O princípio que norteia esta investigação supõe que o rosto, entendido como a principal ferramenta da expressão e da comunicação humana, configura-se, na modernidade, como uma superfície de inscrição de valores, padrões e signos que reverberam certa realidade dominante, respondendo a agenciamentos de poder, de acordo com o pensamento expresso pelos filósofos franceses Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, no texto Ano Zero - Rostidade, na obra Mil Platôs (v. III, 1996). A fim de circular a ideia de um grande Rosto produzido por uma máquina abstrata da rostidade, a pesquisa resgata conceitos fundadores da produção de imagens, na fotografia e no cinema, tais como a fotogenia, a fisionomização e a tipagem, apresentando-os como atuantes dessa máquina, colaboradores dos processos que levam à produção de um rosto que se define pelo típico homem branco, de origem europeia, que obedece de modo quase incondicional aos valores de um sistema que, além de rostificá-lo, atua sobre sua consciência, suas vontades e seus desejos. Sistema comparado pelos autores ao muro branco-buraco negro, semióticas mistas de significação e subjetividade, a pesquisa buscou nas imagens que representam a figura humana, o que inclui representações do rosto pela arte moderna e contemporânea, evidenciar que a rostificação se torna visível pelos padrões produzidos pela máquina associados às imagens-clichês, viciadas, repetitivas e sem lastro, que respondem por estereótipos e apontam para preconceitos e racismos. Por outro lado, conceitos como afecção e sensação, também presentes no pensamento deleuziano, são indicadores de que as imagens possuem a virtual potência de nos mostrar um rosto, um rosto não rostificado, que iremos comparar ao mistério das imagens capazes de produzir enigmas no pensamento. / The principle that guides this research assumes that the face, understood as the main tool of the expression and human communication, appears, in modernity, as an inscription of values, standards and signs that reverberates a certain dominant reality, responding to power arrangements, in accordance with the thought expressed by the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in the text Year Zero - Faciality, the literary work Thousand Plateaus (v. III, 1996). In order to move the idea of a big Face produced by an abstract machine of faciality, the research rescues founding concepts of production of images, in photography and cinema, such as the photogenic, physiognomyzation and typing, presenting them as active in this machine, employees of the processes that lead to the production of a face that is defined by the typical white male, of European origin, which obeys almost unconditionally to the values of a system which, in addition to facializing it, acts on his conscience, his wills and desires. A system compared by the authors to the wall white-black hole, semiotic mixed of meaning and subjectivity, the survey seeked in images representing the human figure, which includes representations of the face for modern and contemporary art to show that the face production becomes visible by the standards produced by the machine associated to the image-clichés, addicted, repetitive and without ballast, which respond by stereotypes and point to prejudices and racism. On the other hand, concepts such as affection and feeling, also present in the Deleuzian thinking are indicators that the images have the power to show us a virtual face, a face not facialized, which we will compare to the mystery of images able to produce enigmas in the thought.

A maioria das más oclusões apresenta alterações tanto no sentido vertical quanto no sentido ântero-posterior. O estudo do equilíbrio vertical da face é extremamente útil para o bom diagnóstico e correto planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico. Conhecer a morfologia craniofacial, como as proporções faciais, é fundamental para a compreensão das tendências de crescimento futuras e para a obtenção da harmonia das alturas e das linhas faciais. Este estudo cefalométrico longitudinal visou avaliar, comparativamente, as alterações das alturas faciais, provenientes do tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II, 1a divisão de Angle, pela Técnica de “Edgewise” (Mecânica do Arco de Canto Simplificada), associado à ancoragem extrabucal cervical, com e sem extração de quatro primeiros pré-molares. A amostra constituiu-se de 116 telerradiografias em norma lateral obtidas de 56 jovens. Destes jovens, 22 (10 do gênero feminino e 12 do masculino) foram tratados ortodonticamente com extração de quatro primeiros pré-molares e apresentavam idade média inicial de 12,30 e final de 14,87 anos. Outros 22 (13 do gênero feminino e 9 do masculino) foram tratados ortodonticamente sem extração e apresentavam idade média inicial de 12,53 e idade média final de 14,73 anos. Os demais 14 jovens (6 do gênero feminino e 8 do masculino) com idade média inicial de 11,50 e final de 13,63 anos, não foram submetidos a nenhuma intervenção ortodôntica, formando assim o grupo controle. Com o auxílio da cefalometria computadorizada, as telerradiografias iniciais e finais foram digitalizadas e os resultados submetidos ao teste estatístico. Com base na metodologia empregada, a análise dos resultados revelou que não houve influência significante da terapia ortodôntica sobre as alterações das alturas faciais, denotando um comportamento similar, com aumento de sete grandezas, em todos os três grupos. Apenas a proporção entre a altura facial posterior total e a altura facial anterior total exibiu um aumento nos grupos I e III. O movimento vertical dos primeiros molares tanto superiores quanto inferiores