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Estudam-se, nesta Tese, procedimentos e aplicações práticas de técnicas de otimização no projeto de estruturas civis submetidas a carregamento dinâmico. Ênfase especial é colocada em soluções integradas para sistemas estruturais compostos por fundações, pórticos e placas, destinados ao suporte de máquinas vibratórias. Problemas de minimizar o custo de estruturas e fundações são definidos como problemas de otimização. As dimensões dos elementos estruturais, bem como as armadura utilizadas, no caso do concreto armado, são as variáveis de projeto. Para se calcular a função custo, são considerados os custos de construção, incluindo os custos do concreto, do aço, da forma e do escoramento, quando aplicáveis. São consideradas, entre outras, restrições devidas à ruptura dos materiais e do solo, deslocamentos excessivos, bem como as relacionadas com a percepção pelo ser humano de níveis de vibração inconfortáveis. Um critério de ruína para barras de concreto armado submetidas à flexão obliqua composta é desenvolvido, com o objetivo de minimizar o tempo computacional Um programa de computador foi implementado, com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos e no algoritmo do Lagrangiano Aumentado, e utilizado para resolver diversos problemas práticos de otimização. Também a sensibilidade das soluções é abordada. / In this Thesis, procedures and practical applications of optimization techniques to the project of Civil Engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading are studied. Special emphasis is placed on integrated solutions for structural systems composed by beams, columns, plates and footings designed to support vibrating machines. Problems of minimizing structures and foundations cost are defined as optimization problems. The dimensions of the structural parts and their reinforcements, when reinforced concrete is used, are the design variables. In order to evaluate the cost function, the cost of the concrete, the steel, the form and the propping form, whenever proper, are considered. Constraints are considered, among others, due to material and soil failure, excessive displacements, as well as those related to the perception of uncomfortable vibration levels by human beings. A failure criterion for reinforced concrete members subjected to asymmetric bending and axial loading is presented in order to minimize computer time. A computer code was implemented, based on the Finite Element Method and the Augmented Lagrangian algorithm, and used to solve several practical optimization problems. The sensitivity of the solutions is also assessed.

Among the light bending structures currently available, truss core panels are one of the most efficient when properly designed. The proper selection of the truss core lattice allows the incorporation of additional functionality. To exploit the multi-functional advantages of truss core sandwich structures, it is crucial to understand how the materials survive in challenging environments. In this research, the strengths of truss core panels have been predicted. Numerical calculations and experiments were carried out to validate the predictions. The effects of damage and damage propagation on the overall strength of the panel were also addressed. The strength and failure surfaces of arrays of partially damaged truss core unit cells were calculated under shear and axial loading. The results highlight the modes and trends of damage propagation in truss core panel, and the estimated damaged strength. Experiments were also performed to validate the damaged strength.

Among the light bending structures currently available, truss core panels are one of the most efficient when properly designed. The proper selection of the truss core lattice allows the incorporation of additional functionality. To exploit the multi-functional advantages of truss core sandwich structures, it is crucial to understand how the materials survive in challenging environments. In this research, the strengths of truss core panels have been predicted. Numerical calculations and experiments were carried out to validate the predictions. The effects of damage and damage propagation on the overall strength of the panel were also addressed. The strength and failure surfaces of arrays of partially damaged truss core unit cells were calculated under shear and axial loading. The results highlight the modes and trends of damage propagation in truss core panel, and the estimated damaged strength. Experiments were also performed to validate the damaged strength.

The processes of grain boundary grooving and cathode voiding which are important in determining the life times of thin films connecting the transistors in an integrated circuit are investigated by introducing a new mathematical model, which flows from the fundamental postulates of irreversible thermodynamics, accounting for the effects of applied electric field and thermal stresses. The extensive computer studies on the triple junction displacement dynamics shows that it obeys the first order reaction kinetics at the transient stage, which is followed by the familiar time law as , in the normalized time and space domain, at the steady state regime in the absence of the electric field (EF). The application of EF doesn&rsquo / t modify this time law very / but puts only an abrupt upper limit for the groove depth and fixes the total elapse time for that event, which is found to be inversely proportional with the electron wind intensity parameter. The drift in the cathode edge due to the surface diffusion along the side walls is simulated under the constant current regime. An analytical formula is obtained in terms of system parameters, which shows well defined threshold level for the onset of electromigration induced cathode drift, showing an excellent agreement with the reported experimental values in the literature.

