Fear of falling (FOF) is a major health care concern within the elderly population. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-week intervention that used Guided Relaxation and Exercise Imagery (GREI) techniques on lowering FOF rates among community dwelling adults aged 60 and above. A total of 184 older adults (mean age = 73.2) participated in a series of mobility (TUG; SLS) and FOF measures (1QFOF; Short FES-I; ABC Scale; EII). Participants were divided into four groups: two placebo control groups (PCG) and two intervention groups (IG). The intervention groups received instructions to use an audio CD containing a GREI program for 10 minutes a day, two times a week for six weeks. The control group received an audio CD that contained two relaxation tracks and were instructed to listen to music of their choice for five minutes after listening to a relaxation track. Through simple paired t-test and ANCOVA analysis, results revealed that the GREI CD had significant effects in reducing FOF (78%) and significantly increasing exercise imagery rates, efficacy in falls related activities, perceived exercise levels, and reducing time in a mobility test (e.g., TUG). There was also a significant reduction in FOF (20%) and significant increases in exercise imagery rates, efficacy, confidence, and a mobility test (e.g., TUG) for participants who had an FOF pretest and were in PCG. However, participants who were in PCG and did not have an FOF during pretest did not have significant differences in any of the tests except for a significant increase in falls efficacy. Overall, this study revealed that using a GREI CD for six weeks helped decrease levels of FOF for older adults aged 60 and above. GREI was also effective in increasing falls-related efficacy, exercise imagery, and perceived exercise levels. Further exploration of GREI and its effects on psychological variables related to FOF and falls may substantiate its effectiveness as a fear of falling intervention. / Kinesiology

Uppsatsens syfte är att studera porträtteringen av nationell identitet i Don DeLillos Falling Man och Amy Waldmans The Submission i förhållande till efterverkningarna av 9/11. Studien utgörs av undersökande och jämförande analyser av romanerna utifrån ett litteratursociologiskt samt postkolonialt perspektiv med fokus på nationalism, religion och commemoration.   Studien har presenterat hur amerikansk identitet har ifrågasatts och problematiserats i romanerna Falling Man och The Submission, och visat hur religion, commemoration och nationalism hänger samman med den amerikanska identiteten. En identitet som visat sig föränderlig och problematisk i efterverkningarna av 9/11. Studien har också kunnat visa att böckerna inte ämnar att lyfta fram en gestaltning av identitet som något allenarådande eller fast, utan att de istället visar hur identitet ständigt förändras och skiljer sig från karaktär till karaktär, genom problematiserandet kring tillhörighet, trygghet och trauma.

Sounding rockets and small suborbital payloads provide a means for research in situ of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The trajectory and the attitude of the payload are critical for the evaluation of the scientific measurements and experiments. The trajectory refers the location of the measurement, while the attitude determines the orientation of the sensors. This thesis covers methods of trajectory and attitude reconstruction implemented in several experiments with small suborbital payloads carried out by the Department of Space and Plasma Physics in 2012--2016. The problem of trajectory reconstruction based on raw GPS data was studied for small suborbital payloads. It was formulated as a global least squares optimization problem. The method was applied to flight data of two suborbital payloads of the RAIN REXUS experiment. Positions and velocities were obtained with high accuracy. Based on the trajectory reconstruction technique, atmospheric densities, temperatures, and horizontal wind speeds below 80 km were obtained using rigid free falling spheres of the LEEWAVES experiment. Comparison with independent data indicates that the results are reliable for densities below 70 km, temperatures below 50 km, and wind speeds below 45 km. Attitude reconstruction of suborbital payloads from yaw-pitch-roll Euler angles was studied. The Euler angles were established by two methods: a global optimization method and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) technique. The comparison of the results shows that the global optimization method provides a more accurate fit to the observations than the UKF. Improving the results of the falling sphere experiments requires understanding of the attitude motion of the sphere. An analytical consideration was developed for a free falling and axisymmetric sphere under aerodynamic torques. The motion can generally be defined as a superposition of precession and nutation. These motion phenomena were modeled numerically and compared to flight data. / <p>QC 20170510</p>