modificou-se de modo semelhante nos três grupos, demonstrando uma extrusão com relevância estatística desses dentes, com maior extrusão do molar inferior nos grupos tratados. As alterações horizontais dentoalveolares evidenciaram uma mesialização dos primeiros molares superiores e inferiores em todos os grupos, contudo o maior deslocamento para mesial ocorreu no grupo tratado com extração de quatro primeiros pré-molares e no grupo controle. Em relação aos primeiros molares inferiores, empregando a análise de variância a um critério fixo, observamos uma maior mesialização no grupo I. / The cephalometric changes of anterior and posterior facial heights, in the Class II, Division 1 treatment, were compared among three different groups of patients: 4-premolar extraction, non-extraction and control. Each test sample consisted of 22 patients from whom lateral headfilms were obtained, either at the beginning or in the end of the treatment. Fourteen compatible subjects, comprising the control group, had their radiographs taken accordingly, at this same time interval. The one-way ANOVA was used to identify differences among the groups regarding the observed variables. As a result, significant differences for the anterior and posterior facial heights were not statistically detected among the groups. Based upon this methodology, no significant influence of the orthodontic treatment therapy was revealed over the facial heights, but rather similar behavior, in all groups, toward increasing the LAFH, UAFH, TAFH, PFH, AFH, TPFH and CF-Go’. The rate between the TPFH and the TAFH exhibited an increase in groups I and III. In all three groups, the vertical drift of upper and lower first molars were similarly modified, producing a significant extrusion of these teeth, mainly in the lower arch of the treated sample. Sagital dentoalveolar changes, regardless of the group, consisted of mesial movement of all first molars. The largest mesial movements, however, were found to occur in the 4-premolar extraction and in the control groups.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-03T11:11:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_DENIS_SOUTO_VALENTE_PARCIAL.pdf: 425112 bytes, checksum: da5a1914e0af743bea4b0e364bdd898a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-11-03T11:12:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_DENIS_SOUTO_VALENTE_PARCIAL.pdf: 425112 bytes, checksum: da5a1914e0af743bea4b0e364bdd898a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-03T11:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_DENIS_SOUTO_VALENTE_PARCIAL.pdf: 425112 bytes, checksum: da5a1914e0af743bea4b0e364bdd898a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-25 / Background- Perception of facial age is a health biomarker. Bariatric surgery provides benefits to obese people. Knowledge is scarce about the role of obesity in facial age. Objectives- The aim of this study is to verify whether there is a change in the perception of facial age when comparing people with morbid obesity before surgery and one year after the procedure, along with normal weight controls. Methods- Through a prospective cohort, subjects with morbid obesity were reassessed after undergoing bariatric surgery. In a transversal study, these individuals were compared to people of normal weight. Seven plastic surgeons estimated the age of each subject based solely on their photographs. The difference in each age perceived was calculated. Results- Before surgery the mean facial age perception was 40.8 years and after was 43.7 years (p = 0.004). In the control group a mean difference of -1.03 years was observed, different from morbid obesity (p = 0.045) and after bariatric surgery (p = 0.001). Men over 40 years of age, with a preoperative body mass index between 40 kg and 49.9 kg/m2, weight greater than 127.65 kg before surgery, and the percentage loss of excess weight greater than 75.13%, demonstrated greater perceived facial aging. Conclusion- Bariatric surgery produces facial aging. Morbidly obese people and individuals who have undergone bariatric surgery appear to be older than people who have always been thin. / Introdu??o- A percep??o da idade facial ? um biomarcador de sa?de. A cirurgia bari?trica proporciona benef?cios para pessoas obesas. O conhecimento ? escasso acerca do papel da obesidade na idade facial. Objetivos- Verificar se existe modifica??o na percep??o da idade facial ao comparar pessoas com obesidade m?rbida antes da cirurgia e um ano ap?s a realiza??o desta, bem como controles de peso normal. M?todos- Atrav?s de uma coorte prospectiva os sujeitos com obesidade m?rbida foram reavaliados ap?s passarem pela cirurgia bari?trica. No estudo transversal estes mesmos indiv?duos foram comparados com pessoas de peso normal. Sete cirurgi?es pl?sticos presumiram a idade de cada sujeito somente atrav?s de suas fotografias. Foi calculada a diferen?a de cada idade percebida. Resultados- Antes da cirurgia a m?dia de percep??o da idade facial foi de 40,8 anos e ap?s foi de 43,7 anos (p=0,004). No Grupo controle se observou a diferen?a na percep??o da idade facial de -1,03 anos sendo diferente da obesidade m?rbida (p= 0,045) e ap?s a cirurgia (p=0,001). Homens, maiores de 40 anos, ?ndice de massa corporal pr?-operat?rio entre 40 e 49,9 kg/m2, peso maior do que 127,65 kg antes da cirurgia, perda de peso menor do que 43,15 kg e perda do percentual de excesso de peso maior do que 75,13% apresentaram maior envelhecimento facial. Conclus?o- A cirurgia bari?trica produz envelhecimento facial. Pessoas com obesidade m?rbida e indiv?duos que se submeteram a cirurgia bari?trica aparentam ter mais idade do que pessoas que sempre foram magras.