Estudam-se, nesta Tese, procedimentos e aplicações práticas de técnicas de otimização no projeto de estruturas civis submetidas a carregamento dinâmico. Ênfase especial é colocada em soluções integradas para sistemas estruturais compostos por fundações, pórticos e placas, destinados ao suporte de máquinas vibratórias. Problemas de minimizar o custo de estruturas e fundações são definidos como problemas de otimização. As dimensões dos elementos estruturais, bem como as armadura utilizadas, no caso do concreto armado, são as variáveis de projeto. Para se calcular a função custo, são considerados os custos de construção, incluindo os custos do concreto, do aço, da forma e do escoramento, quando aplicáveis. São consideradas, entre outras, restrições devidas à ruptura dos materiais e do solo, deslocamentos excessivos, bem como as relacionadas com a percepção pelo ser humano de níveis de vibração inconfortáveis. Um critério de ruína para barras de concreto armado submetidas à flexão obliqua composta é desenvolvido, com o objetivo de minimizar o tempo computacional Um programa de computador foi implementado, com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos e no algoritmo do Lagrangiano Aumentado, e utilizado para resolver diversos problemas práticos de otimização. Também a sensibilidade das soluções é abordada. / In this Thesis, procedures and practical applications of optimization techniques to the project of Civil Engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading are studied. Special emphasis is placed on integrated solutions for structural systems composed by beams, columns, plates and footings designed to support vibrating machines. Problems of minimizing structures and foundations cost are defined as optimization problems. The dimensions of the structural parts and their reinforcements, when reinforced concrete is used, are the design variables. In order to evaluate the cost function, the cost of the concrete, the steel, the form and the propping form, whenever proper, are considered. Constraints are considered, among others, due to material and soil failure, excessive displacements, as well as those related to the perception of uncomfortable vibration levels by human beings. A failure criterion for reinforced concrete members subjected to asymmetric bending and axial loading is presented in order to minimize computer time. A computer code was implemented, based on the Finite Element Method and the Augmented Lagrangian algorithm, and used to solve several practical optimization problems. The sensitivity of the solutions is also assessed.

A numerical technique based on the theory of plasticity is developed to predict an optimum failure surface generatrix and concrete breakout capacity of single anchors away from edges under tensile loads. Concrete is regarded as a rigid, perfectly plastic material obeying a modified coulomb failure criteria with effective compressive and tensile strengths. The failure mode is idealized as an assemblage of two rigid blocks separated by failure surfaces of displacement discontinuity. Minimization of the collapse load predicted by the energy equation produces the optimum shape of the failure surface generatrix. A simplified solution is also developed by approximating the failure surface as two straight lines. The effect of different parameters on the concrete breakout capacity of anchors is reviewed using the developed mechanism analysis, ACI 318-05, and test results of 501 cast-in-place and 442 post-installed anchor specimens. The shape of failure surface and concrete breakout capacity of anchors predicted by the mechanism analysis are significantly affected by the ratio between effective tensile and compressive strengths of concrete. For anchors installed in concrete having a low ratio between effective tensile and compressive strengths, a much larger horizontal extent of failure planes in concrete surface is predicted by the mechanism analysis than recommended by ACI 318-05, similar to test results. Experimental concrete breakout capacity of anchors is closer to the prediction obtained from the mechanism analysis than ACI 318-05. ACI 318-05 provisions for anchors sharply underestimate the breakout capacity of cast-in-place and post-installed anchors having effective embedment depths exceeding 200 and 80 mm (7.87 to 3.15 in.), respectively, installed in concrete of compressive strength larger than 50 MPa (7250 psi).