Orientador: Antonio Cezar Leal / Resumo: A partir da Revolução Verde, o modelo agrário-exportador se consolida no Brasil, tornando-o um dos maiores consumidores mundiais de agrotóxicos. Substâncias estas relacionadas à degradação ambiental e à suscetibilidade de populações às intoxicações e variadas doenças. Dessa forma, os agrotóxicos geram, como mais um impacto ambiental potencial, as embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos. Tais embalagens, de acordo com a Lei 9.974 de 2000, devem ter destinação final ambientalmente adequada a partir da logística reversa que é gerenciada pelo Instituto Nacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (inpEV), formado, entre outros, por fabricantes de agrotóxicos. De acordo com o inpEV, 94% das embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos geradas tem destinação final adequada, seja por meio da reciclagem ou incineração. Porém, o sistema e estrutura gerido pelo inpEV facilita a devolução de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos de produtores rurais capitalizados, tendo o pequeno agricultor familiar maiores dificuldades para a devolução das mesmas. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo principal analisar o gerenciamento de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos e dificuldades enfrentadas por agricultores familiares para a devolução na região do Pontal do Paranapanema, a partir do estudo de caso junto a produtores rurais no assentamento rural São Bento, composto por 182 lotes, no município de Mirante do Paranapanema. Para tanto, realizou-se trabalhos de campo em unidades de recebimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Since the Green Revolution, the agricultural export model was consolidated in Brazil, making it one of the largest world consumers of pesticides. These substances are related to environmental degradation and the populations susceptibility to intoxications and various diseases. Thus, pesticides, as another potential environmental impact, generate empty pesticide packaging. Such packaging, according to Brazilian Law 9.974 of 2000, must have an environmentally appropriate final destination based on the reverse logistics that is managed by the National Institute for the Processing of Empty Packaging, formed, among others, by pesticide manufacturers. According to inpEV, 94% of the empty pesticide packaging generated has an appropriate final destination, either through recycling or incineration. However, the system and structure managed by inpEV facilitates the return of empty pesticide packaging from capitalized rural producers, with small family farmers having greater difficulties in returning them. In this sense, the main objective of this Master's thesis is to analyze the management of empty pesticide packaging and the difficulties faced by family farmers to return it in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, from the case study with rural producers in the São Bento rural settlement, consisting of 182 lots, in the municipality of Mirante do Paranapanema. To this end, fieldwork was carried out in receiving units in Paraguaçu Paulista, Bilac and Adamantina; in pesticide dealers in Pr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Global food supply chains have drastically changed over the last decades. Whereas some international firms embedded in the international markets are on the cutting edge of food production processes and technology, small-scale producers do not always experience the same opportunity in accessing such global value chains. According to FAO, those small-scale producers worldwide are in charge of providing about one-third of the world’s food demand, yet they find an immense challenge in just keeping their production marketable. This way, one of the most likely consequences of poorly designed policies to support those producers is rural poverty. However, not only physical dimensions such as food security and nutrition, education, living standards, rural livelihoods and resources, and risks as presented by FAO impose pressure on small-scale producers, but also the inability to experience a better quality of life also seems to play a key role in how producers plan and manages their crops. This research explores the role and preferences of small-scale farmers in São Paulo, Brazil, through the lens of the Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach. To operationalize this research, a case study was conducted based on semi-structured interviews in addition to a desk study. The findings suggests that although those farmers have no clear idea regarding the academic concept of capabilities, they do acknowledge a lack of freedom to make decisions according to their preferences. In addition, they seems to be squeezed in the middle of the government policies directed for the agribusiness and the most vulnerable rural households who lives under the poverty line, when it comes specifically to the Brazilian case.