O sinal de entrada na retina é decomposto em termos de frequência espacial (FE), variações periódicas de luminância ao longo do espaço. Existe vasta literatura sobre o processamento de FE no córtex visual primário. No entanto, não se sabe ao certo como esta informação sensorial básica é processada e integrada numa visão de alto nível. Esta tese aborda este tema ao investigar lateralidade cerebral, tempo de processamento e contexto cognitivo em três diferentes seções com objetivos específicos. Estas seções investigaram comportamentalmente visão de alto nível tendo a face humana como estímulo, dado sua relevância biológica e social. Na primeira seção (Theoretical Review), uma revisão apresenta estudos clínicos e neuropsicológicos que mostram áreas cerebrais envolvidas na percepção de faces e como os hemisférios esquerdo e direito realizam um processamento holístico e analítico baseado em informações de FEs. A especialização hemisférica de FE no reconhecimento de faces é então revisada e discutida. Concluiu-se que assimetrias sensoriais podem ser a base para assimetrias cognitivas de alta ordem. Ademais, foi destacado a influência do tempo de processamento. Na segunda seção (Study 1), foi investigado por método psicofísico a lateralidade de baixas e altas FEs no reconhecimento de faces em diferentes tempos de exposição. Faces com filtragem de FE foram apresentadas em campo visual dividido em alta e baixa restrição temporal em duas tarefas: reconhecimento facial (Experimento 1) e reconhecimento do sexo facial (Experimento 2). No Experimento 1, informações faciais de baixas e altas FEs foram mais eficientemente processadas no hemisfério direito e esquerdo, respectivamente, sem efeito do tempo de exposição das faces. Os resultados do Experimento 2 mostraram uma assimetria do hemisfério direito para baixas FEs em baixa restrição temporal. Conclui-se que o processamento de altas e baixas FEs é lateralizado nos hemisférios cerebrais no reconhecimento de faces. No entanto, a contribuição de altas e baixas FEs é dependente da tarefa e do tempo de exposição. Na terceira seção (Study 2) foi investigado qual estratégia temporal, coarse-to-fine (de baixas para altas FEs) ou fine-to-coarse, cada hemisfério cerebral utiliza para integrar informação de FE de faces humanas numa tarefa de categorização facial homem-mulher. Sequências dinâmicas breves coarse-to-fine e fine-to-coarse de faces foram apresentadas no campo visual esquerdo, direito e central. Os resultados do tempo de resposta e do score de eficiência invertida mostraram uma prevalência geral de um processamento coarse-to-fine, independente do campo visual de apresentação. Ainda, os dados da taxa de erro ressaltam o processamento coarse-to-fine realizado pelo hemisfério direito. No geral, esta tese fornece insights sobre assimetria cerebral funcional, integração de alto nível e curso temporal do processamento de FEs, principalmente para aqueles interessados na percepção de faces. Também foi mostrado que operações lateralizadas, tarefa-dependente e coarse-to-fine podem coexistir e interagir no cérebro para processar informação de FE. / Retinal input is decomposed in terms of spatial frequency (SF), i.e., periodic variations of luminance through space. There is extensive literature on the processing of SF in the primary visual cortex. However, it is still unclear how SF information is processed and integrated in high-level vision. This thesis addressed this issue in terms of laterality effects, processing time-course, and the cognitive context in three different sections with specific purposes. These sections behaviorally tackle high-level vision using human faces as stimuli due to their biological and social relevance. In the first section (Theoretical Review) a literature review presented clinical and neurophysiological studies that show brain areas that are involved in face perception and how the right and left hemispheres perform holistic and analytic processing, depending on SF information. The SF hemispheric specialization in face recognition is then reviewed and discussed. Our conclusion is that functional sensorial asymmetries may be the basis for high-level cognitive asymmetries. In addition, we highlighted the role of the processing time. In the second section (Study 1), we psychophysically investigated laterality of low and high SF in face recognition at different exposure times. The SF filtered faces were presented in a divided visual field at high and low temporal constraint in two tasks: face recognition (Experiment 1) and face gender recognition (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, low and high SF facial information were more efficiently processed in the right and in the left hemisphere, respectively, with no effect of exposure time. In Experiment 2, results showed a right hemisphere asymmetry for low SF faces at low temporal constraint. We concluded that the processing of low and high SF is lateralized in the brain hemispheres for face recognition. However, low and high SF contribution is dependent on the task and the exposure time. In the third section (Study 2), we aimed to investigate which temporal strategy, i.e., coarse-to-fine (from low to high SF) or fine-to-course, each brain hemisphere