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Maria de Carvalho Soares.pdf: 3565512 bytes, checksum: b063397a71947658317311f45760e7a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-24 / The main objective is to develop, implement and evaluate a method to search for surfaces in order to determine the three-dimensional critical surface, corresponding to the lowest factor of safety of the embankment. They are also objectives of this study to evaluate the influence of the strength and elastic parameters the geometry of the slope safety factor and the 3D shape and position of the failure surface, as well as to evaluate the relationship between 2D and 3D safety factors. It was implemented an optimization routine in FORTRAN that performs the search for critical failure surface, whose safety factor is calculated by SAFE-3D program. The SAFE-3D program uses voltages coming from an elastic stress analysis performed by FlexPDE program, which uses the finite element method and provides the shear and normal stresses acting on the slope necessary to calculate the safety factor. For the analysis has been adopted as the ellipsoid shape of the rupture surface. The search method implemented examines safety factors obtained for a finite set of solutions and design variables as the coordinates of the center of the ellipsoid and the size of its three semi-axes. The search algorithm is implemented in successive tests of the factor of safety by SAFE-3D program, varying the position and dimensions of the ellipsoid for the determination of lower safety factor of slope. It was analyzed two examples of slopes, a symmetrical slope which varied the parameters of soil strength and the angle of the slope face and the other was the historic case of slipping Lodalen. The methodology implemented was successful in finding the critical failure surface, achieving consistency in results. The Poisson's ratio was very influential in the results of the safety factors of three-dimensional critical surfaces. It was also observed that there is less difference between the safety factors when keeping the shear stress unacceptable when these tensions are eliminated there is a closeness among the factors of safety. / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver, implementar e avaliar um método de busca de superfícies de ruptura tridimensionais a fim de determinar a superfície crítica, correspondente ao menor fator de segurança do talude. São também objetivos deste trabalho avaliar a influência dos parâmetros de resistência e elásticos e da geometria do talude no fator de segurança 3D e no formato e na posição da superfície de ruptura, assim como avaliar a relação entre os fatores de segurança bi e tridimensionais. Foi implementada uma rotina de otimização na linguagem FORTRAN que realiza a busca pela superfície de ruptura crítica, cujo fator de segurança é calculado pelo programa SAFE-3D. O programa SAFE-3D utiliza tensões vindas de uma análise elástica de tensões realizada pelo programa FlexPDE, o qual utiliza o método dos elementos finitos e fornece as tensões normais e cisalhantes atuantes no talude necessárias para o cálculo do fator de segurança. Para a análise foi adotado o elipsóide como forma da superfície de ruptura. O método de busca implementado analisa fatores de segurança obtidos para um conjunto finito de soluções tendo como variáveis de projeto as coordenadas do centro do elipsóide e as dimensões dos seus três semi-eixos. O algoritmo de busca implementado consiste em análises sucessivas do fator de segurança através do programa SAFE-3D, variando-se a posição e as dimensões do elipsóide para a determinação do menor fator de segurança do talude. Foram analisados dois exemplos de taludes, um talude simétrico onde foram variados os parâmetros de resistência do solo e o ângulo da face do talude e o outro foi o caso histórico do escorregamento de Lodalen. A metodologia implementada teve êxito na busca pela superfície de ruptura crítica, conseguindo coerência nos resultados encontrados. O coeficiente de Poisson se mostrou muito influente nos resultados dos fatores de segurança tridimensionais de superfícies críticas. Foi observado também que existe uma menor diferença entre os fatores de segurança quando se mantêm as tensões cisalhantes inadmissíveis, quando estas tensões são eliminadas existe uma maior proximidade entre os fatores de segurança.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der thermo-mechanischen Beschreibung und Bewertung von keramischen Filtern für die Metallschmelze-Filtration mithilfe der Finiten-Elemente-Methode. Infolge des zellularen Aufbaus des Werkstoffs handelt es sich um ein Mehrskalenproblem. Grundlegende Aufgaben der Arbeit waren deshalb die geometrische und mechanische Modellbildung sowie die Untersuchung verschiedener effizienzsteigernder Methoden zur Gewinnung einer akkuraten numerischen Lösung. Dabei wurden sowohl verschiedene Verfahren aus der Fachliteratur implementiert und kritisch bewertet, als auch neue Ansätze verfolgt. Die Untersuchungen konzentrierten sich auf das effektive elastische und elastisch-plastische Verhalten von Kelvin-, Weaire-Phelan- und Voronoi-Strukturen. Insbesondere die entwickelten Methoden und Werkzeuge zur automatisierten Modellbildung gestatten in einfacher Weise die Umsetzung von Parameterstudien und Optimierungsaufgaben. Aus darauf aufbauenden Sensitivitätsstudien wurden Empfehlungen hinsichtlich der geometrischen und mechanischen Modellbildung für zellulare Werkstoffe abgeleitet. Diese betreffen auch vielfach eingesetzte Methoden zur Modellreduktion für diese Werkstoffe und tragen somit zukünftig zu einer effizienteren Bewertung von Filterstrukturen bei.

