. Both of these strategies increase deformation, raising concern about the lack of understanding and reliable guidance. As a result they fail to fulfil their efficiency potential. This Engineering Doctorate improved the understanding of horizontal deformation by analysing performance using laboratory testing, laser scanning industry structures and numerical modelling. Full-scale models were used to demonstrate a reduction in deformation by decreasing reinforcement spacing. Their results were combined with primary and secondary case studies to create a diverse database. This was used to validate a finite element model, differentiating between two often used construction methods. Its systematic analysis was extended to consider the deformation consequences of using low shear strength granular fills. The observations offered intend to reduce uncertainty and mitigate excessive deformations, which facilitates the further optimisation of designs.

Orientador: Luciene Arilho Ribeiro-Bicudo / Banca: Danilo Moretti-Ferreria / Banca: Nádia Bérgamo / Banca: Narciso Vieira / Banca: Rosangela Vieira de Andrade / Resumo: Classificada como a quarta anomalia congênita mais frequente em recém-nascidos, as anomalias craniofaciais constituem um grupo diverso e complexo, determinando, na maioria das vezes aos seus portadores, um prognóstico reservado. Dentre as alterações craniofaciais destacam-se aquelas que ocorrem em função de alterações no desenvolvimento da linha média craniofacial. Alguns estudos genéticos mostram o envolvimento de vários genes durante os diferentes processos de desenvolvimento craniofacial. O gene Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) é expresso durante o desenvolvimento normal dos tecidos da linha média facial. Alguns estudos relatam a atividade da via sinalizadora do gene SHH na formação craniofacial, especialmente sua influência sobre os defeitos de linha média. Os genes mais conhecidos relacionados à rede sinalizadora do SHH compreendem, além do SHH, os genes ZIC2, TGIF, PTCH1, GLI2, FAST1, TDGIF, SUFU e o DHCRT. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a análise de mutações nos genes GLI2 e PTCH1, através do sequenciamento direto, em 110 indivíduos com anomalias craniofaciais de linha média, olho e face, previamente analisados para os genes SHH, TGIF e SIX3. Os resultados obtidos pelo sequenciamento do gene GLI2 mostraram a presença de quatorze variações em regiões codificadoras, em 14 indivíduos brasileiros sem parentesco: 1 deleção, 1 inserção, 9 variantes não sinônimas e 3 variantes sinônimas. Nenhuma dessas variações foram encontradas nos 96 controles brasileiros normais. Seis dos quatorze indivíduos apresentavam manifestações fenotípicas que variavam de fissura de lábio/palato isolada com polidactilia, anomalia de arco branquial a Holoprosencefalia (HPE) semi-lobar. Novas variantes foram encontradas nesse gene em pacientes com comprometimento na junção temporomandibular (ATM), um novo achado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Classified as the fourth most frequent congenital anomaly in newborns, the craniofacial anomalies occupy a wide and complex group, setting in the most of its carriers, a reserved prognosis. Some genetics studies show the involvement of several genes during different processes of craniofacial development. The Sonic Hedgehog gene (SHH) is expressed during the normal development of the midline facial tissues. Some of the studies reveals the activity of the signaling pathway of the SHH in the craniofacial formation, specially on its influence on the defects in the midline. The most known genes related to the SHH signaling pathway include, ZIC2, TGIF, PTCH1, GLI2, FAST1, TDGIF, SUFU and DHCRT, besides SHH. The main purpose of this work was to analyze the mutations in the GLI2 and PTCH1 genes, through direct sequencing, in 110 individuals with midline craniofacial anomalies, previously screened for SHH, TGIF and SIX3 genes. The results obtained by direct sequencing of GLI2 gene show the presence of 14 variations in coding region, in 14 unrelated Brazilian individuals: 1 deletion, 1 insertion, 9 no synonymous variants and 3 synonymous variant. None of these variations were found in the 96 Brazilian control individuals. Six of the fourteen individuals had phenotypic manifestations that varied from isolated lip/palate cleft with polydactyly, branchial arch anomalies to semi-lobar Holoprosencephaly (HPE). New variants were found in this gene in patients with temporomandibular joint commitment, a new clinical finding noted in GLI2 mutation. The analysis of PTCH1 gene shows the presence of seven new variants in 14 unrelated Brazilian individuals: 4 in intragenic regions and 3 in splicing regions. None of these variations were found in the 96 Brazilian control group. The duplication of 18pb, found on intron 1 in 7 individuals with HPE, took attention and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

