Orthographically-projected biological motion point-light displays generally contain no information about their in-depth orientation, yet observers consistently prefer the facing-the-viewer (FTV) interpretation (Vanrie, Dekeyser and Verfaillie, 2004). This bias has been attributed to the social relevance of such stimuli (Brooks et al., 2008) although local stimulus properties appear to influence the bias (Schouten, Troje and Verfaillie, 2011). In the present study we investigated the cause of the FTV bias. In Experiment 1 we compared FTV bias for various configurations of stick-figures and depth ambiguous human silhouettes. The FTV bias was not present for silhouettes, but was strongly elicited for most stick-figures. We concluded that local attitude assignments for intrinsic structures of stick-figures are subject to inferences about the flexion of body surfaces, and that a visual bias that assumes surfaces to be convex drives the FTV bias. In Experiment 2 we manipulated silhouettes to permit local attitude assignments by using point-lights on emphasized flexion points. As predicted, the inclusion of intrinsic structures produced FTV bias for silhouettes. The results help to unify various findings regarding the FTV bias. We conclude that the FTV bias emerges during the 2 ½-D sketch stage of visual processing (Marr and Nishihara, 1978). / Thesis (Master, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2013-08-08 19:06:06.84

Plasma-wall interaction plays an essential role in the performance and safety of a fusion reactor. This thesis focuses on the impact of material migration on plasma-facing components. It is based on experiments performed in tokamaks: JET, TEXTOR and ASDEX Upgrade. The objectives of the experiments were to assess fuel and impurity removal under ion cyclotron wall conditioning (ICWC) and plasma impact on diagnostic mirrors. In wall conditioning studies, tracer techniques based on the injection of rare isotopes (15N, 18O) were used to determine conclusively the impact of the respective gases. For the first time, probe surfaces and wall components exposed to ICWC were examined by surface analysis methods. Discharges in hydrogen were the most efficient to erode carbon co-deposits, resulting in a reduction of the initial deuterium content by a factor of two. It was also found that impurities desorbed under ICWC are partly re-deposited on the wall. Plasma impact on diagnostic mirrors was determined by surface analysis of test mirrors exposed at JET. Reflectivity of mirrors from the divertor region was severely decreased due to deposits of beryllium, deuterium, carbon and other impurities. This result points out the need to develop mirror maintenance procedures. Neutron damage on mirrors was simulated by ion irradiation in an ion implanter. It was shown that damage levels similar to those expected in the first wall of a fusion reactor do not produce a significant change in reflectivity. / <p>QC 20160819</p>

The present investigation develops the notion of sociality based on Emmanuel Levinas’s thought, and proposes an understanding of sociality that resists becoming a common foundation: an un-common sociality which interrupts the reciprocal shared common, and thereby, paradoxically, makes it possible. By engaging in the larger debate on community, this work gives voice to Levinas on the question of community without a common ground, a topic and a debate where he has previously been underestimated. In this way, the aim is to reveal new directions opened up by Levinas’s philosophy in order to think an un-common sociality.

Dementia is an umbrella term for several symptoms of impaired brain function. The person's behavior is affected when mental functions such as memory, attention, concentration and language are affected and the dementia patient can have difficulties to interpret sensory input. Communication is based a lot on body language. It is therefore important for the caregiver to seek eye contact with the patient in order to simplify communication and it can be of great help to show with the whole body what they mean and be able to point out things. Since people with dementia quickly can forget what happened just now it is common to say that they live in the present. This can lead to feelings of panic, if they can’t understand what is happening or how they got into the situation they now find themselves in. Since people with dementia are perceived to have a tendency to become anxious when transported by wheelchair the purpose of this project was to find a way to allow eye contact between caregivers and patients. By developing such a product the expectation is that their feeling of security will increase. Initial in the project a survey was fulfilled to investigate whether caregivers to dementia patients had experienced the problem that the patients could become worried when they couldn’t see who drove their wheelchairs. One part in the survey considered the nurses' view of a rear-facing wheelchair as a possible solution. With the help of various tools of product development the project resulted in a suggestion of a solution in which a removable push bar, if necessary, can be attached to the wheelchair so the wheelchair can be driven in the opposite direction, with the person with dementia and the driver facing each other. Conclusions that have been made in this project are that there is a need for a product that allows eye contact between a person with dementia and its caregiver. The resolution meets the objective to enable eye contact, next step is to produce a functional prototype that can be user-tested.