performs to integrate SF information of human faces in a male-female categorization task. Coarse-to-fine and fine-to-course brief dynamic sequences of faces were presented in the left, right and central visual field. Results of the correct response time and the inverse efficiency score showed an overall advantage of coarse-to-fine processing, irrespective of the visual field of presentation. Data of the error rate also highlights the role of the right hemisphere in the coarse-to-fine processing. All in all, this thesis provided some insights on functional brain asymmetry, high-level integration, and processing time-course of SF information, mainly for those interested in face perception. It was also shown that lateralized, diagnostic-oriented, and coarse-to-fine operations may coexist and interact in the human brain to process SF information.

Deep learning has been widely and successfully applied to many difficult tasks in computer vision, such as image parsing, object detection, and object recognition, where various deep learning architectures such as deep neural networks, convolutional deep neural networks, and deep belief networks have achieved impressive performance and significantly outperformed state-of-the-art methods. However, the potential of deep learning in face related problems has not be fully explored yet. In this thesis, we fully explore different deep learning methods and proposes new network architectures and learning algorithms on face related applications, such as face parsing, face attribute inference, and face recognition. / For face parsing, we propose a novel face parser, which recasts segmentation of face components as a cross-modality data transformation problem, i.e., transforming an image patch to a label map. Specifically, a face is represented hierarchically by parts, components, and pixel-wise labels. With this representation, this approach first detects faces at both the part- and component-levels, and then computes the pixel-wise label maps. The part-based and component-based detectors are generatively trained with the deep belief network (DBN), and are discriminatively tuned by logistic regression. The segmentators transform the detected face components to label maps, which are obtained by learning a highly nonlinear mapping with the deep autoencoder. The proposed hierarchical face parsing is not only robust to partial occlusions but also provide richer information for face analysis and face synthesis compared with face keypoint detection and face alignment. / For face attribute inference, the proposed approach captures the interdependencies of local regions for each attribute, as well as the high-order correlations between different attributes, which makes it more robust to occlusions and misdetection of face regions. First, we have modeled region interdependencies with a discriminative decision tree, where each node consists of a detector and a classifier trained on a local region. The detector allows us to locate the region, while the classifier determines the presence or absence of an attribute. Second, correlations of attributes and attribute predictors are modeled by organizing all of the decision trees into a large sum-product network (SPN), which is learned by the EM algorithm and yields the most probable explanation (MPE) of the facial attributes in terms of the region’s localization and classification. Experimental results on a large data set with 22,400 images show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. / For face recognition, this thesis addresses this challenge by proposing a new deep learning framework that can recover the canonical view of face images. It dramatically reduces the intra-person variances, while maintaining the inter-person discriminativeness. Unlike the existing face reconstruction methods that were either evaluated in controlled 2D environment or employed 3D information, our approach directly learns the transformation between face images with a complex set of variations and their canonical views. At the training stage, to avoid the costly process of labeling canonical-view images from the training set by hand, we have devised a new measurement and algorithm to automatically select or synthesize a canonical-view image for each identity. The recovered canonical-view face images are matched by using a facial component-based convolutional neural network. Our approach achieves the best performance on the LFW dataset under the unrestricted protocol. We also demonstrate that the performance of existing methods can be improved if they are applied to our recovered canonical-view face images. / 近年來，深度學習算法被成功應用於解決各種困難的計算機視覺問題，例如圖像分割、物體識別和檢測等。深度學習算法，如深度神經網絡、深度卷積神經網絡、和深度置信度網絡在上述方面取得重要突破，並且算法性能超過了傳統計算機視覺算法。然而，人臉圖片，作為人的視覺認知最重要的環節之一，還沒有在深度學習框架下進行研究。本文以人臉圖片分析為背景，深入探討了適用的深度學習算法與不同的深度網絡結構。主要關注以下幾個應用，包括人臉分割、人臉屬性判斷、和人臉識別。 / 對於人臉分割問題，我們把傳統的計算機視覺分割問題變成一個高維空間數據轉換問題，即把人臉圖片轉換為分割圖。一張人臉圖片可以層次化的表示為像素塊、人臉關鍵點（五官）、和人臉區域。通過使用該人臉表示，我們的方法先檢測人臉的區域，其次檢測人臉關鍵點，最後根據人臉關鍵點位置把像素塊轉換為分割圖。本文提出的方法包括兩個步驟：關鍵點檢測和圖元轉換為分割圖。本文使用深度置信度網絡進行關鍵點檢測；使用深度編碼器進行像素點到分割圖的轉換。該方法對人臉遮擋也具有魯棒性。 / 對於人臉屬性判斷，本文提出的方法對兩種相關性進行建模，包括人臉關鍵區域相關性和人臉屬性之間的相關性。我們使用決策樹對人臉關鍵區域相關性進行建模。通過把尋找與決策樹一一對應的Sum-Product樹對屬性之間的相關性進行建模。通過對22400張人臉圖片進行實驗，驗證本文提出的方法的有效性與魯棒性。 / 對於人臉識別問題，本論文提出了一種新的人臉表示方法，稱爲人臉身份保持性特徵。