abstract: In the United States, seasonal influenza is responsible for enormous medical costs and lost earnings as well as thousands of deaths. Medical masks are effective non-pharmaceutical preventions for minimizing the spread of illness in the event of an influenza outbreak. However, people in the United States rarely wear face masks the way many people in Asian countries do. In a previous study of public response to the 2009 influenza A H1N1 pandemic, 71% of United States respondents supported the recommendation to wear a mask during the flu outbreak, while only 8% of respondents reported they wore a mask in public to protect themselves from getting sick. What are the factors that cause this gap? The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify barriers to the wearing of masks among adults in the United States. The research was conducted through an online survey of 84 American residents via the Survey Monkey Audience service to collect their opinions on influenza, mask-wearing, and the perceived barriers to wearing face masks for flu prevention. The results are presented in the descriptive analysis and the non-parametric analysis. The results showed a barrier against social interaction is a significant factor (p=0.003) regarding the impact between flu experience and the perceived barriers. The participants believed mask-wearing may lead other people difficult to perceiving their feelings. Regarding the relationship between mask-wearing experience and the perceived barriers, there were significant differences in perceived benefits (p=0.028), perceived risks (p= 0.003), and social value (p=0.021). Participants who have had worn masks had perceived higher benefits of mask-wearing, higher risks of catching the flu, and a higher agreement of importance to protect other people from getting the flu from them. The most common perceived barrier among the participants is product satisfaction. 85.71% of the participants agreed that wearing face masks is uncomfortable. 80.95% of the participants agreed with the importance to wear face masks as it protects other people from getting the flu from them, but only 37.5% of the participants with flu history had worn face masks. By examining barriers to the wearing of masks for influenza prevention, this study can assess public willingness to adopt personal prevention behaviors and provide information for related policies in the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Design 2018

abstract: Information forensics and security have come a long way in just a few years thanks to the recent advances in biometric recognition. The main challenge remains a proper design of a biometric modality that can be resilient to unconstrained conditions, such as quality distortions. This work presents a solution to face and ear recognition under unconstrained visual variations, with a main focus on recognition in the presence of blur, occlusion and additive noise distortions. First, the dissertation addresses the problem of scene variations in the presence of blur, occlusion and additive noise distortions resulting from capture, processing and transmission. Despite their excellent performance, ’deep’ methods are susceptible to visual distortions, which significantly reduce their performance. Sparse representations, on the other hand, have shown huge potential capabilities in handling problems, such as occlusion and corruption. In this work, an augmented SRC (ASRC) framework is presented to improve the performance of the Spare Representation Classifier (SRC) in the presence of blur, additive noise and block occlusion, while preserving its robustness to scene dependent variations. Different feature types are considered in the performance evaluation including image raw pixels, HoG and deep learning VGG-Face. The proposed ASRC framework is shown to outperform the conventional SRC in terms of recognition accuracy, in addition to other existing sparse-based methods and blur invariant methods at medium to high levels of distortion, when particularly used with discriminative features. In order to assess the quality of features in improving both the sparsity of the representation and the classification accuracy, a feature sparse coding and classification index (FSCCI) is proposed and used for feature ranking and selection within both the SRC and ASRC frameworks. The second part of the dissertation presents a method for unconstrained ear recognition using deep learning features. The unconstrained ear recognition is performed using transfer learning with deep neural networks (DNNs) as a feature extractor followed by a shallow classifier. Data augmentation is used to improve the recognition performance by augmenting the training dataset with image transformations. The recognition performance of the feature extraction models is compared with an ensemble of fine-tuned networks. The results show that, in the case where long training time is not desirable or a large amount of data is not available, the features from pre-trained DNNs can be used with a shallow classifier to give a comparable recognition accuracy to the fine-tuned networks. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2018

Cao, Zhimin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-34). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction and related work --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Learning-based descriptor for face recognition --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview of framework --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Learning-based descriptor extraction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sampling and normalization --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Learning-based encoding and histogram rep-resentation --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- PCA dimension reduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Multiple LE descriptors --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Pose-adaptive matching --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Component -level face alignment --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Pose-adaptive matching --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Evaluations of pose-adaptive matching --- p.19 / Chapter 3 --- Experiment --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results on the LFW benchmark --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results on Multi-PIE --- p.24 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and future work --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Future work --- p.28 / Bibliography --- p.30