[pt] Esta tese analisa a hegemonia do agronegócio e as disputas levadas a cabo pelos movimentos sociais do campo – aqui definidos como territórios de resistência - na formação da política externa brasileira no período dos dois governos Lula (2003-2010), com ênfase nas negociações agrícolas na OMC, ALCA e no acordo União Europeia-Mercosul. Para tal, investiga como o campo brasileiro, assentado na persistência da grande propriedade fundiária, passou por uma intensa modernização e internacionalização, forjando os interesses particulares do agronegócio como um suposto interesse nacional unitário, homogêneo e sem conflitos, tentando apagar as disputas, conflitos e lutas por terra e território que marcam a história do país desde o período colonial. Os territórios de resistência considerados atrasados, residuais e fora do sistema ocupam cerca de um terço do território nacional e exercem um papel fundamental na produção e no abastecimento alimentar doméstico. A partir de um olhar pelas lentes de Gramsci e do pensamento decolonial – onde os movimentos sociais do campo interpelam a colonialidade do agro a partir de suas resistências nos territórios e nas disputas por espaço na esfera do Estado – a tese investiga como estas resistências mobilizam questões e desafios a alguns pilares fundamentais das Relações Internacionais, em especial as noções de soberania nacional, de interesse nacional e de Estados Nacionais que se relacionam a partir de territórios nacionais homogêneos. A tese investiga como esses territórios de resistência - e de futuro - indicam possibilidades de se pensar novas abordagens sobre soberania e interesse nacional, sobre o papel do Estado como condutor da política externa e sobre novas perspectivas para o papel do Brasil no mundo. / [en] This thesis analyzes the hegemony of the agribusiness sector and the disputes carried out by rural social movements - here defined as territories of resistance - in the formation of the Brazilian foreign policy in the period of the two Lula administrations (2003-2010), with an emphasis on agricultural negotiations in WTO, FTAA and the European Union-Mercosur agreement. In order to do so, it investigates how the Brazilian countryside, based on the persistence of large land ownership, went through an intense modernization and internationalization, forging the particular interests of agribusiness as a supposed unitary, homogeneous and conflict-free national interest, in an attempt to make invisible disputes, conflicts and struggles for land and territory that are part of the country’s history since the colonial period. Territories of resistance considered backward, residual and outside the system occupy about a third of the national territory and play a fundamental role in domestic food production and supply. Adopting the lens of Gramsci and of Decolonial authors - where rural social movements challenge the coloniality of the agro from their resistance in the territories and in the disputes for space in the sphere of the State - the thesis investigates how these resistances mobilize questions and challenges to some fundamental pillars of the International Relations discipline, especially the notions of national sovereignty, national interest and Nation States that relate with each other based on homogeneous national territories. The thesis investigates how these territories of resistance - and of future - indicate possibilities of thinking about new approaches regarding sovereignty and national interest, the role of the State as a driver of foreign policy and about new perspectives for the role of Brazil in the world.

Après la Révolution Verte, qui débuta dans les années 1960, l’agriculture a pris de nouvelles directions grâce à l’introduction de technologies et de pratiques agricoles modernes (modification génétique de semences, usage intensif d’engrais agricoles, mécanisation des coûts d’exploitation) qui ont permis d’intensifier la production et la productivité agricoles. Ce modèle de production s’est formé au sein de l’agriculture conventionnelle. Cependant, après moins d’un siècle de développement, ce modèle d’agriculture a généré un certain nombre de préoccupations quant à son impact sur l’environnement et la santé de la population. En tant qu’alternative à l’agriculture conventionnelle, l’agriculture écologique - qui se présente sous diverses dénominations (organique, agro-écologique, biologique, entre autres) - se distingue en termes de production et de commercialisation dans des systèmes agroalimentaires locaux et globaux. Son développement a été rendu possible grâce à des investissements économiques du fait aussi bien de grandes entreprises agroalimentaires que de petits agriculteurs qui ont converti leurs exploitations à un mode écologique de production. C’est dans ce contexte que l’on observe les motifs d’adhésion des petits agriculteurs à ce type d’agriculture. Nous privilégions dans cette analyse la place que représente la Qualité de Vie (QV) dans le choix de l’agriculteur familial brésilien et du paysan français, en l’occurrence des horticulteurs maraîchers dans deux régions métropolitaines, la Région Métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte (Brésil) et la Région Métropolitaine de l’Île-de-France (France). Ce questionnement recoupe l’idée de « durabilité », comprise non seulement comme la préservation de l’environnement et des écosystèmes, mais aussi comme la prise en compte du tissu social et des conditions de vie des individus, dans ce cas des agriculteurs. En d’autres termes, nous considérons que l’auto-estime et la satisfaction professionnelle sont intrinsèquement liées aux relations sociales et à l’organisation de l’espace dans lequel elles s’insèrent. A partir d’un échantillon intégrant des agriculteurs écologiques et conventionnels, on montre qu’au-delà de valeurs communes représentant une aspiration à une bonne qualité de vie (possibilités de développer un travail salubre - sans risque pour la santé -, prospère - avec un retour financier suffisant - et plaisant - en tant que source de satisfaction et de reconnaissance sociale -), certaines spécificités