This dissertation presents a numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in a channel with a backward-facing step. Flow was considered to be steady, incompressible, and laminar. The flow medium was treated to be radiatively participating. Governing momentum equations, energy equation, and the radiative equation were solved by a finite volume method. Extensive validation studies were carried out. As part of the validation study, three-dimensional combined convection and radiation in a rectangular channel without a backward-facing step was studied. The SIMPLE algorithm was used to link pressure and velocity fields. The combined convective-radiative heat transfer were studied by varying three parameters, i.e. optical thickness ( H τ =0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) and scattering albedo ( ω=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1). Variation of thermophysical properties with temperature was considered in this study. In this work consideration was given only to cooling. Effects of those radiative parameters on velocity, bulk temperature, and Nusselt number are presented in detail. The fluid with a hot inlet compared to a cold wall was cooled in a relatively short distance from the channel inlet because of the radiation effect. The thermal penetration decreased with a decrease in optical thickness and an increase in scattering albedo. Thermal penetration increased with increasing optical thickness and decreasing scattering albedo. The reattachment length varied with temperature due to variation of thermophysical properties with temperature.

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Even if the treatment of cancer has developed over the last decades 50% of the patients still die of their cancer. The doctor's way of dealing with his and his patient's anxiety must surely be of significance for the treatment the patient receives. In the first part of the thesis earlier studies of physicians' stress and ways of coping are reported. There is a lack of systematic studies which show how doctors working with cancer patients adjust to this work. The aim of this investigation is to study cancer doctors' difficulties and coping strategies. The theoretical frame of the study embraces parts of psychoanalytical theory and coping models, emphasizing that both unconscious and conscious psychological processes play their part in the coping process. The second, empirical part of the study includes 23 physicians strategically selected out of a population of physicians who work with institutional care and who have daily contact with adult cancer patients. The main method of data collection has been a series of recorded interviews. The focus of the interview was the physician's perception of how he reacts, thinks, talks and acts in different phases of the cancer disease. To illustrate the defence strategies of the interviewers, the projective percept-genetic test, the "Defence Mechanism Test" (DMT) is used. The "Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour" (SASB) has been used to study the doctors' self image. The results indicate that the stated difficulties deeply affect the doctor as a human being. The statements reflect conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to authority, conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to frightening and injuring, conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to intimacy/distance. Thirty themes of coping strategies frequently recur and they have been grouped into seven categories. Most of the doctors "seek knowledge" and support from scientific literature. The majority of them state that attempting to "solve a problem" is their main strategy. Most of the doctors "seek support " as a part of their coping strategy. An interesting observation is that the doctors to a higher extent "seek a relation" to their patients rather than to their colleagues. Almost one third use "denial of the severity of a situation" as their main strategy. All the doctors consciously or unconsciously use "diverting strategies", i.e. undertake tasks which are devoid of contact with patients, such as research and administration or other activities which allow them to avoid the patient. One third use "projective manoeuvres" but this is never a main strategy. In the third part of the study the credibility of the results and their pedagogical and practical implications are discussed. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1994</p> / digitalisering@umu

This thesis deals with the design of a pneumatic facing machine used to dress pavement surfaces aesthetically and anti-slip-wise. The introduction describes the general overview and examples of pavement. The second part deals with the analysis of the machine and its technical specifications. Further parts contain proposals for the pneumatic circuit, paint system and functional calculations. The drawing documentation has been prepared to the extent of manufacturing drawings and sets.

Flow with separation and reattachment has been encountered in many thermo-fluidic devices. Although it causes energy loss due to pressure drops, it is sometimes intentionally used for heat transfer enhancement. To improve the performance of heat exchangers, understanding the details of such complicated flow and thermal structures is very important. Therefore, attention was paid in this study to a representative typical simple model that can generate separating and reattaching flow called backward-facing step (BFS) flow, the fundamental flow and thermal characteristics of a 3-D BFS flow have been investigated experimentally and a flow modification was also made by numerical simulation aimed to promote the heat transfer enhancement. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University