Esse estudo tem por escopo a análise da responsabilidade pelas coisas caídas, estabelecida no artigo 938 do Código Civil, e sua comparação em relação ao quase-delito romano effusum et deiectum. Inicia-se tal estudo com a demonstração das categorias de quase-delitos em Roma, explicando-se cada uma delas e sua localização no Digesto. Nos capítulos seguintes faz-se uma análise da responsabilidade civil, mencionando-se sua evolução, conceito atual, bem como suas principais classificações em nosso atual ordenamento, enfatizando-se a responsabilidade pelas coisas caídas ou lançadas. Realiza-se, então, uma comparação entre esta última modalidade de responsabilidade, presente no artigo 938 do Código Civil, e o tratamento do quase-delito romano effusum et deiectum durante o período clássico. Ao final, conclui-se que o artigo do Código Civil retromencionado tem sua origem no citado quase-delito romano, em virtude da patente semelhança entre ambos, malgrado o grande lapso temporal que os separa. / The objective of this study is the analysis of the responsibility for the falling things, established in the article 938 of the Civil Code, and the comparison between this article and the roman quasi-delicti effusum et deiectum. This study begins with the demonstration of the categories of quasi-delicti in Roma, explaining each one of them and their localization in the Digesto. In the following chapters, there is an analysis of the civil responsibility, mentioning its evolution, actual concept, and the main classifications in our ordainment, emphasizing the responsibility for falling things. After that, a comparison was made between this last modality of responsibility, mentioned in the article 938 of the Civil Code, and the treatment of the roman quasi-delict in the classic period. At the end, we concluded that the origin of the article 938 of the Civil Code is the cited roman quasi-delicti, because of their likeness, despite the time gap between them.

Uma das grandes preocupações com o envelhecimento populacional é o aumento na prevalência de doenças crônicas e degenerativas como as psiquiátricas, cardiovasculares, metabólicas e fraturas de fêmur, bem como o aumento no consumo de medicamentos. A fratura de fêmur é um episódio que compromete muito a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Ela é causada principalmente por quedas, principalmente em idosos portadores de osteoporose. A queda se dá em parte pela decorrência da perda do equilíbrio postural. As principais causas para a ocorrência de quedas na população idosa são ambiente inadequado, doenças neurológicas e doenças cardiovasculares. O presente estudo objetivou identificar os principais fatores que contribuíram para as quedas com fraturas e quedas sem fraturas de fêmur em idosos no município de São Sebastião do Paraíso. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, onde foram selecionados 45 pacientes de ambos os sexos com 60 anos ou mais de idade que sofreram fraturas de fêmur decorrentes de queda (casos) e dois grupos controles (45 indivíduos em cada grupo), na proporção de 1:1:1, onde um grupo foi composto por idosos de ambos os sexos que sofreram quedas mas não fraturas de fêmur e o outro grupo composto por idosos que não sofreram queda nem fratura no município de São Sebastião do Paraíso/MG. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes, bem como levantamento de informações em prontuários. Para a análise estatística de diferenças entre proporções, médias e medianas foram utilizados, respectivamente o teste quiquadrado, o t de Student e de Kruskal-Wallis. Para a análise de associação entre variáveis foram realizadas inicialmente análises univariadas e posteriormente análises multivariadas empregando-se regressão logística. Como medida de efeito foi empregado o Odds Ratio (OR) e seu Intervalo de Confiança a 95% (IC95%). Em todas as análises considerou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que os idosos que não fraturaram o fêmur e que não sofreram queda foram menos suscetíveis à morte do que os que fraturaram; a maioria das quedas e das fraturas de fêmur ocorreu na rua e no quintal de casa e que pessoas idosas do sexo feminino foram mais suscetíveis a sofrê-las; entre os idosos que praticam atividade física, apenas 1 sofreu fratura de fêmur; a maioria dos idosos que fazem uso de medicamentos é do sexo feminino. Os fatores associados à proteção contra fratura de fêmur foram: receber algum tipo de remuneração, ouvir bem e possuir corrimão nas escadas de suas residências. Os fatores associados ao risco para fratura de fêmur foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica, sedentarismo, uso de anti-hipertensivos e possuir superfície escorregadia na residência. Os fatores de proteção para queda Resumo foram: possuir corrimão nas escadas de suas residências, uso de antidepressivo, ser portador de osteoporose e depressão. Os fatores associados ao risco de queda foram: sedentarismo e possuir tapetes nas residências. O estudo concluiu que as principais medidas a serem adotadas para prevenir