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Thèse--Chir. dent.--Bordeaux 2, 1973. N°: N° 1. / Bibliogr. ff. 66-68.

Au croisement de la sociologie de l’action et de l’anthropologie de la communication et du langage, la thèse entend vérifier l’hypothèse de la co-construction d’un outillage collectif de la fabrique de la ville. Elle s’appuie sur une ethnographie de quatre processus participatifs sur des projets urbains franciliens de différentes natures : projet de rénovation et éco projet. La première partie montre comment se dessine un cadre d’action dans lequel la fabrique de la ville devient un projet participatif qui met les acteurs en situation d’enquête collective. Le face à face devient un double espace de projétation - projection des transformations urbaines - et de fabrique des modalités et ressources participatives. Saisir ce double espace nécessite une approche socio-anthropologique.La seconde partie s’intéresse aux contraintes avec lesquelles les participants doivent conjuguer : elle insiste sur les différents cadrages qui contribuent très fortement à la définition d’une offre participative (mises en place dans le cadre de commande public ou encore d’une recherche-action). Les contraintes se situent dans les trois niveaux de l’activité participative (interactionnelle, organisationnelle et politique), ce qui rend l’exercice collectif très complexe. Dans une perspective pragmatiste, la troisième partie s’attache à regarder comment la participation remodèle les ressources de l’échange en face à face et comment elle construit des façons de (faire) participer. Elle insiste sur les obstacles et les leviers d’un outillage collectif. L’étude ethnographique dégage un contraste dans les possibles redéfinitions de la situation qui sont laissées aux acteurs. / Situated between sociology of action and anthropology of communication and language, the thesis intends to verify the hypothesis of a collective tooling for building the city. It is based on the ethnography of four participatory processes in different urban projects situated in the Paris metropolitan area, ranging from the eco-project to the urban renewal project. The first part of the thesis retraces the history of the emergence of the participation, mainly from the point of view of the understanding and the recognition of the city and its inhabitants. It shows how a framework for action when building the city becomes a participative process of collective investigation. The face-to-face becomes a double space of “projétation”. Understanding this needs to develop a socio-anthropological approach.The second part analyses the constraints that the inhabitants have to deal with: it insists on the various framings that contribute very strongly to the definition of the participative offer (organized within the framework of a public order or a research action). These constrains are situated (and can be read) at the same three participative activity levels (interactional, organizational and political), with further complexity for the collective process. Using a pragmatist analytical frame, the third part attempts to describe how the participation process remodels the resources of the face-to-face exchange, and how it builds ways to devise/engage in the participation process. It insists on the obstacles and the levers of a collective tooling of the process. The ethnographical study allowed to identify different possible redefinitions of the situation available to the actors.

Animals are sentient beings, capable of experiencing emotions. Being able to assess emotional states in farm animals is crucial to improving their welfare. Although the function of emotion is not primarily for communication, the outward expression of an emotional state involves changes in posture, vocalisations, odours and facial expressions. These changes can be perceived and used as indicators of emotional state by other animals. Since emotions can be perceived between conspecifics, understanding how emotions are identified and how they can spread within a social group could have a major impact on improving the welfare of farmed species, which are mostly reared in groups. A recently developed method for the evaluation of emotions in animals is based on cognitive biases such as judgment biases, i.e. an individual in a negative emotional state will show pessimistic judgments while and individual in a positive emotional state will show optimistic judgments. The aims of this project were to (A) establish whether sheep and goats can discriminate between images of faces of familiar conspecifics taken in different positive and negative situations, (B) establish whether sheep and goats perceive the valence (positive of negative) of the emotion expressed by the animal on the image, (C) validate the use of images of faces in cognitive bias studies. The use of images of faces of conspecifics as emotional stimuli was first validated, using a discrimination task in a two-armed maze. A new methodology was then developed across a series of experiments to assess spontaneous reactions of animals exposed to video clips or to images of faces of familiar conspecifics. Detailed observations of ear postures were used as the main behavioural indicator. Individual characteristics (dominance status within the herd, dominance pairwise relationships and humananimal relationship) were also recorded during preliminary tests and included in the analyses. The impact of a low-mood state on the perception of emotions was assessed in sheep after subjecting half of the animals to unpredictable negative housing conditions and keeping the other half in good standard housing conditions. Sheep were then presented with videos of conspecifics filmed in situations of varying valence. Reactions to ambiguous stimuli were evaluated by presenting goats with images of morphed faces. Goats were also presented with images of faces of familiar conspecifics taken situations of varying emotional intensity. Sheep could discriminate images of faces of conspecifics taken either in a negative or in a neutral situation and their learning process of the discrimination task was affected by the type of emotion displayed. Sheep reacted differently depending on the valence of the video clips (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference between the control and the low-mood groups (P > 0.05). Goats also showed different behavioural reactions to images of faces photographed in different situations (P < 0.05), indicating that they perceived the images as different. Responses to morphed images were not necessarily intermediate to responses to negative and positive images and not gradual either, which poses a major problem to the potential use of facial images in cognitive bias experiments. Overall, animals were more attentive towards images or videos of conspecifics in negative situations, i.e., presumably, in a negative emotional state. This suggests that sheep and goats are able to perceive the valence of the emotional state. The identity of the individual on the photo also affected the animals’ spontaneous reaction to the images. Social relationships such as dominance, but also affinity between the tested and photographed individual seem to influence emotion perception.

