<p>U&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; ove&nbsp; doktorske&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; vr&scaron;eno&nbsp; je istraživanje&nbsp; zajednica&nbsp; makrogljiva&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; 5 &scaron;umskih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; na&nbsp; Vidliču,&nbsp; Kopaoniku&nbsp; i&nbsp; Tari. Ispitivan&nbsp; je&nbsp; mikodiverzitet&nbsp; sa&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;kog, funkcionalnog i genetskog stanovi&scaron;ta. U istraživanju morolo&scaron;kog&nbsp; i&nbsp; funkcionalnog&nbsp; diverziteta,&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćene su&nbsp; različite&nbsp; klasične&nbsp; metode&nbsp; čiji&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su<br />omogućili procenu stanja posmatranih mikocenoza, kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; samih&nbsp; &scaron;umskih&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; analizu&nbsp; sastava vrsta&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; mikocenoza,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; uticaja abiotičkih faktora na brojnost i sastav vrsta u okviru različitih funkcionalnih grupa, kori&scaron;ćeno je nekoliko<br />statističkih&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; (PCA,&nbsp; PLS,&nbsp; CA&nbsp; i&nbsp; CCA).&nbsp; Osam vrsta,&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; pripadale&nbsp; najrasprostranjenijim&nbsp; i najzastupljenijim&nbsp; vrstama&nbsp; su&nbsp; odabrane&nbsp; za molekularne&nbsp; analize,&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; podrazumevale sekvenciranje&nbsp; ITS&nbsp; regiona&nbsp; rDNK,&nbsp; analizu&nbsp; njihovih<br />polimorfizama&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; filogenetske&nbsp; analize&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru vrste/roda.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; procene&nbsp; zagađenja&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta,&nbsp; u plodnim telima makrogljiva i njihovom supstratu je određen&nbsp; sadržaj&nbsp; metala&nbsp; (atomskom&nbsp; apsorpcionom spektrofotometrijom)&nbsp; i&nbsp; radionuklida<br />(gamaspektrometrijom).&nbsp; Dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; ukazuju na&nbsp; to&nbsp; da&nbsp; diverzitet&nbsp; makrogljiva&nbsp; oslikava&nbsp; stanje samog&nbsp; stani&scaron;ta&nbsp; i&nbsp; da&nbsp; dugoročnim&nbsp; monitoringom mogu ukazati na promene u njemu.</p> / <p>Within the framework of this doctoral dissertation, monitoring&nbsp; of&nbsp; macrofungal&nbsp; communities,&nbsp; within&nbsp; 5 forest habitats on&nbsp; Vidlič, Kopaonik and Tara, was done. &nbsp; Mycodiversity&nbsp; was&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; from&nbsp; the morphological,&nbsp; functional&nbsp; and&nbsp; genetic&nbsp; point&nbsp; of view. Various classical methods&nbsp; used,&nbsp; enabled the assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; condition&nbsp; of&nbsp; macrofungal communities,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; observed&nbsp; forest habitats. &nbsp; Several&nbsp; statistical&nbsp; methods&nbsp; (PCA,&nbsp; PLS, CA&nbsp; and&nbsp; CCA)&nbsp; were&nbsp; used&nbsp; to&nbsp; analyze&nbsp; the composition of&nbsp; species within the&nbsp; mycocenosis, as well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; abiotic factors&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; species&nbsp; richness&nbsp; and&nbsp; species composition&nbsp; within&nbsp; different&nbsp; functional&nbsp; groups.Some&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; represented&nbsp; species&nbsp; have&nbsp; been selected&nbsp; for&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; analyzes,&nbsp; which&nbsp; includedsequencing&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; ITS&nbsp; region,&nbsp; the&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; of polymorphisms,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; phylogenetic&nbsp; analyzes within&nbsp; the&nbsp; species/genus.&nbsp; In&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; assess&nbsp; the pollution of habitats, the content of metals (atomic absorption&nbsp; spectrophotometry)&nbsp; and&nbsp; radionuclides (gamma&nbsp; spectrometry)&nbsp; was&nbsp; determined&nbsp; in&nbsp; the sporocarps&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp; macrofungi&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; substrate.&nbsp; The obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; indicate&nbsp; that&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; of macrofungi&nbsp; reflects&nbsp; the&nbsp; state&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; itself and that long-term monitoring can indicate changes in it.</p>

<p>Nespu&scaron;teni testis predstavlja odsustvo testisa u skrotumu sa jedne ili obe strane. Faktori rizika za pojavu nespu&scaron;tenog testisa obuhvataju genetsku predispoziciju, prevremeno rođenje, nisku porođajnu masu i prenatalnu izloženost endokrinim disruptorima ili duvanskom dimu. Endokrini disruptori se defini&scaron;u kao egzogene supstance koje imaju uticaj na homeostazu organizma i proizvodnju reproduktivnih hormona. U ovoj grupi nalaze se organofosforni pesticidi koji se &scaron;iroko upotrebljavaju u poljoprivredi. Većina organofosfornih pesticida ima antiandrogeni uticaj i uz činjenicu da živimo u pretežno agrarnoj sredini predmet su na&scaron;eg interesovanja. Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi razlika u izloženosti organofosfornim pesticidima kori&scaron;ćenjem upitnika kreiranog po modelu standardizovanog Evropskog upitnika QLK 4-1999-01422 kod osoba koje su rodile zdravu mu&scaron;ku decu i osoba koje su rodile decu sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisom. Pored toga, cilj istraživanja je i da se odredi i uporedi vrednost metabolita organofosfornih pesticida (dimetilfosfat, dimetilditiofosfat, dietilfosfat, dietiltiofosfat i dietilditiofosfat) u urinu majki koje su rodile mu&scaron;ku decu sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisima i majki koje su rodile zdravu mu&scaron;ku decu. Metodologija: Rad je radomizovano, prospektivno, kliničko istraživanje sprovedeno na Klinici za ginekologiju i aku&scaron;erstvo Kliničkog centra Vojvodine i Katedri za farmakologiju i toksikologiju Medicinskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Novom Sadu. U kliničko istraživanje uključeno je 50 porodilja koje su rodile mu&scaron;ku decu sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisima (eksperimentalna grupa) i 53 porodilje koje su rodile zdravu mu&scaron;ku decu (kontrolna grupa) u periodu od oktobra 2012. godine do aprila 2018. godine. Tokom boravka u porodili&scaron;tu ispitanice su popunjavale upitnik o navikama nakon čega im je uzet uzorak urina radi analiziranja nivoa metabolita OF pesticida. Uzorci urina su pripremljeni metodom koju su opisali Wu i saradnici 2010. godine, a potom analizirani na gasnom hromatografu masenom spektrofotometaru marke Agilent 7890A. Rezultati: Ispitivane grupe se ne razlikuju po starosti ispitanica (prosečna starost kontrolne grupe 29,41 &plusmn; 5,58 godina, a eksperimentalne 30,54 &plusmn; 4,87 godina). U obe grupe prosečno je ispitanicama ovo bila druga trudnoća. Ispitanice se nisu razlikovale ni po načinu porođaja. Prosečna gestacijska nedelja trudnoće na porođaju iznosila je 39,45 &plusmn; 1,38 nedelja za kontrolnu grupu i 39,20 &plusmn; 1,38 nedelja za eksperimentalnu grupu, a porođajna masa novorođenčeta 3527,30 &plusmn; 470,16 g u kontrolnoj grupi i 3404,37 &plusmn; 508,20 g u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Statistički značajna razlika postoji u odnosu na mesto stanovanja (50,9 % ispitanica kontrolne grupe i 77,6 % ispitanica eksperimentalne grupe žive u gradu), jedinicu stanovanja (67,9 % kontrolne i 45,7 % ispitanica eksperimentalne grupe žive u kući) i načinu začeća (6 % ispitanica eksperimentalne i 1,9 % ispitanica kontrolne grupe prijavilo je IVF kao način začeća). Skoro polovina ispitanica obe grupe su pu&scaron;ači, a njih 32,7 % kontrolne grupe i 38,8 % eksperimentalne pu&scaron;ile su i tokom trudnoće. Izloženost pesticidima prijavilo je 50,9 % ispitanica kontrolne i 44 % ispitanica eksperimentalne grupe, a profesionalnu izloženost prijavilo je 3 ispitanice kontrolne i 2 ispitanice eksperimentalne grupe. Ispitanice se ne razlikuju ni po poreklu voća i povrća koje konzumiraju, kao ni po vrsti voća koje su konzumirale tokom trudnoće. Prosečne izmerene vrednosti DMF u kontrolnoj grupi iznose 5,604 &plusmn; 6,103 ug/L, a u eksperimentalnoj 4,815 &plusmn; 6,729 ug/L. Izmerene vrednosti DEF u kontrolnoj grupi su 0,408 &plusmn; 0,447 ug/L, a u eksperimentalnoj 0,461 &plusmn; 0,593 ug/L. Nivo DMDTF u kontrolnoj grupi bio je 0,431 &plusmn; 0,508 ug/L, a u eksperimentalnoj 0,547 &plusmn; 0570 ug/L, a DETF 0,403 &plusmn; 0,606 ug/L u kontrolnoj i 0,529 &plusmn; 0,725 ug/L u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Ni jedan metabolit ne pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku u ispitivanim grupama. Slične vrednosti dobijene su i za vrednosti korigovane za nivo kreatinina. Univarijantna regresiona analiza pokazala je da ispitanice koje žive u gradu imaju 3,3 puta veće &scaron;anse da rode dete sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisom, a one koje žive u stanu imaju 2,5 puta veće &scaron;anse za isti ishod. Statistički značajna razlika primećena je u nivou DEDTF u zavisnosti od starosti ispitanica i jedinici stanovanja. Vi&scaron;e vrednosti DETF dobijene su kod ispitanica koje su bile na hormonskoj terapiji tokom trudnoće. Ispitanice koje su prijavile da su bile izložene pesticidima tokom trudnoće u urinu su imale statistički značajno vi&scaron;e vrednosti DMDTF u odnosu na ispitanice koje su se izjasnile da nisu bile izložene pesticidima. Slični rezultati za vrednost DEDTF dobijeni su kod ispitanica koje su se izjasnile da poseduju kućne ljubimce. Statistički vi&scaron;e vrednosti DEF i DETF korigovano za nivo kreatinina dobijene su kod ispitanica koje nisu konzumirale jabuke, a vi&scaron;e vrednosti DEF i DEDTF dobijene su kod ispitanica koje su konzumirale maline i kupine tokom trudnoće. Ostale grupe nisu pokazale statistički značajnu razliku među ispitivanim grupama. Zaključci: Izloženosti trudnica OF pesticidima nije značajno veća u grupi majki koje su rodile decu sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisom u odnosu na izloženost OF pesticidima kod majki zdrave mu&scaron;ke dece. Vrednosti metabolita OF pesticida (dimetilfosfat, dimetilditiofosfat, dietilfosfat, dietiltiofosfat, dietilditiofosfat) u urinu majki koje su rodile mu&scaron;ku decu sa nespu&scaron;tenim testisima nije vi&scaron;a u odnosu na vrednosti metabolita OF pesticida (dimetilfosfat, dimetilditiofosfat, dietilfosfat, dietiltiofosfat, dietilditiofosfat) izmerene u jutarnjem urinu majki koje su rodile zdravu mu&scaron;ku decu.</p> / <p>Undescended testis is the absence of testis in the scrotum on one or both sides. Risk factors for the occurrence of undescended testis include genetic predisposition, premature birth, low birth weight and prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors or tobacco smoke. Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous substances that can affect homeostasis of the organism and the production of reproductive hormones. In this group are organophosphorus pesticides that are widely used in agriculture. Most of organophosphorus pesticides have anti-androgenic effect and with the fact that we live in a predominantly agricultural area, they are the focus of our interest. The aim of the research: The aim of this study is to determine the difference in exposure to organophosphorous pesticides using questionnaires created by standardized European model questionnaire QLK 4-1999-01422 in individuals who gave birth to a healthy male children and women who gave birth to children with undescended testis. In addition, the aim of this study is to determine and compare the value of metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides (dimethylphosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and diethyldithiophosphate) in the urine of mothers who gave birth to male children with undescended testis and mothers who gave birth to healthy male children. Methodology: This work is randomized, prospective, clinical research conducted at the Clinic for gynaecology and obstetrics of the Clinical center of Vojvodina and the Department of Pharmacology and toxicology of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad. This clinical research includes 50 new mothers that gave birth to male children with undescended testes (experimental group) and 53 new mothers that gave birth to healthy male children (control group) in the period from October 2012 to April 2018. During their stay at the maternity hospital the subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire about habits and to give a urine sample for analyzing the level of metabolites of organophosphus pesticides. Urine samples were then prepared using the method described by Wu and associates 2010, and analyzed on gas chromatograph with a mass spectrophotometer Agilent 7890A brand. Results: Study groups do not differ according to the age of women (average age of control group is 29.41 &plusmn; 5.58 years, and experimental 30.54 &plusmn; 4.87 years). In both groups this was second pregnancy on average. The subjects did not distinguish either by the way of delivery. The average gestational weeks of pregnancy to childbirth was 39.45 &plusmn; 1.38 weeks for the control group and 39.20 &plusmn; 1.38 weeks for the experimental group, and birth weight of newborn was 3527.30 &plusmn; 470.16 g in control group and 3404.37 &plusmn; 508.20 g in the experimental group. There is no statistically significant difference in relation to the place of residence (50.9 % of the control group and 77.6 % of experimental live in the city), the living unit (67.9 % and 45.7 % of the control and experimental groups are living in the house) and the way of conception (6 % of experimental and 1.9 % of the control group reported IVF as a way of conception). Nearly half of both groups are smokers, and 32.7 % of women in the control group and 38.8 % in experimental smoked during pregnancy. Exposure to pesticides reported 50.9 % of mothers in control and 44 % of mothers in the experimental group. Professional exposure was reported by 3 control subjects and 2 subjects in experimental group. The subjects did not differ according to the origin of fruits and vegetables they were consuming, neither regarding the type of fruits they consumed during pregnancy. Average level of dimethylphosphate in control group was 5.604 &plusmn; 6.103 ug/L, and in experimental 4.815 &plusmn; 6.729 ug/l. Levels of diethylphosphate in control group were 0.408 &plusmn; 0.447 ug/L, and in experimental 0.461 &plusmn; 0.593 ug/l. DMDTP level in the control group was 0.431 &plusmn; 0.508 ug/L, and in experimental 0.547 &plusmn; 0570 ug/L, and the DETP was measured 0.403 &plusmn; 0.606 ug/L in control, and 0.725 &plusmn; 0.529 ug/L in the experimental group. These metabolites showed no statistically significant difference in the examined groups. Similar values are obtained for the adjusted values for creatinine level. Univariate regression analysis showed that the subjects who live in town are 3.3 times more likely to have child with undescended testis, and those who live in the apartment are 2.5 times more likely for the same outcome. Statistically significant difference was noticed in DEDTP level depending on the age of the subject and the living unit. Higher levels of DETP metabolites were detected in subjects that have been on hormonal therapy during pregnancy. The subjects who reported being exposed to pesticides during pregnancy had statistically significantly higher DMDTP values in relation to the subjects that were not exposed to pesticides. Similar results are obtained for the DEDTP level with higher levels in subjects owning pets. Statistically higher levels of DEP and DETP adjusted for creatinine were obtained in subjects that were not reporting eating apples, and higher levels of DEP and DEDTP were obtained in subjects that consumed raspberries and blackberries during pregnancy. Other groups showed no statistically significant difference between the study groups. Conclusion: Exposure of pregnant women to OP pesticides is not significantly greater in the group of mothers who gave birth to children with undescended testis in relation to exposure to OP pesticides in mothers of healthy male children. The level of OP metabolites (dimethylphosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and diethyldithiophosphate) in the urine of mothers who gave birth to children with undescended testis is not higher in relation to the levels of OP metabolites (dimethylphosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate and diethyldithiophosphate) recorded in urine of mothers who gave birth to healthy male children.</p>