as quedas e as fraturas de fêmur são: praticar atividades físicas, reduzir o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos e realizar alterações no ambiente residencial. / One of the biggest worries with the population aging is the rising of the chronic and degenerative as psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic diseases and femur fractures, also the rising of medication consumption. The femur fracture is an episode that compromises a lot the workability and the quality of life of the elderly people. It is mainly caused by falls, especially for those who have osteoporosis. The fall is partially due to the total loss of postural balance. The mainly facts linked to the fall occurrences on elderly population are inappropriate ambient, neurological diseases and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to identify the main factors that contributed to the falls at femur fractures and falls without femur fractures on elderly people in the city of São Sebastião do Paraíso. It was performed a case-control study where were selected as the cases 45 patients of both genders with 60 years old, or more who have suffered femur fractures derived from fall and two groups as controls (45 individuals in each group), in the proportion of 1:1:1, where a group was consisted from elderly of both gender who suffered falls but not femur fractures and other group consisted of elderly people who didnt suffer any falls in the city of São Sebastião do Paraíso/MG. The data were collected from interviews realized on the participants houses, as well as the gathering of information on the records. For the statistical analysis of differences between the proportions, means and medians were used, respectively the chi-squared, Student t and Kruskal-Wallis tests. To the association analysis between the variables were initially performed univariate analysis and then multivariate analysis using logistic regression. As measure effect was used the Odds Ratio (OR) and its Confidence Interval at 95% (95%CI). In all the analysis was considered a significance level of 5%. The study results showed that the elderly people that did not fracture the femur and did not suffer any fall were less susceptible to death than those who did it; the major number of falls and femur fractures happened on the streets and at the backyards and the elderly female people were more susceptible to suffer it; among elderly people who practice physical activity, only one suffered femur fracture; the great number of the elderly people who use medicine is from the female gender. The protective factors to femur fracture were: earn some kind of remuneration, listen well and have houses with a handrail on the stairs. The risk factors to femur fracture were: systemic arterial hypertension, sedentary life, use of anti-hypertensive and own a slippery surface at their residences. The protective factors to the falls were: to have a handrail stair on their residences, use of antidepressant, to have Abstract osteoporosis and depression. The fall risk factors were: sedentary life and own tapestry on the residences. The study concluded that the mainly activities to be adopted to prevent the falls and femur fractures are: to practice physical activity, to reduce the usage of psychotropic medicine, and to make residential adjustments.

Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com o objetivo de analisar a aplicabilidade de intervenções da NIC, para situações de Risco de Quedas em pacientes hospitalizados por meio do mapeamento cruzado. Participaram do estudo 10 enfermeiros que atuam na Clínica Médica de um Hospital Geral Regional de segundo porte na cidade de Querétaro, Qro., México. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas; na primeira, foram descritas pelos enfermeiros quais atividades eram realizadas para os pacientes com risco de quedas. Na segunda etapa, foi realizado o mapeamento cruzado das atividades e das intervenções da NIC para o diagnóstico Risco de quedas pela pesquisadora. Na terceira etapa, foi realizado o refinamento do mapeamento comparativo por enfermeiros expertos e a NIC com as Intervenções identificadas pela pesquisadora. Quanto aos resultados, dos 10 enfermeiros nove eram sexo feminino, com idade entre 31 e 40 anos e com experiência no trabalho com média de sete anos e meio. Foram citadas 173 atividades para Risco de quedas pelos enfermeiros que participaram no estudo. Já no mapeamento cruzado, foram listadas 14 intervenções e 70 atividades das quais seis intervenções estavam no Domínio Segurança com 40 atividades, quatro intervenções no Domínio Fisiológico Básico com 20 atividades e duas intervenções no Domínio Fisiológico Complexo com 10 atividades. Além das atividades propostas na ligação NANDA/NIC foram mapeadas duas intervenções não propostas nessa ligação, mas citadas na NIC - Contenção Física e Identificação do Risco - nomeadas pelos enfermeiros como realizadas junto aos pacientes com Risco de quedas. As intervenções que tiveram o maior numero de atividades