Face recognition, although being a popular area of research for over a decade has still many open research challenges. Some of these challenges include the recognition of poorly illuminated faces, recognition under pose variations and also the challenge of capturing sufficient training data to enable recognition under pose/viewpoint changes. With the appearance of cheap and effective multimodal image capture hardware, such as the Microsoft Kinect device, new possibilities of research have been uncovered. One opportunity is to explore the potential use of the depth maps generated by the Kinect as an additional data source to recognize human faces under low levels of scene illumination, and to generate new images through creating a 3D model using the depth maps and visible-spectrum/RGB images that can then be used to enhance face recognition accuracy by improving the training phase of a classification task. With the goal of enhancing face recognition, this research first investigated how depth maps, since not affected by illumination, can improve face recognition, if algorithms traditionally used in face recognition were used. To this effect a number of popular benchmark face recognition algorithms are tested. It is proved that algorithms based on LBP and Eigenfaces are able to provide high level of accuracy in face recognition due to the significantly high resolution of the depth map images generated by the latest version of the Kinect device. To complement this work a novel algorithm named the Dense Feature Detector is presented and is proven to be effective in face recognition using depth map images, in particular under wellilluminated conditions. Another technique that was presented for the goal of enhancing face recognition is to be able to reconstruct face images in different angles, through the use of the data of one frontal RGB image and the corresponding depth map captured by the Kinect, using faster and effective 3D object reconstruction technique. Using the Overfeat network based on Convolutional Neural Networks for feature extraction and a SVM for classification it is shown that a technically unlimited number of multiple views can be created from the proposed 3D model that consists features of the face if captured real at similar angles. Thus these images can be used as real training images, thus removing the need to capture many examples of a facial image from different viewpoints for the training of the image classifier. Thus the proposed 3D model will save significant amount of time and effort in capturing sufficient training data that is essential in recognition of the human face under variations of pose/viewpoint. The thesis argues that the same approach can also be used as a novel approach to face recognition, which promises significantly high levels of face recognition accuracy base on depth images. Finally following the recent trends in replacing traditional face recognition algorithms with the effective use of deep learning networks, the thesis investigates the use of four popular networks, VGG-16, VGG-19, VGG-S and GoogLeNet in depth maps based face recognition and proposes the effective use of Transfer Learning to enhance the performance of such Deep Learning networks.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-16T19:00:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T19:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / This study addresses face-to-face communications in organizations according to different theoretical approaches. It considers the perspective of simultaneous occurrence of different forms of communication, since enterprises use different channels to interact with its various publics of interest. It takes into account the mediatization phenomenon, which restructures the way in which people relate with each other in contemporary society. The general aim of the research is to systematize roles that are potentially played in face-to-face interaction and to determine some of the circumstances that apply to its practice in organizations. Since this is a theoretical dissertation, bibliographical survey stands out as one of its main methodological procedures; analyses of empirical cases and a case study developed at Embrapa Pantanal constitute illustrative instances. The conclusion is that face-to-face communication occurs in enterprises simultaneously and combined with other communication channels, however, allowing practical and philosophical results as of yet scarcely explored. Only seldom is in person contact used strategically as a mechanism for establishing relationships, finding out the reaction of others and adjusting communications accordingly, linking corporate discourse to practice and evaluating the context within which interactions take place, which can be decisive for corporate communication. / Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-19T00:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T00:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Maria Dantas de Maio.pdf: 2517558 bytes, checksum: ef634cbd5c9d696e9051da9c51bb81da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This study addresses face-to-face communications in organizations according to different theoretical approaches. It considers the perspective of simultaneous occurrence of different forms of communication, since enterprises use different channels to interact with its various publics of interest. It takes into account the mediatization phenomenon, which restructures the way in which people relate with each other in contemporary society. The general aim of the research is to systematize roles that are potentially played in face-to-face interaction and to determine some of the circumstances that apply to its practice in organizations. Since this is a theoretical dissertation, bibliographical survey stands out as one of its main methodological procedures; analyses of empirical cases and a case study developed at Embrapa Pantanal constitute illustrative instances. The conclusion is that face-to-face communication occurs in enterprises simultaneously and combined with other communication channels, however, allowing practical and philosophical results as of yet scarcely explored. Only seldom is in person contact used strategically as a mechanism for establishing relationships, finding out the reaction of others and adjusting communications accordingly, linking corporate discourse to practice and evaluating the context within which interactions take place, which can be decisive for corporate communication. / Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.

This thesis describes a series of empirical studies that investigated the role of apparent health in face preferences. Chapter 1 summarises previous work showing that facial symmetry, averageness and sexual dimorphism influence judgements of facial attractiveness. Chapter 2 describes studies demonstrating that consideration of the role of apparent health in face preferences offers insight into the motivations that underpin attraction to symmetric faces. Chapters 3-5 describe studies demonstrating that, while people generally prefer faces that appear healthy to those that appear unhealthy, characteristics of the judges (e.g. hormonal, health and developmental factors) contribute to systematic variation in women's preferences for apparent health. In the final chapter, a positive link between lifestyle health (e.g. exercise behaviour) and facial health was demonstrated. The findings described in this thesis are evidence that preferences for healthy faces are influenced by biological factors and evidence for accuracy in attributions of health to faces.