<p>Rak dojke je trenutno po incidenciji vodeća maligna bolest kod žena kako u razvijenim tako i u zemljama u razvoju. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je da se defini&scaron;u faktori rizika u populaciji žena uzrasta 50-69 godina koje su obuhvaćene Nacionalnim skrining programom ranog otkrivanja raka dojke mamografijom na teritoriji Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine (APV). U istraživanju je kori&scaron;ćena retrospektivno-prospektivna studija. Za potrebe istraživanja formirana je grupa obolelih žena i kontrolna grupa žena na teritoriji APV. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 510 žena sa teritorije AP Vojvodine, uzrasta od 50 do 69 godina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su se kao značajni prediktori raka dojke u na&scaron;em istraživanju izdvojili: 1. Hormonska terapija &ndash; one osobe koje su uzimale hormonsku terapiju značajno imaju veću verovatnoću da imaju rak dojke i obrnuto. 2. Prethodna maligna bolest &ndash; osobe koje su prethodno imale neku drugu malignu bolest imaju manju &scaron;ansu da imaju rak dojke&nbsp; 3. One žene koje vr&scaron;e samokontrolu dojke če&scaron;će su u nekliničkom uzorku. 4. Žene koje su u grupi starijih su če&scaron;će u kliničkom uzorku. 5. One osobe koje imaju u porodici nekog ko je oboleo od raka dojke če&scaron;će i same oboljevaju. Ovo je prvo istraživanje o faktorima rizika za rak dojke na populaciji žena AP Vojvodine u okviru Nacionalnog programa ranog otkrivanja raka dojke. Rezultati istraživanja daju osnove za buduća istraživanja iz ove oblasti, takođe mogu da utiču na podizanje svesti žena o značaju redovnih pregleda i ranom otkrivanju raka dojke kao i pružanje podr&scaron;ke programu skrininga.</p> / <p>Breast cancer is currently theleading malignant disease in women both in developed and developing countries. The main goal of the research was to define risk factors in the population of women aged 50-69 years, covered by the National Screening Program for Early Detection of Breast Cancer by Mammography on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The researchwasconducted asretrospective-prospective study. For the purpose of the research,were formed a group of diseased women and a control group of women in the territory of AP Vojvodina . The research involved 510 women with the territory of AP Vojvodina, aged 50 to 69 years. The results of the study showed that as significant predictors ofbreast cancer in our study. 1.Hormone Therapy -Those who have taken hormone therapy are significantly more likely to have breast cancer and vice versa. 2. Pre-existing malignant disease -people who previously had any other malignant disease have a lowerchance of having breast cancer 3. Women who perform self-control of their breasts are more often in a non-clinical sampl.e 4. Women in the elderly group are more often in the clinical sample. 5. Those who have a family member who has breast cancer are more likely to suffer from their own illness. This is the first study on the risk factors for breast cancer in the population of AP Vojvodina women within the National Breast Cancer Screening Program. The results of the research provide the basics for future research in this area, they can also help raise women&#39;s awareness of the importance of regular screening and early detection of breast cancer, as well as supporting the screening program</p>

<p>Истраживање&nbsp; у&nbsp; овом&nbsp; раду&nbsp; усмерено&nbsp; је&nbsp; на саобраћајни&nbsp; инфраструктурни&nbsp; коридор&nbsp; Београд&nbsp; -Нови Сад, Србија. Главни акценат је на изучавању односа&nbsp; пута&nbsp; и&nbsp; природе&nbsp; која&nbsp; је&nbsp; саставни&nbsp; део просторне целине којој аутопут припада. Рад има<br />за&nbsp; циљ&nbsp; да&nbsp; укаже&nbsp; на&nbsp; важност&nbsp; изучавања&nbsp; физичко-географских&nbsp; фактора&nbsp;&nbsp; приликом&nbsp; изградње саобраћајнице, ради остваривања што безбеднијег<br />саобраћаја.&nbsp; Посебан&nbsp; осврт&nbsp; је&nbsp; на&nbsp; климатске елементе,&nbsp; као&nbsp; не&nbsp; толико&nbsp; видљиве,&nbsp; али&nbsp; врло угрожавајуће&nbsp; факторе&nbsp; безбедности&nbsp; одвијања саобраћаја.&nbsp; Установљено&nbsp; је&nbsp; да&nbsp; се&nbsp; утицај климатских&nbsp; елемената&nbsp; може&nbsp; врло&nbsp; успешно контролисати&nbsp; вегетацијом,&nbsp; те&nbsp; је&nbsp; и&nbsp; ток истраживања&nbsp; био&nbsp; усмерен&nbsp; ка&nbsp; том&nbsp; правцу. Климатски&nbsp; подаци&nbsp; су&nbsp; преузети&nbsp; из&nbsp; CARPATCLIM базе,&nbsp; након&nbsp; чега&nbsp; се&nbsp; приступило&nbsp; њиховој<br />евалуацији.&nbsp; Добијени&nbsp; резултати&nbsp; су&nbsp; потврђени израдом&nbsp; ЧЕК-ЛИСТИ&nbsp; на&nbsp; терену&nbsp; и&nbsp; графичком обрадом&nbsp; података&nbsp; у&nbsp; GIS&nbsp; софтверском&nbsp; програму.Потом&nbsp; тога&nbsp; је&nbsp; уследило&nbsp; и&nbsp; анкетно&nbsp; истраживање безбедности одвијања саобраћаја на аутопутевима у Србији, посматрано из угла возача. Резултати су обрађени у SPSS софтверском програму.&nbsp; На крају, истраживање&nbsp; је&nbsp; истакло&nbsp; деонице&nbsp; саобраћајног<br />инфраструктурног&nbsp; коридора&nbsp; Београд&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; Нови&nbsp; Сад, најугроженије&nbsp; утицајима&nbsp; климатских&nbsp; елемената.Истакла&nbsp; се&nbsp; могућност&nbsp; ублажавања&nbsp; утицаја климатских&nbsp; елемената&nbsp; на&nbsp; безбедност&nbsp; одвијања саобраћаја&nbsp; предочавањем&nbsp; адекватног&nbsp; модела пејзажног&nbsp; уређења&nbsp; леве&nbsp; и&nbsp; десне&nbsp; стране&nbsp; коловоза пута.</p> / <p>Istraživanje&nbsp; u&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; usmereno&nbsp; je&nbsp; na saobraćajni&nbsp; infrastrukturni&nbsp; koridor&nbsp; Beograd&nbsp; -Novi Sad, Srbija. Glavni akcenat je na izučavanju odnosa&nbsp; puta&nbsp; i&nbsp; prirode&nbsp; koja&nbsp; je&nbsp; sastavni&nbsp; deo prostorne celine kojoj autoput pripada. Rad ima<br />za&nbsp; cilj&nbsp; da&nbsp; ukaže&nbsp; na&nbsp; važnost&nbsp; izučavanja&nbsp; fizičko-geografskih&nbsp; faktora&nbsp;&nbsp; prilikom&nbsp; izgradnje saobraćajnice, radi ostvarivanja što bezbednijeg<br />saobraćaja.&nbsp; Poseban&nbsp; osvrt&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; klimatske elemente,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; ne&nbsp; toliko&nbsp; vidljive,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; vrlo ugrožavajuće&nbsp; faktore&nbsp; bezbednosti&nbsp; odvijanja saobraćaja.&nbsp; Ustanovljeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; se&nbsp; uticaj klimatskih&nbsp; elemenata&nbsp; može&nbsp; vrlo&nbsp; uspešno kontrolisati&nbsp; vegetacijom,&nbsp; te&nbsp; je&nbsp; i&nbsp; tok istraživanja&nbsp; bio&nbsp; usmeren&nbsp; ka&nbsp; tom&nbsp; pravcu. Klimatski&nbsp; podaci&nbsp; su&nbsp; preuzeti&nbsp; iz&nbsp; CARPATCLIM baze,&nbsp; nakon&nbsp; čega&nbsp; se&nbsp; pristupilo&nbsp; njihovoj<br />evaluaciji.