mapeadas foram principalmente às relacionadas com o Domínio de Segurança. Estas intervenções mapeadas mostram o atuar dos enfermeiros e sua contribuição na prevenção de quedas. Os achados do estudo poderão ser empregados para desenvolver programas, políticas e estratégias que contribuam para segurança do paciente, por meio do das taxonomias, no contexto da enfermagem mexicana. / This is a descriptive study which main objective is to analyze the feasibility of NIC interventions on falling risk situations among hospitalized patients through cross mapping method. During this study, ten Intern Medicine Service nurses from a second level hospital in Queretaro City, Mexico participated. The study was designed into three stages. At first stage, there were described the activities made by nurses with falling risk patients. At second stage, there was made a cross mapping from NIC\'s activities and interventions for the falls risk diagnosis of the researcher. At third stage, a comparative fine tuning mapping was made among expert nurses and the NIC compared with the identified interventions from the researcher. The results of the research were as follows: From ten nurses, nine were 31 to 40 year old female with an average working experience of seven years and a half. There were mentioned 173 falls risk activities by nurses who attended the study. There were listed 14 interventions and 70 activities on the cross mapping from which six interventions were on the Security Dominion with 40 activities, six interventions were on the Basic Physiological Dominion with 20 activities and two interventions were on the Complex Physiological Dominion with 10 activities. On the NANDA/INC interrelations activities were mapped two non-proposed interventions in the Restraint Physical and Risk Identification mentioned by nurses during their attendance with falling risk patients. The higher number of mapped intervention activities were of the Security Dominion. This mapped interventions show the contribution of nurses toward falls prevention. Current results of this study may contribute to the creation of prevention programs, politics and strategies which enhance patient\'s security through taxonomy\'s usage within the Mexican nursing context.

Neste trabalho é apresentada a avaliação da inversão da sacarose em um sistema constituído de um Evaporador de filme descendente com promotor de película. Foi feita a modelagem da inversão considerando-se os balanços de massa e de entalpia e a cinética de inversão no tubo de evaporação. Os principais parâmetros considerados foram: constante cinética (k), taxa de evaporação(mv), concentração de açúcares totais (C), vazão do líquido no tubo de evaporação (q), pH, temperatura (T) e tempo de residência no tubo de evaporação (T). Usaram-se dois métodos para a resolução do modelo, a primeira através da integração numérica do modelo (Runge Kutta de 4ta ordem) e a outra através de equacionamento simplificado a partir valores médios das propriedades, pH, e calculando as constantes cinéticas nas temperaturas efetivas em cada zona do tubo de evaporação, Tefa (zona de aquecimento) e Tefe (zona de evaporação), possibilitando assim, a integração analítica do modelo. Foram calculados os valores do volume do líquido (V) através dos dois métodos. Os resultados foram expressos em função da vazão do líquido (q). Verificou-se que os resultados calculados pelos dois métodos foram muito próximos. Os modelos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados para a otimização do processo de evaporação visando à minimização da inversão da sacarose. O método desenvolvido possibilita a determinação do tempo de residência no tubo de evaporação. / In this work the evaluation of sucrose inversion in a system formed by falling film Evaporator with Promoter of film is presented. The modeling was made considering: mass and enthalpy balances and the kinetic of inversion in the evaporation tube. The mean parameters investigated were: kinetic constant (k), evaporation rate (mv), concentration of total sugars (C), volumetric velocity of the liquid in the evaporation tube (q), pH, temperature (T) and residence time in the evaporation tube (T). Two methods was used to solve the model, the first by numeric integration (Runge Kutta 4th Order) and the other by analytic integration of simplified model considering mean values of properties and pH, and the kinetic constant calculates at effective temperatures in each zone of the evaporation tube, Tefa and Tefe, allowed the analytic integration of the model. The volume of liquid in the evaporation tube (V) was calculated by the two methods (numeric integration and simplified methods). The results were expressed as a function of liquid flow rate (q). It was verified that the values obtained by the two methods were very closed. These models can be used for the optimization of the evaporation process emphasizing the minimization of the sucrose inversion. The methodology could be used for the determination of the residence time in the evaporation tube.