該特徵能夠保持不同身份人臉之間的判別性，同時減少同一身份人臉間的變化。該特徵還可以恢復輸入人臉圖片的正臉。使用該正臉圖片進行人臉歸一化，可以使現有人臉識別算法的準確率都能得到提高。 / Luo, Ping. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-95). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 27, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Attention might be advantageously located to attractive faces. To clarify such an advantage in attentional process, the present study investigated the effects of facial attractiveness on two attentional processes, i.e., attention capture and attention adhesion. Attention adhesion refers to the difficulty to switch attention away, whereas attention capture refers to the process of initial orienting of attention. Both top-down (driven by participants’ task knowledge) and bottom-up (driven by the properties inherent in the stimuli) attention capture effects were considered. Given the evolutionary implications of facial attractiveness, I also examined the influence of priming the fundamental needs, i.e., self-protection and mating goals, on the facial attractiveness effect. To address these issues, five experiments were conducted by using visual search and modified cue paradigms. / In Experiments 1a-1c, participants were required to search for the attractive face among a set of unattractive faces, and to search for the unattractive face among a set of attractive faces. In Experiment 1b, before performing the visual search task, participants were primed by watching/seeing scary and romantic movies/pictures to activate their self-protection and mating goals, respectively. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to search for the face among the distractors of neutral or threatening animal pictures and other non-face pictures, whereas in Experiment 3, participants were asked to search for the neutral or threatening animal among the distractors of face and non-face pictures. In Experiments 4 and 5, the modified cue paradigms were used. Participants’ task was to indicate the location of a target dot after two cues were simultaneously presented at the left and right sides of the screen. Faces and non-face pictures were used as the cues. In Experiment 5, participants were required to not only respond to the target dot location but also remember the face-cue when a face was presented as one of the two cues. In Experiments 2-5, the threatening animals, as opposed to the neutral animals, were expected to prime participants with the self-protection goal. The effect of facial attractiveness on top-down attention capture was examined in Experiments 1, 2 and 5, whereas its effect on bottom-up attention capture was tested in Experiments 3 and 4. The effect of facial attractiveness on attention adhesion was assessed in Experiments 1, 3, 4 and 5. / Overall results showed that attention could be captured by the attractive face in a top-down manner when both attractive and unattractive faces were simultaneously presented (Experiment 1), but not in a bottom-up manner (Experiments 3 or 4) or when participants searched for the face among the non-face objects (Experiment 2). After attention was allocated to a face, facial attractiveness can further increase attention adhesion (Experiment 5). There was no significant modulation of the priming of self-protection or mating goals on the effect of facial attractiveness. The findings suggested that attention was not automatically drawn to attractive face. This process needs to be accompanied with fast intentional disengagement of attention from unattractive faces. / 本研究主要探討面孔吸引力對注意捕獲（attention capture）和注意粘附（attention adhesion）的影響。注意捕獲是指人們的注意被某個目標所吸引；注意粘附是指注意難以從所注意的目標上轉移開去。注意捕獲有兩種過程：自上而下和自下而上。自上而下的注意捕獲指與任務相關的知識所引導的注意捕獲；自下而上的注意捕獲則是指刺激的特徵所引導的注意捕獲。本研究對注意粘附和兩種注意捕獲都進行了討論。除此之外，由於吸引力的進化意義，本研究還探討了進化基本需求（自我保護和擇偶）對以上注意過程的影響。 / 實驗一、二、三採用視覺搜索範式。在實驗一中，參與者被要求在低吸引力/高吸引力的面孔背景中搜索高吸引力/低吸引力的面孔。在實驗一（b）中，在視覺搜索任務之前，參與者被要求觀看恐懼/浪漫的視頻和圖片以激活自我保護和擇偶的動機。在實驗二中，參與者被要求在其他非面孔的圖片背景中搜索面孔，而在實驗三中，參與者被要求搜索動物，面孔和其他非面孔圖片作為干擾項出現。實驗四、五採用改良線索範式。被試的任務是對在同時呈現的左右兩線索圖片後出現的目標點做反應。線索為面孔和非面孔圖片。在實驗五中，被試被額外要求記住面孔線索。在實驗二、三、四、五中，危險動物圖片被用來激活被試的自我保護動機。實驗一、二、五測量了面孔吸引力對自上而下的注意捕獲的影響；實驗三、四測量了面孔吸引力對自下而上的注意捕獲的影響；同時，在實驗一、三、四、五中，也可以分析面孔吸引力對注意粘附的影響。 / 實驗結果顯示，當高低吸引力的面孔同時呈現時，面孔吸引力能引發自上而下的注意捕獲（實驗一）；但不能引發自下而上的注意捕獲（實驗三、四），而且當參與者在非面孔圖片中搜索面孔時，面孔吸引力也不能引發自上而下的注意捕獲（實驗二、五）。同時，面孔吸引力也會引發注意粘附（實驗一）。但是，本研究沒有發現進化基本需求對這些注意機制的影響。研究結果說明，高吸引力的面孔捕獲人們的注意需要伴隨著有意地將注意從低吸引力的面孔上快速轉離。 / Pu, Xiaoping. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-94). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, November, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Hok Chun Lo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-143). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- PREVIOUS WORK ON FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1. --- Active Deformable Contour --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- Facial Feature Points and B-spline Curve --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3. --- Optical Flow Approach --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4. --- Facial Action Coding System --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5. --- Neural Network --- p.13 / Chapter 3. --- EIGEN-ANALYSIS BASED METHOD FOR FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1. --- Related Topics on Eigen-Analysis Based Method --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Terminologies --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Significance of Principal Component Analysis --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Graphical Presentation of the Idea of Principal Component Analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2. --- EigenFace Method for Face Recognition --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3. --- Eigen-Analysis Based Method for Facial Expression Recognition --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Person-Dependent Database --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Direct Adoption of EigenFace Method --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Multiple Subspaces Method --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4. --- Detail Description on Our Approaches --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Database Formation --- p.29 / Chapter a. --- Conversion of Image to Column Vector --- p.29 / Chapter b. --- "Preprocess: Scale Regulation, Orientation Regulation and Cropping." --- p.30 / Chapter c. --- Scale Regulation --- p.31 / Chapter d. --- Orientation Regulation --- p.32 / Chapter e. --- Cropping of images --- p.33 / Chapter f. --- Calculation of Expression Subspace for Direct Adoption Method --- p.35 / Chapter g. --- Calculation of Expression Subspace for Multiple Subspaces Method. --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Recognition Process for Direct Adoption Method --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Recognition Process for Multiple Subspaces Method --- p.39 / Chapter a. --- Intensity Normalization Algorithm --- p.39 / Chapter b. --- Matching --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5. --- Experimental Result and Analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 4. --- DEFORMABLE TEMPLATE MATCHING SCHEME FOR FACIAL EXPRESSION RECOGNITION --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1. --- Background Knowledge --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Camera Model --- p.53 / Chapter a. --- Pinhole Camera Model and Perspective Projection --- p.54 / Chapter b. --- Orthographic Camera Model --- p.56 / Chapter c. --- Affine Camera Model --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- View Synthesis --- p.58 / Chapter a. --- Technique Issue of View Synthesis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2. --- View Synthesis Technique for Facial Expression Recognition --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- From View Synthesis Technique to Template Deformation --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3. --- Database Formation --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Person-Dependent Database --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Model Images Acquisition --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Templates' Structure and Formation Process --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Selection of Warping Points and Template Anchor Points --- p.77 / Chapter a. --- Selection of Warping Points --- p.78 / Chapter b. --- Selection of Template Anchor Points --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4. --- Recognition Process --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Solving Warping Equation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Template Deformation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Template from Input Images --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.4. --- Matching --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5. --- Implementation of Automation System --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- Kalman Filter --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- Using Kalman Filter for Trakcing in Our System --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.3. --- Limitation --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6. --- Experimental Result and Analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK --- p.97 / APPENDIX --- p.100 / Chapter I. --- Image Sample 1 --- p.100 / Chapter II. --- Image Sample 2 --- p.109 / Chapter III. --- Image Sample 3 --- p.119 / Chapter IV. --- Image Sample 4 --- p.135 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.136

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2018. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). / Reconhecimento facial é uma área de grande interesse para governos e empresas nos dias de hoje, motivando diversas pesquisas na área. Atualmente, a maioria das pesquisas migrou para a utilização de aprendizado de máquina para apresentar soluções para o reconhecimento facial biométrico. As técnicas utilizando marcos faciais eram a principal abordagem para resolver reconhecimentos faciais biométricos e, mesmo com o avanço de novas técnicas, elas ainda são capazes de obter bons resultados em ambientes controlados. Porém, ainda existem problemas em aberto para serem solucionados, como o tratamento de gêmeos, variação de escala e o crescimento da face. Neste trabalho, inicialmente é feita uma pesquisa sobre os principais algoritmos de reconhecimento facial biométrico e, além