[ES] El hormigón es un material excelente para usar en proyectos estructurales por varias razones, siendo una de ellas su buen comportamiento en caso de incendio, debido a su incombustibilidad y baja difusividad térmica. Pero, aunque el hormigón tenga un muy buen desempeño frente a un incendio, no lo hace inmune al calor, ya que sus propiedades se ven reducidas como cualquier otro material incombustible frente al fuego, solo que, a un ritmo mucho menor en comparación, por ejemplo, con el acero estructural. Por lo tanto, los elementos estructurales de hormigón armado (HA) también deben diseñarse para cumplir determinados criterios de seguridad en una situación de incendio, siendo estos fijados generalmente por las normativas de cada país o región en particular. Esta tesis doctoral se enfoca en la evaluación de la resistencia al fuego de elementos estructurales de HA aislados. Específicamente se estudian las columnas de HA sometidas a cargas axiales con doble excentricidad y expuestas a una curva normalizada tiempo - temperatura (modelo de incendio nominal). Para ello, se han confeccionado dos modelos de cálculo: un modelo de cálculo avanzado en base a un modelo numérico de fibras (MF) y un modelo de cálculo simplificado (MS). El MF consta de un acoplamiento de dos modelos, un modelo de diferencias finitas para el análisis térmico seccional y un modelo numérico de fibras para el cálculo mecánico seccional. El MF desarrollado se ha basado en las propiedades de los materiales a altas temperaturas estipuladas en las normativas española y europea, y se ha validado con resultados de ensayos experimentales y numéricos disponibles en la bibliografía. En cuanto al MS, este se ha elaborado en base a un estudio paramétrico realizado con el MF, con el cual se construyó una batería de 835200 casos en los que se han considerado variables tales como las dimensiones de la sección transversal, la resistencia a compresión del hormigón, el recubrimiento de hormigón de las armaduras, la disposición de la armadura, el tiempo de exposición al fuego, los niveles de carga axial y los ángulos de rotación del eje neutro. Esta propuesta de MS se basó en la definición analítica de la superficie de falla, tomando como referencia las curvas de generatriz y directriz, método aplicado inicialmente a temperatura ambiente por Bonet et al. (2004). Así también, aplicando el MF se realizó un segundo estudio paramétrico con el fin de evaluar la influencia del spalling de esquina (324 secciones de HA) y del spalling de superficie (162 secciones de HA) sobre la capacidad resistente de secciones de HA. Este estudio paramétrico ha permitido correlacionar la pérdida de resistencia mecánica de secciones de HA debida al spalling, con la pérdida de resistencia mecánica derivada de exponer la sección un tiempo adicional al fuego. Además, se han propuesto expresiones analíticas que permiten determinar el tiempo adicional de exposición al fuego, necesarias para diseñar secciones de HA con mayor sencillez y seguridad. / [CA] El formigó és un material excel·lent per a usar en projectes estructurals per diverses raons, sent una d'elles el seu bon comportament en cas d'incendi, a causa de la seua incombustibilitat i baixa difusivitat tèrmica. Però, encara que el formigó tinga un molt bon acompliment enfront d'un incendi, no el fa immune a la calor, ja que les seues propietats es veuen reduïdes com qualsevol altre material incombustible enfront del foc, només que, a un ritme molt de menor en comparació, per exemple, amb l'acer estructural. Per tant, els elements estructurals de formigó armat (FA) també han de dissenyar-se per a complir determinats criteris de seguretat en una situació d'incendi, sent aquests fixats generalment per les normatives de cada país o regió en particular. Aquesta tesi doctoral s'enfoca en l'avaluació de la resistència al foc d'elements estructurals de FA aïllats. Específicament s'estudien les columnes de FA sotmeses a càrregues axials amb doble excentricitat i exposades a una corba normalitzada temps - temperatura (model d'incendi nominal). Per a això, s'han confeccionat dos models de càlcul: un model de càlcul avançat sobre la base d'un model numèric de fibres (MF) i un model de càlcul simplificat (MS). El MF consta d'un acoblament de dos models, un model de diferències finites per a l'anàlisi tèrmica de la secció i un model numèric de fibres per al càlcul mecànic de la secció. El MF desenvolupat s'ha basat en les propietats dels materials a altes temperatures estipulades en les normatives espanyola i europea, i