Uma das grandes preocupações com o envelhecimento populacional é o aumento na prevalência de doenças crônicas e degenerativas como as psiquiátricas, cardiovasculares, metabólicas e fraturas de fêmur, bem como o aumento no consumo de medicamentos. A fratura de fêmur é um episódio que compromete muito a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Ela é causada principalmente por quedas, principalmente em idosos portadores de osteoporose. A queda se dá em parte pela decorrência da perda do equilíbrio postural. As principais causas para a ocorrência de quedas na população idosa são ambiente inadequado, doenças neurológicas e doenças cardiovasculares. O presente estudo objetivou identificar os principais fatores que contribuíram para as quedas com fraturas e quedas sem fraturas de fêmur em idosos no município de São Sebastião do Paraíso. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, onde foram selecionados 45 pacientes de ambos os sexos com 60 anos ou mais de idade que sofreram fraturas de fêmur decorrentes de queda (casos) e dois grupos controles (45 indivíduos em cada grupo), na proporção de 1:1:1, onde um grupo foi composto por idosos de ambos os sexos que sofreram quedas mas não fraturas de fêmur e o outro grupo composto por idosos que não sofreram queda nem fratura no município de São Sebastião do Paraíso/MG. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas realizadas nos domicílios dos participantes, bem como levantamento de informações em prontuários. Para a análise estatística de diferenças entre proporções, médias e medianas foram utilizados, respectivamente o teste quiquadrado, o t de Student e de Kruskal-Wallis. Para a análise de associação entre variáveis foram realizadas inicialmente análises univariadas e posteriormente análises multivariadas empregando-se regressão logística. Como medida de efeito foi empregado o Odds Ratio (OR) e seu Intervalo de Confiança a 95% (IC95%). Em todas as análises considerou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que os idosos que não fraturaram o fêmur e que não sofreram queda foram menos suscetíveis à morte do que os que fraturaram; a maioria das quedas e das fraturas de fêmur ocorreu na rua e no quintal de casa e que pessoas idosas do sexo feminino foram mais suscetíveis a sofrê-las; entre os idosos que praticam atividade física, apenas 1 sofreu fratura de fêmur; a maioria dos idosos que fazem uso de medicamentos é do sexo feminino. Os fatores associados à proteção contra fratura de fêmur foram: receber algum tipo de remuneração, ouvir bem e possuir corrimão nas escadas de suas residências. Os fatores associados ao risco para fratura de fêmur foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica, sedentarismo, uso de anti-hipertensivos e possuir superfície escorregadia na residência. Os fatores de proteção para queda Resumo foram: possuir corrimão nas escadas de suas residências, uso de antidepressivo, ser portador de osteoporose e depressão. Os fatores associados ao risco de queda foram: sedentarismo e possuir tapetes nas residências. O estudo concluiu que as principais medidas a serem adotadas para prevenir as quedas e as fraturas de fêmur são: praticar atividades físicas, reduzir o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos e realizar alterações no ambiente residencial. / One of the biggest worries with the population aging is the rising of the chronic and degenerative as psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic diseases and femur fractures, also the rising of medication consumption. The femur fracture is an episode that compromises a lot the workability and the quality of life of the elderly people. It is mainly caused by falls, especially for those who have osteoporosis. The fall is partially due to the total loss of postural balance. The mainly facts linked to the fall occurrences on elderly population are inappropriate ambient, neurological diseases and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to identify the main factors that contributed to the falls at femur fractures and falls without femur fractures on elderly people in the city of São Sebastião do Paraíso. It was performed a case-control study where were selected as the cases 45 patients of both genders with 60 years old, or more who have suffered femur fractures derived from fall and two groups as controls (45 individuals in each group), in the proportion of 1:1:1, where a group was consisted from elderly of both gender who suffered falls but not femur fractures and other group consisted of elderly people who didnt suffer any falls in the city of São Sebastião do Paraíso/MG. The data were collected from interviews realized on the participants houses, as well as the gathering of information on the records. For the statistical analysis of differences between the proportions, means and medians were used, respectively the chi-squared, Student t and Kruskal-Wallis tests. To the association analysis between the variables were initially performed univariate analysis and then multivariate analysis using logistic regression. As measure effect was used the Odds