disso, é proposto um novo método baseado em valores medidos (razões) de marcos faciais cefalométricos, que utilizam o tamanho da iris como um fator de normalização para solucionar a influência dos efeitos escala da face (crescimento facial) e melhorando os valores deEqual Error Rate (EER) para um sistema de reconhecimento facial em cenários específicos em 5%. Também foi feita uma análise para reduzir o número de razões necessárias, reduzindo das inicias 40 razões para 14, enquanto também aumentando o desempenho do método. / Nowadays, facial recognition arouses interest for governments and companies, motivating various reserches in the area. Presently, most researches have used techniques based on machine learning. Facial landmarks techniques were the first and main approach to solve biometric facial recognition and, even with the rise of newer techniques, they are still capable of achieving great results in controlled environments. However, there are still open problems to be solved, such as how to deal with twins, scale variation and the face growth. In this work, initially a research is made over the most important algorithms for biometric facial recognition and also, we propose a new method based on measured values (ratios) from facial cephalometric landmarks, which uses an iris size as a normalization factor to solve the influence of face scale (face growth) effect and improving Equal Error Rates (EER) scores for a facial recognition system in specifics scenarios under 5%. An analysis to reduce the number of ratios needed was also made, reducing from 40 to 14, while also increasing the performance of the method.

从面孔表情中感知情绪受到情绪背景的调节。用来指代各种情绪状态的情绪词汇或许是一类情绪知觉的背景。本研究采用改进后的启动范式系统探索了情绪词汇的情景效应的自动化程度和时间进程。实验1 发现情绪词汇和情绪面孔之间的情绪一致性可以调节实验参与者性别判断任务的成绩。实验2 和实验3 采用任务指导语操纵了对于情绪词汇的加工 水平。情绪词汇的情景效应仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇时被发现（实验2），而在实验参与者仅仅记忆词汇颜色时没有被发现（实验3）。采用更为简单的朝向判断任务，实验4 发现该情景效应仅仅表现在高兴面孔中。该情景效应同样受到情绪词汇加工水平的调节。对于高兴面孔的的情景效应仅仅在实验参与者主动记忆情绪词汇的条件下被发现（实验5 和实验7）。在实验参与者记忆词汇颜色时未被发现（实验6 和实验8）。实验9 采用脑电方法探索了面孔性别判断任务中情绪词汇的情景效应的时间进程。相比一致条件，N170的平均波幅在不一致条件下有更高的波幅。总之，（1）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合受到面孔加工任务和情绪词汇加工水平的调节；（2）情绪词汇和情绪面孔的整合或许发生在面孔加工的知觉阶段。 / Emotion perception offacial expressions is modulated by affective contexts. Emotion words, that are used to refer to discrete emotion categories, might also serve as a kind of context of emotion perception. The current study systematically explored the degree of automaticity and time course of context effect of emotion words with a modified priming paradigm. Experiment 1 demonstrated that emotion congruency between emotion words and emotional faces could modulate participants' task performance on gender judgment task, which did not require an explicit emotion judgment. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, the processing level of emotion words was manipulated by task instruction on emotion words. The context effect of emotion words was only found when participants deliberately memorized an emotion word (Experiment 2). This effect disappeared when participants memorized the color of emotion word (Experiment 3). With a more simple orientation judgment task, Experiment 4 demonstrated a congruency effect for appy faces only. Processing level of emotion words also modulated this effect. Reliable congruency effect for happy faces was only found when word identities were explicitly processed (Experiment 5 and 7) but not in a superficial word color task (Experiment 6 and 8). Experiment 9 explored the time course of context effect of emotion words on face gender judgment with EEG recording. The mean amplitude of N170 was enhanced in incongruent condition compared with congruent condition. In summary, (1) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces was modulated by task demands on faces and processing level of emotion words; (2) the integration of emotion words and emotional faces might happen at the perceptual stage of face processing. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yang, Lizhuang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-116). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / Chapter ABSTRACT IN CHINESE --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Emotional Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- General Models of Face Processing --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Emotion Perception of Facial Expressions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Emotional Faces in Contexts --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Time Course of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Automaticity of Context Effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Emotion Words as Context --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Emotion Words --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Emotion Words and Emotion Perception --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Current Study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Aim and Motivation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- General Methodology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON GENDER JUDGMENT --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Experiment 