&nbsp; Dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su&nbsp; potvrđeni izradom&nbsp; ČEK-LISTI&nbsp; na&nbsp; terenu&nbsp; i&nbsp; grafičkom obradom&nbsp; podataka&nbsp; u&nbsp; GIS&nbsp; softverskom&nbsp; programu.Potom&nbsp; toga&nbsp; je&nbsp; usledilo&nbsp; i&nbsp; anketno&nbsp; istraživanje bezbednosti odvijanja saobraćaja na autoputevima u Srbiji, posmatrano iz ugla vozača. Rezultati su obrađeni u SPSS softverskom programu.&nbsp; Na kraju, istraživanje&nbsp; je&nbsp; istaklo&nbsp; deonice&nbsp; saobraćajnog<br />infrastrukturnog&nbsp; koridora&nbsp; Beograd&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; Novi&nbsp; Sad, najugroženije&nbsp; uticajima&nbsp; klimatskih&nbsp; elemenata.Istakla&nbsp; se&nbsp; mogućnost&nbsp; ublažavanja&nbsp; uticaja klimatskih&nbsp; elemenata&nbsp; na&nbsp; bezbednost&nbsp; odvijanja saobraćaja&nbsp; predočavanjem&nbsp; adekvatnog&nbsp; modela pejzažnog&nbsp; uređenja&nbsp; leve&nbsp; i&nbsp; desne&nbsp; strane&nbsp; kolovoza puta.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; research&nbsp; in&nbsp; this&nbsp; paper&nbsp; focuses&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; highway corridor Belgrade&nbsp; -&nbsp; Novi Sad, Serbia. The main issue is relationship between the highway and surrounding nature, as an integral part of the spatial entity which the highway belongs to. In order to achieve high level of&nbsp; the&nbsp; traffic&nbsp; safety,&nbsp; the&nbsp; paper&nbsp; emphasizes&nbsp; a&nbsp; high importance&nbsp; of&nbsp; studying&nbsp; the&nbsp; physical-geographical factors&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; process&nbsp; of&nbsp; highway&nbsp; construction. Particular attention was directed to, not so visible, but very&nbsp; endangering&nbsp; factors&nbsp; of&nbsp; road&nbsp; safety&nbsp; -&nbsp; climate elements.&nbsp; It&nbsp; was&nbsp; found&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; climate elements&nbsp; is&nbsp; strong&nbsp; and&nbsp; it&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; successfully controlled&nbsp; by&nbsp; vegetation.&nbsp; Data&nbsp; were&nbsp; taken&nbsp; from CARPATCLIM&nbsp; database&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; evaluation &nbsp; was confirmed by obtained field data in CHEK-LISTS and by&nbsp; data&nbsp; evaluation&nbsp; in&nbsp; GIS.&nbsp; This&nbsp; was&nbsp; followed&nbsp; by&nbsp; a survey on the traffic safety of the highways in Serbia,from&nbsp; the&nbsp; driver&#39;s&nbsp; aspect&nbsp; of&nbsp; view.&nbsp; Results&nbsp; were processed&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; SPSS.&nbsp; Finally,&nbsp; the&nbsp; research emphasized&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; endangered&nbsp; sections&nbsp; of&nbsp; the traffic&nbsp; infrastructure&nbsp; corridor&nbsp; Belgrade&nbsp; -&nbsp; Novi&nbsp; Sad,affected by the climate elements. Landscape design of left and right side of the highway has been highlighted as a possibility of mitigating the influence of climate elements.</p>

<p>UVOD: Akutna mijeloidna leukemija (AML) predstavlja heterogenu grupu oboljenja u odnosu na morfologiju, citogenetiku, molekularnu genetiku, zbog čega se deli na različite kliničke i biolo&scaron;ke entitete, sa različitim odgovorom na terapiju i ishodom lečenja. Humani EVI1 (ecotropic virus integration-1) gen ima ulogu multifunkcionalnog nuklearnog transkripcionog faktora, kako u normalnoj tako i u malignoj hematopoezi. Sve je vi&scaron;e istraživanja koja ističu negativni prognostički značaj visoke ekspresije (overexpression) EVI1 gena u AML.&nbsp; CILJEVI: Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su da se ispita klinički i prognostički značaj ekspresije gena EVI1 u AML, kao i da se utvrdi povezanost visoke ekspresije gena EVI1 sa nalazima citogenetskog ispitivanja i molekularnim markerima: FLT3 mutacijom i nukleofozmin 1 (NPM1) mutacijom. MATERIJAL I METODE: Ovim prospektivnim istraživanjem je obuhvaćena grupa od 38 odraslih novodijagnostikovanih bolesnika sa de novo, non M3 AML, kod kojih je započeto standardno lečenje, a koji su dijagnostikovani i lečeni u Klinici za hematologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine u periodu od jula 2012. do marta 2014. Određivanje ekspresije gena EVI1 je vr&scaron;eno pomoću real time kvantitativne PCR (qPCR) metode, tehnikom TaqMan, a relativna ekspresija EVI1 gena je određena primenom &Delta;&Delta;Ct metode.&nbsp; REZULTATI: Medijana starosti bolesnika pri postavljanju dijagnoze AML je bila 52 godine (23-80). Ustanovljena je statistički značajna razlika između ekspresije gena EVI1 kod zdravih osoba (kontrolna grupa) i obolelih od akutne mijeloidne leukemije (p=0.008). Računajući relativnu ekspresiju, 13,2 % bolesnika je imalo visoku ekspresiju (overexpression) gena EVI1. U odnosu na kliničke i laboratorijske karakteristike bolesnika (kao &scaron;to su pol, starost, parametri krvne slike, nivo laktat dehidrogenaze, procenat blasta u perifernoj krvi i ko&scaron;tanoj srži, potom tip akutne mijeloidne leukemije, performans status, komorbiditetni indeks) nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika između bolesnika sa visokom ekspresijom EVI1 gena i ostalih bolesnika. Postoji statistički značajna povezanost visoke ekspresije EVI1 gena i nepostojanja NPM1 mutacije (p=0,031), kao i između visoke ekspresije EVI1 gena i prisustva monozomije 7 (p=0,047). Visoka ekspresija EVI1 gena je povezana sa kraćim preživaljvanjem bez dogaĎaja (p=0,004), kao i sa kraćim ukupnim preživljavanjem (p=0,025).&nbsp; ZAKLJUČCI: Postoji značajno povećana ekspresija gena EVI1 kod obolelih od AML u odnosu na zdrave kontrole. Visoka ekspresija EVI1 gena je faktor lo&scaron;e prognoze kod obolelih od akutne mijeloidne leukemije i u kombinaciji sa drugim prognostičkim markerima, doprinosi boljoj risk stratifikaciji ovih bolesnika.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) represents a heterogenous group of diseases in terms of morphology, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, so it can be divided into distinct clinical and biological entities, with variable responsiveness to therapy and different treatment outcome. Human EVI1 (ecotropic virus integration-1) gene plays a role of multifunctional nuclear transcriptional factor, not only in normal, but also in malignant haematopoiesis. There are more and more investigations indicating high EVI1 expression (EVI1 overexpression) as a negative prognostic marker in AML.&nbsp; PURPOSES: The main goal of this investigation was to examine the clinical and prognostic significance of EVI1 expression in AML, as well as to investigate whether there was any association of EVI1 overexpression with cytogenetic abnormalities and other standard molecular prognostic factors, such as FLT3 mutation and nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation.&nbsp; PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 38 adult newly diagnosed patients with de novo nonM3 AML, in whom a standard treatment was started at Clinic of Haematology, Clinical center of Vojvodina in the period from July 2012 to March 2014. EVI1 expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan, and relative EVI1 expression was determined by &Delta;&Delta;Ct method.&nbsp; RESULTS: Median age of patients at diagnosis was 52 (aged 23-80). There has been determined statistically higher EVI1 expression in our AML patients than in healthy volunteers (control group) (p=0.008). The relative EVI1 overexpression was observed in 13.2% of the patients. No significant differences in clinical and laboratory patient data (including sex, age, whole blood counts, lactate dehydrogenase level, peripheral and bone marrow blast percentages, type of AML, performance status, comorbidity index) were observed between patients with high EVI1 expression and patients without high EVI1 expression. Our investigation revealed inverse correlation of high EVI1 expression and nucleophosmin 1 mutation (p=0,031). Also high EVI1 expression was significantly associated with monosomy 7 (p=0,047). Survival analysis revealed significantly inferior event free survival (p=0,004) and overall survival (p=0,025) for patients with high EVI1 expression compared to the other patients.&nbsp; CONCLUSION: EVI1 expression is significantly higher in AML patients compared to healthy controls. High EVI1 expression is a poor prognostic marker for patients with AML, and in combination with other well established prognostic markers, contributes to better risk stratification of these patients.</p>