propres à chacun de ces groupes existent, par-delà l’appartenance régionale. Mais, dans le même temps, il apparaît également que le rapport à la QV vient renforcer la durabilité des exploitations lorsqu’il est incorporé ou relayé dans les projets de développement agricole local. Le rapprochement entre deux contextes régionaux métropolitains permet de comprendre en quoi il existe une spécificité brésilienne autour des questions de sécurité alimentaire et à quelles conditions certaines approches de gestion en France pourraient inspirer les politiques publiques de la région métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte. / After the Green revolution, which began in the years 1960, agriculture took new directions thanks to the introduction of technologies and modern practices (genetic modification of seeds, intensive use of manures, and mechanization of the farms) which made it possible to intensify the production and raise the agricultural productivity. This model of production was formed within the conventional agriculture. However, after less than one century of development, this model of agriculture generated a number of concerns as well for its environmental impact and as well on public health. As an alternative to the conventional agriculture, the ecological agriculture - with its various denominations (Organic, Agro-ecological, Biological, inter alia) - has created its own marks in terms of production and marketing in local and global agro- alimentary systems. Its development was maintained thanks to growing demand and investment of large agro- alimentary companies and family farmers who converted their surfaces to an ecological mode of production. In this context, the inclusion and the adhesion of the small farmers to this type of agriculture is the main framework of this research. The thesis proposes therefore to carry out a reflection around the social sustainability of the farmers with this main question: “Is ecological agriculture a sustainable solution for all?” - which emerges within a social perspective through the analysis of quality of life of Brazilian family farmers and the French peasants, actives within market-gardening inside metropolitan regions of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and the Metropolitan region of the Ile-de-France (France). This questioning cross the idea of “sustainability”, understood not only like safeguarding of the environment and the ecosystems, but also as taking into account the "social factory" and the living conditions of the individuals, in this case, of the farmers. Thus, the question of the quality of life (QOL) of the farmers – where self-esteem and the job satisfaction are intrinsically related to the social relations and the organization of the space of which they form part – is analysed. The results show inter alia, that the permanence of the production units depends on the conditions given to its owner, taking account of possibilities of developing a salubrious work (without health risk), prosper (with a sufficient financial return) and pleasant (as a source of satisfaction and social recognition). Our work reaffirms thus that ecological agriculture is in fact sustainable for all when the variables of the QOL of the farmers are potentiated and incorporated in the local agricultural development. In addition it's observed that the relation between the values of the QOL and the regional contexts reflects as well in the capacities of the farmers to carry their work as in their feelings of pleasure and self-confidence, i.e. of personal and professional wellbeing. The specificities around the questions of food security in the Brazilian context direct the future research towards arrangements of management strategies used in France and liable to be adapted to the reality of the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region. / Após a Revolução Verde, iniciada na década de 1960, a agricultura tomou novos rumos graças à introdução de tecnologias e práticas agrícolas modernas (modificação genética de sementes, uso intensivo de insumos industriais, mecanização e redução de custo de manejo) que permitiram intensificar a produção e a produtividade agrícola. Esse modelo de produção conformou-se na agricultura convencional. No entanto, a menos de meio século de seu desenvolvimento, este tipo de agricultura tem causado preocupações sobre o seu impacto no meio ambiente e na saúde da população. Como uma proposta alternativa à agricultura convencional, a agricultura ecológica, sob diversos nomes (Orgânica, Agroecológica, Biologique, dentre outras) tem-se destacado no âmbito dos sistemas agroalimentares locais e globais, tanto em termos de produção quanto de área e comercialização. Seu desenvolvimento tem se sustentado por um mercado de investimentos econômicos, representado por grandes empresas agroalimentares e por pequenos agricultores, que converteram suas áreas para uma maneira ecológica de produção. Diante desse contexto, a inclusão ou adesão dos pequenos agricultores a esse tipo de agricultura motiva uma investigação na esfera social. Assim, a proposta dessa tese é trazer uma reflexão acerca da sustentabilidade social dos agricultores, cuja questão: “A agricultura ecológica é uma solução sustentável para todos?” surge com uma perspectiva social sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho do agricultor familiar brasileiro, e do paysan francês, investidos na prática da horticultura ecológica. Este questionamento recai sobre a ideia de “sustentabilidade”, compreendida não somente no aspecto da preservação do meio ambiente e dos ecossistemas, mas também quanto ao tecido social e à qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos, nesse caso, os agricultores. Desta forma, discute-se a QV dos agricultores, cujas autoestima e satisfação profissional encontram-se intrínsecas às relações sociais e às organizações do espaço ao qual eles se inserem. Os limites espaciais da pesquisa englobam duas regiões metropolitanas, a saber: 1) Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte – Brasil e; 2) Região Metropolitana de Île-de-France – França.