1 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Method --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment 2 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Method --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiment 3 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Method --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- General Discussion --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Summary of Main Findings --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Perceptual Locus of Context Effect --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Task Demand on Context --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- THE EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS ON ORIENTATION JUDGEMENT --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Experiment 4 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Method --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- ExperimentS --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Method --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment 6 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Method --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiment 7 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Method --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5 --- Experiment 8 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Method --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Discussion --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6 --- General Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Results Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Face --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Context Effect and Task Demand on Context --- p.76 / Chapter 4. --- CONTEXT EFFECT OF EMOTION WORDS: AN ERP STUDy --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experiment 9 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Method --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- General Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Results Summary --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Influence of Language on Perception --- p.87 / Chapter 5. --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview of Results --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Modified Priming Paradigm --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3 --- Automaticity of Context Effect of Emotion Words --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Locus of Context Effect of Emotion WordsError! Bookmark not defined. / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.96 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.100 / APPENDIX / Chapter A. --- Face Stimuli Source --- p.101 / Chapter B. --- Emotion Categorization of Faces --- p.102 / Chapter C. --- Happy Face Advantage in Orientation Experiment --- p.l03 / Chapter D. --- Summary of Measures of Pl and N170 in Face Task --- p.106 / BIBLIOGRAPHy --- p.108

Perceptions of intelligence are strongly related to attractiveness and have a significant impact on first impressions. The introductory chapters (1 - 3) provide an overview of the literature on attractiveness, halo effects, and intelligence, while the experimental chapters (4 - 6) explore perceptions of cues to intelligence beyond attractiveness, individual differences in the susceptibility to the halo, and the accuracy of perceptions of competence. Chapter 4 investigated the malleable facial cues of eyelid-openness and mouth curvature and their influence on perceived intelligence. Attractiveness partially mediated intelligence impression, but effects of eyelid-openness and subtle smiling enhanced intelligence ratings independent of attractiveness. These effects were observed and replicated in between individual (cross-sectional) studies of natural images of adult faces, child faces, through digital manipulation of individual cues in the same faces, and in a within individual sleep-restricted sample. Chapter 5 investigated the relationship between perceived intelligence and attractiveness by exploring whether a raters' own intelligence may be related to a stronger endorsement of the perceived intelligence-attractiveness halo. The correlation between ratings of the perceived intelligence and attractiveness was found to be stronger for participants who scored higher on an intelligence test than participants with lower intelligence test scores. Chapter 6 investigated the limiting effects of attractiveness on perceptions of competence. When statistically controlling for the attractiveness halo, academic performance could be predicted from judgments of conscientiousness but not from ratings of intelligence. Thus this thesis demonstrates that malleable facial cues can influence perceptions of intelligence independent of attractiveness, identifies an individual difference that influences endorsement of the intelligence-attractiveness halo, and shows the limiting effects of the attractiveness halo on potentially accurate perceptions of academic performance. Collectively these findings provide evidence of the powerful influence of attractiveness on perceptions of intelligence; such work is necessary if we are to mitigate such bias.