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji opisani su interorganizacioni informacioni sistemi i uslovi za njihovo uvođenje. Definisan je model vrednovanja informacionih sistema sa aspekta njihove integracije u kooperativne, otvorene interorganizacione informacione sisteme. Ovaj model je testiran sa 50 odabranih organizacija i formulisani su zaključci sprovedenog istrživanja.</p> / <p>In this master degree thesis interorganisational information sytems and factors for their<br />implementation are described. Evaluation model for information systems from the aspects for their integration into cooperative, open interorganisational information systems is defined. This model is tested on the sample made from 50 organisations and conclusions from whole research are formulated.</p>

<p>Receptor humanog epidermalnog faktora rasta 2 (HER2) pripada porodici receptora protein-tirozin kinaze čija je aktivacija povezana sa proliferacijom malignih ćelija, inhibicijom apoptoze, tumorskom angiogenezom i sposobnosti invazije i metastaziranja. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora može nastati kao posledica amplifikacije gena i/ili transkripcijskih promena. Ekspresija HER2 receptora u humanim tumorima povezuje se sa agresivnijim pona&scaron;anjem i lo&scaron;ijom prognozom. Učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora u nesitnoćelijskim karcinomima pluća (NSCLC) je najvi&scaron;e zastupljena u adenokarcinomu u odnosu na druge histolo&scaron;ke tipove. Identifikacija HER2 pozitivnih NSCLC omogućava određivanje grupe pacijenata koji bi bili kandidati za specifičnu terapiju. Problem predstavlja izbor metode detekcije HER2 receptora i nepostojanje utvrđenog protokola za očitavanje rezultata kao &scaron;to postoji kod karcinoma dojke i želuca. Osnovni ciljevi ove doktorske disertacije su bili: da se odredi učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća; da se uporede rezultati povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora dobijene kori&scaron;ćenjem HER2 antitela &bdquo;Hercep Test Dako&ldquo; i &bdquo;Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)&ldquo; antitela; da se uporedi prisustvo amplifikacije HER2 gena pomoću in situ hibridizacije (ISH) (Dual IHC HER2 kit;Ventana Medical Systems) retestiranjem uzoraka kod kojih je povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora ocenjena sa 2+ i 3+ dobijena &bdquo;Hercep Test Dako&ldquo; sa prisustnom amplifikacijom HER2 gena na uzorcima koji su pomoću &bdquo;Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)&ldquo; ocenjeni sa 2+ i 3+; da se uporedi učestalost povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora i prisustva HER2 genske amplifikacije kod različitih histolo&scaron;kih podtipova adenokarcinoma pluća; da se utvrdi da li je povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća i/ili prisustvo genske amplifikacije povezano sa demografskim (starost i pol pacijenta) parametrima, pu&scaron;ačkim statusom, pojavom metastaza u regionalnim limfnim čvorovima i udaljenim organima, infiltracijom pleure i okolnih struktura, odnosno stadijumom bolesti. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora u adenokarcinomu pluća iznosi 7,4% za Hercep Test Dako i 2,7% za Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitelo. Kod pozitivne ekspresije slažu se u 2%, dok se kod negativne ekspresije slažu u 91,9% slučajeva, &scaron;to je ukupno 93,9%. Učestalost amplifikacije HER2 gena kod adenokarcinoma pluća je 17,6%, od toga je kod 2,7% slučajeva prisutna high grade amplifikacija. Postoji statistički značajna povezanost između povećane proteinske ekspresije HER2 receptora dobijene upotrebom HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela i amplifikacije HER2 gena. Amplifikacija HER2 gena prisutna je kod 90,9% pacijenata sa povećanom proteinskom ekspresijom HER2 receptora koja se dobije upotrebom HercepTest Dako i kod 75% upotrebom Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora dobijena pomoću HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela je najče&scaron;ća kod solidnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma u patolo&scaron;kom T2a deskriptoru i IB stadijumu i acinarnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma u patolo&scaron;kom T1b deskriptoru i IA stadijumu. Amplifikacija HER2 gena je najče&scaron;ća kod solidnog a zatim kod acinarnog i papilarnog predominantnog tipa adenokarcinoma. Povećana proteinska ekspresija HER2 receptora dobijena pomoću HercepTest Dako i Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antitela i amplifikacija HER2 gena se najče&scaron;će javljaju kod mu&scaron;karaca, pu&scaron;ača, u starosnoj dobi od 61-70 godina, tumora veličine 31-50 mm, N0 i M0 statusu bolesti, bez prisustva tumorske infiltracije pleure i okolnih struktura.</p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Tanja Lakic</o:Author> <o:Version>12.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0cm;mso-para-margin-right:0cm;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0cm;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="Default"><span style="font-size:11.5pt">Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family having tyrosine kinase activity, which is directly linked to malignant cells proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, tumor angiogenesis and ability for invasion and metastasis. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors can be the consequence of gene amplification and/or transcription changes. Expression of HER2 receptors in human tumors is associated with more aggressive behavior and worse prognosis. Incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLS) is mainly represented in adenocarcinoma, in comparison with other histological types. Identification of HER2 positive NSCLC enables determination of a group of patients who would be candidates for specific therapy. The problem occurs in choosing the method of detection of HER2 receptors and non-existence of determined protocol for reading the results, as the one ones which exist for breast and gastric carcinoma. The main objectives of this PhD dissertation were: to determine the incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in lung adenocarcinoma; to compare the results of the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by using HER2 antibodies &quot;HercepTest Dako&quot; and &quot;Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5)&quot; antibodies; to compare the presence of HER2 gene amplification by in situ hybridization (ISH) (Dual IHC HER2 kit: Ventana Medical Systems) by retesting the samples in which the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors was graded with 2+ and 3+, obtained by &quot;HercepTest Dako&quot; with present gene HER2 amplification on samples obtained by &quot;Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) and graded with 2+ and 3+; to compare the incidence of increased protein expression of HER2 receptors and presence of HER2 gene amplification in different histological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma; to determine if the increased protein expression of HER2 receptors in lung adenocarcinoma and/or presence of gene amplification is related to demographic (age and sex of the patient) parameters, smoking