Ratio (OR) and its Confidence Interval at 95% (95%CI). In all the analysis was considered a significance level of 5%. The study results showed that the elderly people that did not fracture the femur and did not suffer any fall were less susceptible to death than those who did it; the major number of falls and femur fractures happened on the streets and at the backyards and the elderly female people were more susceptible to suffer it; among elderly people who practice physical activity, only one suffered femur fracture; the great number of the elderly people who use medicine is from the female gender. The protective factors to femur fracture were: earn some kind of remuneration, listen well and have houses with a handrail on the stairs. The risk factors to femur fracture were: systemic arterial hypertension, sedentary life, use of anti-hypertensive and own a slippery surface at their residences. The protective factors to the falls were: to have a handrail stair on their residences, use of antidepressant, to have Abstract osteoporosis and depression. The fall risk factors were: sedentary life and own tapestry on the residences. The study concluded that the mainly activities to be adopted to prevent the falls and femur fractures are: to practice physical activity, to reduce the usage of psychotropic medicine, and to make residential adjustments.

Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (MHI) is responsible for maintaining approximately 26,100 km of two lane equivalent highways network. Most highways in Saskatchewan are constructed primarily of granular materials. Granular materials serve various purposes in a pavement structure. In particular, granular materials distribute stress within the road structure and reduce the stress applied to the subgrade. Granular materials also mitigate pumping of subgrade fines into surfacing materials, as well as provide drainage for the pavement structure.<p>As a result of the rapid deterioration of roadways and the increasing highway traffic, a significant portion of the Saskatchewan highway system is in need of rehabilitation in the next couple of decades. However, increasing costs associated with road construction as well as budget constraints render many conventional rehabilitation solutions untenable in many applications. In addition, the depletion of quality aggregate also exists in many areas of Saskatchewan. Given that much of Saskatchewan granular pavement system will be in need of strengthening in the next few decades, there is a need to apply new cost-effective and aggregate-preserving pavement rehabilitation technologies such as cold in-place recycling and base strengthening.<p>The goal of this research is to improve the engineering design and performance of recycled and stabilized granular base systems under Saskatchewan field state conditions. The specific objectives of this research are to characterize the conventional laboratory behaviour, moisture sensitivity, and mechanistic behaviour of various granular base strengthening systems in the laboratory, to characterize the structural responses of various granular base strengthening systems in the field, and to evaluate the pavement thickness design and responses of various granular base pavement structures.<p>This research is based on a cold in-place recycling and base stabilization project undertaken by Saskatchewan MHI in fall 2006. Control Section (C.S.) 15-11 between km 5.0 and km 8.0 was selected as a typical thin granular pavement under primary weight loadings that required strengthening. Unstabilized granular base, cement stabilized granular base, and cement with asphalt emulsion stabilized granular base were constructed and evaluated in this research. Materials employed on C.S. 15-11 were sampled and prepared for the various laboratory tests performed in this research. Conventional tests performed included sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, sand equivalent, standard proctor compaction, and California bearing ratio strength and swell test. Advanced mechanistic and moisture sensitivity testing included indirect tensile strength, moisture capillary rise and surface conductivity, unconfined compressive strength, and rapid triaxial frequency sweep testing.<p>The cement and cement with emulsion asphalt stabilization of the granular base were found to improve the conventional, mechanical and moisture susceptibility properties of in situ C.S. 15-11 granular base materials. The cement stabilization applied on C.S. 15-11 provided a high degree of improvement relative to the cement with emulsion stabilization. The cement stabilization was found to be relatively easy to apply in construction, whereas the cement with emulsion stabilization was more difficult, particularly due to the problems associated with cold temperatures during late season construction.