La recherche vise à établir si les modes de gestion des ressources naturelles et sociales des producteurs familiaux, dont les exploitations sont majoritairement de petite taille, ont pu contribuer à la construction de systèmes de production et de paysages durables. Quelles stratégies ces paysans mettent-ils en œuvre pour garantir les conditions de production de leurs fermes, de reproduction de leurs familles, et de conservation des ressources naturelles ? Ensuite, peut-on découvrir dans ces stratégies des pistes pour la conception de systèmes durables ? Notre étude a été menée dans une zone tropicale des Andes du nord située en territoire colombien, sur les communes de Riosucio et Supia, département du Caldas. Lors de la crise du café (années 1990), les producteurs vont réagir de manières diverses. Une réaction particulièrement intéressante, que nous analysons en profondeur, est la proposition de l'Association des producteurs indigènes et paysans de Riosucio et Supia, ASPROINCA : recomposition des systèmes productifs, recherche de la durabilité par une diversification des stratégies fondées sur une approche agro-écologique et une gestion intégrée des systèmes productifs, et renforcement du capital social et humain. Au-delà des unités d'exploitation, la proposition est élargie à l'espace du micro-bassin et au paysage régional, ce qui implique la coexistence avec d'autres formes de production, la conclusion d'accords sur la gestion des ressources d'usage commun, en particulier l'eau, et la mise en œuvre de pratiques partagées pour leur conservation. / The research aims to establish how the modes of management of natural and social resources of family farmers whose holdings are generally small, have contributed to the construction of sustainable production systems and landscapes.Which are the strategies developed these producers to guarantee the production and reproduction conditions of their farms, their families, and conservation of natural resources? And, is it possible to discover in these strategies, elements for the design of sustainable systems? Our study was carried out in a tropical zone of the Northern Andes, located in Colombia in the municipalities of Riosucio, Supia, Department of Caldas. During the crisis of the late 1980s and early 1990s coffee producers reacted in various ways. A particularly interesting reaction, we looked at a depth is the proposal of the Association of indigenous and peasant producers of Riosucio, Supia ASPROINCA: re-arrangement of productive systems, pursuit of sustainability through diversification of strategies supported in an agro ecological approach , integrated management of production systems, and the strengthening of human and social capitals. Sustainability building of production systems and landscapes implies a multiplicity of relations between social and ecological processes at different temporal and spatial scales. Beyond farm units, Asproinca proposal expands to the watershed and regional landscape, this implies the coexistence with other forms of production, the search for agreements for the management of common pool resources, in particular water, and the implementation of conservation practices at those levels. / La investigación busca establecer si las formas de gestión de los recursos naturales y sociales de los pequeños productores familiares, han podido contribuir a la construcción de sistemas de producción y de paisajes sostenibles. ¿Qué estrategias son las que desarrollan estos productores para garantizar las condiciones de producción de sus fincas, la reproducción de sus familias y la conservación de los recursos naturales empleados? ¿Es posible descubrir en estas estrategias pistas para el diseño de sistemas sostenibles? Nuestro estudio se desarrolló en la zona tropical de los Andes del Norte situada en territorio Colombiano, en los municipios de Riosucio y Supía en el Departamento de Caldas. Durante la crisis de los mercados cafeteros (de los años 1990), los productores van a reaccionar de maneras diversas. Una reacción particularmente interesante, que analizamos a profundidad, es la propuesta de la Asociación de Productores Indígenas y Campesions de Riosucio y Supía (ASPROINCA): que involucra la recomposición de sistemas productivos, la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad a partir de la diversificación de estrategias apoyadas en un enfoque agroecológico y una gestión integrada de los sistemas productivos, así como del fortalecimiento del capital social y humano. Más allá de las unidades de producción familiares, la propuesta se amplía al espacio de la micro cuenca y al paisaje regional, lo cual implica la coexistencia con otras formas de producción, el establecimiento de acuerdos sobre la gestión de recursos de uso común, en particular del agua, y la puesta en marcha de prácticas de conservación para la conservación de esto recurso.