status, appearance of metastases in regional lymphatic nodes, distant organs, infiltration of pleura and surrounding structures, and stage of the disease. Increased protein expression of HER2 in lung adenocarcinoma is 7.4% for HercepTest Dako and 2.7% for Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody. In positive expression they are correlated in 2%, while in negative expression they are correlated in 91.9% cases, which is overall 93.9%. The incidence of HER2 gene amplification in lung adenocarcinoma is 17.6%, from that in 2.7% of the cases high grade amplification is present. There is a statistically significant correlation between increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by use of HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-HER2 /neu (4B5) antibody and amplification of HER2 genes. Amplification of HER2 genes is present in 90.9% of patients with increased protein expression of HER2 receptors, which is obtained by using HercepTest Dako and in 75% patients by using Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-Her2/neu (4B5) antibody is most common in solid predominant type of adenocarcinoma in pathological T2a descriptor and IB stadium and acinar predominant type of adenocarcinoma in pathological T1b descriptor and IA stadium. Amplification of HER2 genes is most common in solid, and then in acinar and papillary predominant type of adenocarcinoma. Increased protein expression of HER2 receptors obtained by HercepTest Dako and Ventana anti-HER2/neu (4B5) antibody and amplification of HER2 genes most commonly occurs in men, smokers, at the age of 61-70 years, tumor size 31-50 mm, NO and MO disease status, without presence of tumor infiltration of pleura and surrounding structures. </span></p>

<p>Ispitivanu grupu činilo je 1247 ispitanika sa povredama prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena koji su operativno lečeni u periodu 2012.-2017. godina na Klinici za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrđivanje uticaja nivoa sportske aktivnosti i mehanizama povređivanja na nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena, zatim uticaj spolja&scaron;njih faktora rizika (vrsta sporta, rang takmičenja, vrsta podloge, trening ili utakmica, period treninga) na nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena, odnosno uticaj unutra&scaron;njih faktora rizika (pol, starost, BMI) na nastanak povreda ove strukture kolena. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika njih 517 (41,5%) su činili aktivni sportisti, a 730 (58,5%) rekreativci. Značajnu većinu u posmatranom uzorku su činili mu&scaron;karci (82,6%), osobe starosti od 16 do 25 godina (62,6%) i normalno uhranjenje osobe (62%). Do povrede prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze do&scaron;lo je kod njih 504 (40,5%) prilikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom, dok su se povrede prilikom rekreativnog bavljenja sportom dogodile kod 741 ispitanika (59,5%). Među aktivnim sportistima, vi&scaron;e od dve trećine se takmičilo na internacionalnom ili republičkom nivou, odnosno u najvi&scaron;im rangovima takmičenja. Kontaktnim kolektivnim sportovima (fudbal, ko&scaron;arka i rukomet) bavilo se 77,9% ispitanika. Nekontaktnim sportovima kao &scaron;to su odbojka, borilački sportovi i skijanje bavilo se 22,1% ispitanika, pri čemu je najveći broj povreda nastao prilikom igranja fudbala (51,3%). Statistički značajno vi&scaron;e povreda (i prilikom aktivnog i prilikom rekreativnog bavljenja sportom) je nastalo bez direktnog kontakta (nekontaktne povrede koje su činile 78,7% povreda), pri čemu je najveći broj povreda nastao usled promene pravca i ritma kretanja. Kod aktivnih sportista najvi&scaron;e povreda dogodilo se na utakmicama (73,8%), slede povrede na treningu (24,1%), dok se na rekreaciji povredilo svega 2,1% ispitanika. Značajno vi&scaron;e povreda dogodilo se na sredini bavljenja sportskom aktivno&scaron;ću (47,4%) u odnosu na povrede na zagrevanju, početku, odnosno kraju sportske aktivnosti. Povrede su značajno če&scaron;će nastajale na travi (42%) i parketu (28%), nego na drugim vrstama podloge. Najveći broj ispitanika povredio se noseći patike prilikom bavljenja sportskom aktivno&scaron;ću. Postoje značajne razlike u kontekstu povređivanja u zavisnosti od pola ispitanika. Žene su u značajno većem procentu povređivane prikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom, dok su se mu&scaron;karci če&scaron;će povređivali na rekreaciji. Žene su se najče&scaron;će povređivale na rukometu, mu&scaron;karci na fudbalu. U odnosu na mu&scaron;karce, kod žena su povrede znatno ređe nastajale prilikom direktnog kontakta, a kad je u pitanju mesto povređivanja, žene su se če&scaron;će nego mu&scaron;karci povređivale na treningu. Preko 50% žena je povređeno na parketu, dok se najveći broj mu&scaron;karaca povredio na travi. Ispitanici sa prekomernom telesnom masom značajno če&scaron;će su se povređivali prilikom rekreacije, dok su se normalno uhranjeni če&scaron;će povređivali prilikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom. Faktori rizika za nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze su brojni i specifični, odnosno da za svaku populacionu kategoriju postoje rizici, ali se uočava da su u svim sportovima, na svim podlogama i kod svih ispitanika povrede najče&scaron;će nastajale nekontaknim mehanizmom povređivanja. Formiranjem registra povređenih omogućilo bi se bolje razumevanje faktora rizika i njihovog međusobnog uticaja, kao i definisanje profila osoba pod najvećim rizikom za nastanak povrede prednje ukr&scaron;ene veze kolena. Na taj način obezbedile bi se potrebne informacije za planiranje preventivnih programa usmerenih na smanjenje rizika od povređivanja i omogućilo bi se sprovođenje odgovarajućih mera selektivne prevencije.</p> / <p>The study group consisted of 1247 respondents with anterior cruciate ligament injuries who were surgically treated in the period 2012-2017. at the Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina. The objectives of the study were to determine the impact of sports activity levels and injury mechanisms on the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, then the impact of external risk factors (type of sport, competition rank, type of surface, training or match, training period) on the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and the influence of internal risk factors (gender, age, BMI) on the occurrence of injuries of this knee structure. Out of the total number of respondents 517 (41.5%) were active athletes, and 730 (58.5%) were recreational athletes. A significant majority in the observed group were men (82.6%), persons aged 16 to 25 years (62.6%) and normal BMI respondents (62%). Anterior cruciate ligament injury occurred in 504 of them (40.5%) during active sports, while injuries during recreational sports occurred in 741 respondents (59.5%). Among active athletes, more than two thirds competed at the international or national level- in the highest ranks of the competition. Contact collective sports (football, basketball and handball) were practiced by 77.9% of respondents. 