<p>The rapid triaxial tester (RaTT) was found to be a practical and useful apparatus to characterize the mechanistic constitutive behaviours of granular materials. The C.S. 15- 11 in situ unstabilized base was found to have the poorest mechanistic behaviour among all three granular bases on C.S. 15-11, as expected. Cement stabilization improved the mechanistic behaviour of the in situ material significantly by providing the highest mean dynamic modulus, lowest mean Poissons ratio, lowest mean radial microstrain, and the lowest mean phase angle. The cement with emulsion asphalt stabilization also provided a considerable improvement on mechanistic behaviour of C.S. 15-11 granular base materials. However, the degree of improvement was less than the cement stabilization system.<p>Non-destructive falling weight deflection measurements taken across the field test sections showed that the stabilization systems yielded a significant improvement of primary structural response profiles across the C.S. 15-11 test sections after stabilization. The cement stabilization system was found to yield the most significant structural improvements among all the test sections constructed on the C.S. 15-11. The deflection measurements taken in 2007 after hot mix asphalt paving further identified that the unstabilized system is more sensitive to the freeze-thaw effects relative to cement stabilization and cement with emulsion stabilization systems.<p> This research also showed that the Saskatchewan MHI structural design system is not applicable to the design of stabilized granular base systems. Evaluation of the thickness design for C.S. 15-11 showed the unstabilized and the cement with asphalt emulsion stabilized test section met the criterion of fatigue cracking, but failed to meet the criterion of structural rutting in MHI design system. However, the cement stabilized section met both fatigue cracking and rutting criteria. The structural evaluation revealed that mechanistic pavement response analysis and validation are necessary in the thickness design of stabilized granular systems such as C.S. 15-11, where traditional MHI design system is not applicable. This research employed finite element modeling and linear elastic pavement modeling software to determine the maximum shear stresses within granular base under typical Saskatchewan stress state conditions. The maximum shear stress values were found to locate on top of granular base courses under the applied circular loading edges ranging from 177 kPa to 254 kPa. These maximum shear stresses within the C.S. 15-11 test section granular base courses under field stress states were compared to maximum shear stresses occurring within samples measured by rapid triaxial testing performed in this research. The comparison showed that the ranges of shear stresses applied in the laboratory RaTT testing were close to shear stresses of granular bases in the field computed from modeling. Therefore, this research showed a good correlation of lab RaTT testing and field results for granular pavements.<p>In summary, this research met the objectives of mechanistically evaluating various granular base stabilization systems in Saskatchewan by means of various laboratory testing, non-destructive field testing, as well as mechanistic modeling and analysis. This research provided valuable data and showed considerable potential for improving design, construction, and QA/QC of conventional and stabilized granular base systems in Saskatchewan.

Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (MHI) is responsible for maintaining approximately 26,100 km of two lane equivalent highways network. Most highways in Saskatchewan are constructed primarily of granular materials. Granular materials serve various purposes in a pavement structure. In particular, granular materials distribute stress within the road structure and reduce the stress applied to the subgrade. Granular materials also mitigate pumping of subgrade fines into surfacing materials, as well as provide drainage for the pavement structure.<p>As a result of the rapid deterioration of roadways and the increasing highway traffic, a significant portion of the Saskatchewan highway system is in need of rehabilitation in the next couple of decades. However, increasing costs associated with road construction as well as budget constraints render many conventional rehabilitation solutions untenable in many applications. In addition, the depletion of quality aggregate also exists in many areas of Saskatchewan. Given that much of Saskatchewan granular pavement system will be in need of strengthening in the next few decades, there is a need to apply new cost-effective and aggregate-preserving pavement rehabilitation technologies such as cold in-place recycling and base strengthening.<p>The goal of this research is to improve the engineering design and performance of recycled and stabilized granular base systems under Saskatchewan field state conditions. The specific objectives of this research are to characterize the conventional laboratory behaviour, moisture sensitivity, and mechanistic behaviour of various granular base strengthening systems in the laboratory, to characterize the structural responses of various granular base strengthening systems in the field, and to evaluate the pavement thickness design and responses of various granular base pavement structures.