s'ha validat amb resultats d'assajos experimentals i numèrics disponibles en la bibliografia. Quant al MS, aquest s'ha elaborat sobre la base d'un estudi paramètric realitzat amb el MF, amb el qual es va construir una bateria de 835200 casos en els quals s'han considerat variables com ara les dimensions de la secció transversal, la resistència a compressió del formigó, el recobriment de formigó de les armadures, la disposició de l'armadura, el temps d'exposició al foc, els nivells de càrrega axial i els angles de rotació de l'eix neutre. Aquesta proposta de MS es va basar en la definició analítica de la superfície de falla, prenent com a referència les corbes de generatriu i directriu, mètode aplicat inicialment a temperatura ambient per Bonet et al. (2004). Així també, aplicant el MF es va realitzar un segon estudi paramètric amb la finalitat d'avaluar la influència del spalling de cantonada (324 seccions de FA) i del spalling de superfície (162 seccions de FA) sobre la capacitat resistent de seccions de FA. Aquest estudi paramètric ha permés correlacionar la pèrdua de resistència mecànica de seccions de FA deguda al spalling, amb la pèrdua de resistència mecànica derivada d'exposar la secció un temps addicional al foc. A més, s'han proposat expressions analítiques que permeten determinar el temps addicional d'exposició al foc, necessàries per a dissenyar seccions de FA amb major senzillesa i seguretat. / [EN] Concrete is an excellent material to use in structural projects for several reasons, one of them being its exceptional fire behavior, due to its incombustibility and low thermal diffusivity. But, although concrete has particularly superior performance against fire, it does not make it immune to heat, as its properties are reduced like any other non-combustible material in a fire, but a slower rate when compared to, for example, structural steel. Therefore, structural elements composed of reinforced concrete (RC) must also be designed to meet certain safety criteria in a fire, criteria that are generally set by the codes of each country or region. This PhD thesis focuses on the evaluation of the fire resistance of reinforced concrete isolated structural elements. Specifically, RC columns subjected to axial loads with double eccentricity and exposed to a standard fire curve (nominal fire model) are studied. For this purpose, two calculation models have been developed: an advanced calculation model based on a numerical fiber model (FM) and a simplified calculation model (SM). The FM consists of coupling two models, a finite difference model for sectional thermal analysis, and a numerical fiber model for the sectional mechanical calculation. The FM developed has been based on the properties of materials at elevated temperatures stipulated in the Spanish and European codes and has been validated with the results of experimental and numerical tests available in the literature. The SM here presented has been developed based on a parametric study carried out with the FM, in total 835200 cases, in which variables such as cross - sectional dimensions, concrete compressive strength, concrete cover, reinforcement ratio, reinforcement arrangement ratio, fire exposure time, axial load levels and rotation angles of the neutral axis have been considered. This SM proposal is based on the analytical definition of the failure surface taking as reference the generatrix and directrix curves, a method initially applied at room temperature by Bonet et al. (2004). Similarly, applying the FM, a second parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of corner spalling (324 RC sections) and surface spalling (162 RC sections) on the resistant capacity of RC sections. This parametric study has allowed correlating the loss of mechanical strength of RC sections due to the occurrence of spalling with the loss of mechanical strength derived from exposing the section to fire for an additional time. In addition, analytical expressions have been proposed to determine the additional time of exposure to fire, necessary to design RC sections with greater simplicity and safety. / Agradecer los fondos recibidos por el Chilean Doctoral Fellowship Programme: CONICYT PFCHA/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2018– 72190104, los cuales han financiado mis estudios doctorales. / Peña Mansilla, DL. (2023). Desarrollo de un modelo semiempírico para el dimensionado de pilares rectangulares de hormigón armado en situación accidental de incendio [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192064