22.1% of respondents practiced non-contact sports such as volleyball, martial arts sports and skiing. The largest number of injuries occurring while playing football (51.3%). Statistically significantly more injuries (both during active and recreational sports) occurred without direct contact (noncontact injuries-78,7% of total injuries number), with the largest number of injuries caused by changes in the direction and rhythm of movement. Among active athletes, most injuries occurred in matches (73.8%), followed by injuries in training (24.1%), while only 2.1% of respondents were injured in recreation. Significantly more injuries occurred in the middle of engaging in sports activity (47.4%) compared to injuries during the warm-up, beginning and end of sports activity. Injuries occurred significantly more often on grass (42%) and floor (28%) than on other types of surfaces. Most of the respondents were injured wearing sneakers while doing sports. There are significant differences in the context of injury depending on the gender of the respondents. A significantly higher percentage of women were injured during active sports, while men were more often injured during recreational sport activities. Women were most often injured in handball, men in football. Compared to men, injuries were much less common in women during direct contact, and when it comes to the place of injury, women were injured more often than men during training acitivities. Over 50% of women were injured on the floor, while the largest number of men were injured on the grass. Subjects with overweight were significantly more likely to be injured during recreational sport acitivites, while those with normal BMI were more likely to be injured during active sports. Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injuries are numerous and specific and there are risks for each population category, but it is noticed that in all sports, on all surfaces and in all subjects, injuries were most often caused by a noncontact injury mechanism. The formation of a Register of injuries would enable a better understanding of risk factors and their mutual influence, as well as the definition of the profile of persons at greatest risk for the occurrence of an anterior cruciate ligament injury. This would provide the necessary information for planning prevention programs aimed at reducing the risk of injury and would enable the implementation of appropriate selective prevention measures.</p>

<p>UVOD: Kolorektalna anastomoza koja se formira u dubini karlice radi uspostavljanja kontinuiteta gastrointestinalnog trakta nakon resekcije dijela crijeva ima svoje specifičnosti u toku formiranja, zarastanja, kao i kada se jave komplikacije. Na sam proces zarastanja kolorektalnih anastomoza utiču sistemski, lokalni i tehnički faktori. Bilo kakav kompromis po pitanju ovih principa nosi povećan rizik od komplikacija! Najteža komplikacija na anastomozi je dehiscencija. &bdquo;Samo neučinjena anastomoza neće dehiscirati&ldquo;. Ova stara hirur&scaron;ka poslovica je važeća i danas, a &scaron;to je anastomoza distalnija, mogućnost dehiscencije je veća, posebno kod niskih subperitonealnih anastomoza sa rektumom ili anusom. Učestalost dehiscencija ovih anastomoza u literaturi varira od 0,5 - 69 %, &scaron;to može ukazivati na kvalitet hirur&scaron;kog rada, kori&scaron;ćenje definicije dehiscencije, način dijagnostike, itd. Međunarodna grupa za karcinom rektuma definisala je dehiscenciju anastomoze kao defekt crijevnog zida, uključujući &scaron;avnu ili staplersku liniju neorektalnog rezervoara, &scaron;to dovodi do komunikacije između intra i ekstra luminalnog prostora. CILJEVI: Osnovni cilj ove studije je bio da se utvrde preoperativni i perioperativni faktori rizika značajni za nastanak dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza, kao i značaj prokalcitonina i C-reaktivnog proteina u detekciji dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza u subkliničkoj fazi bolesti. MATERIJAL I METODOLOGIJA: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 100 pacijenata operisanih u elektivnom programu, kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma uz kreiranje dvostruke staplerske kolorektalne anastomoze. Svi pacijenti uključeni u istraživanje, odabrani metodom slučajnog izbora, bili su podijeljeni u dvije grupe. Grupa A: pacijenti kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma i kreirana primarna staplerska kolorektalna anastomoza. Grupa B: pacijenti kod kojih je urađena radikalna operacija karcinoma rektuma Hartmanovom procedurom u prvom aktu, a rekonstrukcija kontinuiteta gastrointestinalnog trakta uspostavljena u drugom aktu kreiranjem sekundarne staplerske kolorektalne anastomoze. Primjenom statističkih testova analizirani su preoperativni (pol, godine života, komorbiditeti, ASA skor, indeks tjelesne mase preoperativna primjena hemoradioterapije, laboratorijske analize) i perioperativni (vrijeme trajanja operacije, udaljenost anastomoze od anokutane linije, veličina tumora u cm, intraoperativna primjena krvi) faktori rizika za nastanak dehiscencije anastomoze kod obje grupe. Kod svih pacijenata drugog i četvrtog postoperativnog dana kontrolisane su vrijednosti C reaktivnog proteina i prokalcitonina u serumu, bez obzira da li su postojali ili ne klinički manifestni znaci dehiscencije anastomoze. Takođe, primjenom ROC krive analizirana je senzitivnost, specifičnost i dijagnostička tačnost C reaktivnog proteina i prokalcitonina drugog i četvrtog postoperativnog dana u detekciji dehiscencije kolorektalne anastomoze. REZULTATI: Nema statistički značajne razlike u pojavi dehiscencije anastomoze između primarnih i sekundarnih dvostrukih staplerskih anastomoza. Incidencija dehiscencija anastomoza je bila 11% u ukupnom uzorku. Osam pacijenata je reoperisano, dok su tri pacijenta tretirana konzervativno. Kod tri pacijenta, kod kojih je nastala dehiscencija i koji su reoperisani, zbog posljedice sepse i septičnog &scaron;oka nastupio je smrtni ishod. Pol, godine života, komorbiditeti, stadijum bolesti, dužina trajanja operacije, intraoperativna primjena krvi, nisu statistički značajni faktori rizika (p&gt;0,05) za nastanak dehiscencije primarnih i sekundarnih dvostrukih staplerskih kolorektalnih anastomoza. Udaljenost anastomoze od anokutane linije (&lt;7cm), veličina tumora preko 5 cm su statistički značajni faktori rizika za nastanak dehiscencije anastomoze. Postoji visoko statistički značajna razlika (p&lt;0,001) vrijednosti CRP-a i PCT-a četvrtog postoperativnog dana kod bolesnika sa i bez prisutne dehiscenecije kolorektalne anastomoze. Na osnovu ROC analize CRP&ndash;a za četvrti postoperativni dan, za graničnu vrijednost od 130 mg/l senzitivnost iznosi 82%, specifičnost 96% i dijagnostička tačnost 94%. Za graničnu vrijednost PCT-a od 0,78 ng/ml za četvrti postoperativni dan primjenom ROC krive utvrđena je sezitivnost 91%, specifičnost 92%, dok je dijagnostička tačnost bila 86%. Četvrti postoperativni dan CRP ima veću dijagnostičku tačnost i specifičnost u detekciji dehiscencije kolorektalne anastomoze u odnosu na PCT. ZAKLJUČAK: I pored velikog tehnolo&scaron;kog napretka, usavr&scaron;avanja hirur&scaron;kih tehnika, boljeg razumijevanja prirode maligne bolesti, unapređivanja intraoperativnog i postoperativnog kontinuiranog praćenja bolesnika, uvođenja novih antimikrobnih lijekova, problem u liječenju i pojava dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza su i dalje značajno prisutni. Otkrivanjem dehiscencija kolorektalnih anastomoza u subkliničkoj fazi, identifikovanje preoperativnih i perioperativnih faktora rizika značajnih za nastanak dehiscencija, omogućilo bi da se dehiscencija ranije uoči i efikasnije rije&scaron;i.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Colorectal anastomosis, which is formed deep in the pelvis because of establishment of continuity of gastrointestinal tract after resection of the part of intestines, has got its specifities during forming and healing process and when complications occur. Systemic, local and technical factors influence the healing process of anastomosis itself. Any kind of compromise in terms of these principles causes higher risk of complications! The most serious complication of anastomosis is dehiscence. &ldquo;Only anastomosis which is not carried out will not dehisce.