<p>This research is based on a cold in-place recycling and base stabilization project undertaken by Saskatchewan MHI in fall 2006. Control Section (C.S.) 15-11 between km 5.0 and km 8.0 was selected as a typical thin granular pavement under primary weight loadings that required strengthening. Unstabilized granular base, cement stabilized granular base, and cement with asphalt emulsion stabilized granular base were constructed and evaluated in this research. Materials employed on C.S. 15-11 were sampled and prepared for the various laboratory tests performed in this research. Conventional tests performed included sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, sand equivalent, standard proctor compaction, and California bearing ratio strength and swell test. Advanced mechanistic and moisture sensitivity testing included indirect tensile strength, moisture capillary rise and surface conductivity, unconfined compressive strength, and rapid triaxial frequency sweep testing.<p>The cement and cement with emulsion asphalt stabilization of the granular base were found to improve the conventional, mechanical and moisture susceptibility properties of in situ C.S. 15-11 granular base materials. The cement stabilization applied on C.S. 15-11 provided a high degree of improvement relative to the cement with emulsion stabilization. The cement stabilization was found to be relatively easy to apply in construction, whereas the cement with emulsion stabilization was more difficult, particularly due to the problems associated with cold temperatures during late season construction.<p>The rapid triaxial tester (RaTT) was found to be a practical and useful apparatus to characterize the mechanistic constitutive behaviours of granular materials. The C.S. 15- 11 in situ unstabilized base was found to have the poorest mechanistic behaviour among all three granular bases on C.S. 15-11, as expected. Cement stabilization improved the mechanistic behaviour of the in situ material significantly by providing the highest mean dynamic modulus, lowest mean Poissons ratio, lowest mean radial microstrain, and the lowest mean phase angle. The cement with emulsion asphalt stabilization also provided a considerable improvement on mechanistic behaviour of C.S. 15-11 granular base materials. However, the degree of improvement was less than the cement stabilization system.<p>Non-destructive falling weight deflection measurements taken across the field test sections showed that the stabilization systems yielded a significant improvement of primary structural response profiles across the C.S. 15-11 test sections after stabilization. The cement stabilization system was found to yield the most significant structural improvements among all the test sections constructed on the C.S. 15-11. The deflection measurements taken in 2007 after hot mix asphalt paving further identified that the unstabilized system is more sensitive to the freeze-thaw effects relative to cement stabilization and cement with emulsion stabilization systems.<p> This research also showed that the Saskatchewan MHI structural design system is not applicable to the design of stabilized granular base systems. Evaluation of the thickness design for C.S. 15-11 showed the unstabilized and the cement with asphalt emulsion stabilized test section met the criterion of fatigue cracking, but failed to meet the criterion of structural rutting in MHI design system. However, the cement stabilized section met both fatigue cracking and rutting criteria. The structural evaluation revealed that mechanistic pavement response analysis and validation are necessary in the thickness design of stabilized granular systems such as C.S. 15-11, where traditional MHI design system is not applicable. This research employed finite element modeling and linear elastic pavement modeling software to determine the maximum shear stresses within granular base under typical Saskatchewan stress state conditions. The maximum shear stress values were found to locate on top of granular base courses under the applied circular loading edges ranging from 177 kPa to 254 kPa. These maximum shear stresses within the C.S. 15-11 test section granular base courses under field stress states were compared to maximum shear stresses occurring within samples measured by rapid triaxial testing performed in this research. The comparison showed that the ranges of shear stresses applied in the laboratory RaTT testing were close to shear stresses of granular bases in the field computed from modeling. Therefore, this research showed a good correlation of lab RaTT testing and field results for granular pavements.<p>In summary, this research met the objectives of mechanistically evaluating various granular base stabilization systems in Saskatchewan by means of various laboratory testing, non-destructive field testing, as well as mechanistic modeling and analysis. This research provided valuable data and showed considerable potential for improving design, construction, and QA/QC of conventional and stabilized granular base systems in Saskatchewan.