&rdquo; This old surgical saying is still true, and the more distal anastomosis is, the possibility of development of dehiscence is higher, especially in lower subperitoneal anastomosis with rectum and anus. Incidence of dehiscence of these anastomosis in literature varies from 0,5 to 69 %, which may indicate the quality of surgical work, use of definition of dehiscence, kind of diagnostics etc. International group for rectal cancer defined dehiscence of anastomosis as a defect of intestinal wall, including suturing or stapler line of neorectal reservoir, which leads to communication between intra and extra luminal space. AIMS: Basic aim of this study was to determine preoperative and postoperative risk factors significant for the development of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis, as well as significance of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis at the subclinical stage of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The study included 100 patients operated on in the elective programme, on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out with creation of double stapler colorectal anastomosis. All patients included in the study were randomly chosen and divided into two groups. Group A: the patients on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out and primary stapler colorectal anastomosis created. Group B: the patients on which radical operation of the rectal cancer was carried out using Hartman&#39;s procedure in the first act, and reconstruction of the continuity of gastrointestinal tract was established in the second act by creation of secondary stapler colorectal anastomosis. By application of statistical tests preoperative (sex, age, comorbidities, ASA score, body mass index, preoperative application of haemoradiotherapy, laboratory analyses) and perioperative (duration of operation, distance of anastomosis from anocutaneous line, size of tumor in cm, intraoperative application of blood) risk factors for development of dehiscence of anastomosis in both groups were analysed. In all patients on the second and fourth postoperative day values of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the serum were analysed, regardless of the existence of clinically or non-clinically manifested signs of dehiscence of anastomosis. Also, sensitivity, specifity and diagnostically accurate C-reactive protein and procalcitonin on the second and fourth postoperative day in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis were analysed by application of ROC curve. RESULTS: There is no statistically significant difference in the development of dehiscence of anastomosis between primary and secondary double stapler anastomosis. Incidence of dehiscence of anastomosis was 11% in all samples. Eight patients were reoperated on, whereas three patients were treated conservatively. In three patients who developed dehiscence and were reoperated on, the death occurred due to sepsis and septic shock. Sex, age, comorbidities, stage of the disease, duration of operation, intraoperative application of blood were not statistically significant risk factors (p&gt;0,05) for the development of dehiscence of primary and secondary double stapler colorectal anastomosis. Distance of anastomosis from anocutaneous line (&lt;7cm), size of tumor over 5 cm were statistically significant risk factors for the development of dehiscence of anastomosis. There is highly statistically significant difference (p&lt;0,001) values of CRP and PCT on the fourth postoperative day in patients with and without dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis. On the basis of ROC analysis of CRP for the fourth postoperative day, for the bordering value of 130 mg/l sensitivity is 82%, specificity 96% and diagnostic accuracy 94%. For bordering value of PCT of 0,78 ng/ml for the fourth postoperative day, by application of ROC curve, the following values were determined: sensitivity 91%, specificity 92% and diagnostic accuracy 86%. CRP for the fourth postoperative day has got higher diagnostic accuracy and specificity in detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis in relation to PCT. CONCLUSION: In spite of huge technological advance, improvement of surgical techniques, better understanding of the nature of malignant diseases, improvement of intraoperative and postoperative continuous follow up of the patient, introduction of new antimicrobial medicines, the problem in treating and development of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis is still significantly present. Detection of dehiscence of colorectal anastomosis at the subclinical stage, identification of preoperative and perioperative risk factors significant for the development of dehiscence would help in early detection of dehiscence and contribute to more effective operations.</p>

<p>Uvod: Pacijenti sa akutnim infarktom miokarda sa ST elevacijom treba da budu podvrgnuti reperfuzionoj terapiji, pre svega pPCI, bez obzira na životnu dob, ali zbog&nbsp; veće učestalosti komorbiditeta, faktora rizika za koronarnu bolest i vi&scaron;esudovne koronarne bolesti, kod pacijenata starije životne dobi, odluka o reperfuzionoj terapiji treba da se donese sa dobrom procenom odnosa rizik &ndash; benefit. Cilj: Utvrđene su razlike u kliničkoj slici, angiografskom nalazu, terapijskom pristupu, toku i ishodu akutnog infarkta miokarda sa ST elevacijom u starih osoba u odnosu na mlađu životnu dob (mlađi od 75 godina). Materijal i metode: U studiju je uključeno 240 pacijenata sa akutnim infarktom miokarda sa ST elevacijom, podeljeni u dve komparabilne grupe (120 bolesnika starijih i kontrolna grupa 120 mlađih od 75 godina), koji su izabrani metodom slučajnog izbora, po redosledu prijema u bolnicu. Za pacijente iz obe grupe popunjavan je upitnik, a tretirani su po jedinstvenom protokolu lečenja. Rezultati: U ispitivanom uzorku, u grupi bolesnika starijih od 75 godina reperfuziona terapija je bila primenjena u 85% slučajeva. Intrahospitalni mortalitet za ceo uzorak je 11,7% i u skladu je sa drugim istraživanjima [27]. Mortalitet u grupi pacijenata preko 75 godina je bio 12,5%, a u grupi pacijenata sa manje od 75 godina 10,8% (p=ns). Zaključak: Klinička slika bolesti kod bolesnika starije životne dobi je če&scaron;će atipična &scaron;to korelira sa drugim studijama [31, 35], a tok bolesti komplikovaniji i ishod lo&scaron;iji. Kod bolesnika starijih od 75 godina če&scaron;ća je vi&scaron;esudovna koronarna bolest. Primarna perkutana koronarna intervencija u akutnom infarktu miokarda sa ST elevacijom u pacijenata starije životne dobi potvrđuje benefit u lečenju, toku i ishodu bolesti.</p> / <p>Introduction: Patients with ST segment acute myocardial infarction should undergo reperfusion therapy, PCI in the first place, no matter their life age. However, due to high frequency of comorbidities, risk factors for coronary disease and multi-vessel coronary disease, the decision of reperfusion therapy in elderly patients should be made according to the good evaluation or risk benefit ratio. Aim: The differences have been determined in the clinical picture, angiographic finding, therapeutic approach, course and outcome of ST segment acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients in relation to younger life age (less than 75 years). Material and methods: The study included 240 patients with ST segment acute myocardial infarction. They were randomly divided into two comparable groups according to the date of their hospitalization (120 patients older than 75 and control group of 120 patients younger than 75 years). Both groups of patients filled out the survey and were treated according to the same protocol. Results: In the examined sample of the group of patients older than 75 the reperfusion therapy was performed in 85% of cases. Intrahospital mortality for the entire sample was 11.7% and is in coherence with other researches [27]. Mortality in the group of patients older than 75 years was 12.5%, and it was 10.8% (p=ns) in the group of patients younger than 75.&nbsp; Conclusion: Clinical picture of disease in elderly patients is atypical thus correlating with other studies [31, 35], and course of illness more complicated and with a worse outcome. Multi-vessel disease is more common in patients older than 75 years. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI in elderly patients confirms benefits in treatment, course and outcome of disease.</p>