El estado crítico de la alimentación en los países subdesarrollados requiere de estudios que planteen nuevas posibilidades para la mejor utilización de los recursos alimenticios disponibles. Una de éstas consiste en utilizar material foliar como materia prima para producir concentrados proteicos de características adecuadas para el consumo humano. Esto involucra un cambio, tanto en las costumbres del consumidor, quien se vería ante la posibilidad de consumir alimentos vegetales enteramente nuevos (de textura y forma diferentes a los productos clásicos), como en el sistema agrario, ya que el material foliar en cuestión es utilizado primordialmente para la alimentación del animal destinado al consumo humano, y en este caso el cultivo sería dedicado a la elaboración de los concentrados proteicos vegetales para consumo directo del hombre.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para Alimentación y Agricultura - FAO viene pasando por un profundo proceso de restructuración tendiente a involucrar otros actores en la lucha contra el hambre, entre los que se cuenta la sociedad civil, con que la Oficina Regional de FAO para América Latina y el Caribe (FAO/RLC) ha promovido una significativa aproximación desde el año de 2006. El presente estudio de caso busca comprender los aspectos que han favorecido el acercamiento entre esa Oficina de FAO y las organizaciones de representación rural (ORR) de la Región, identificando los aspectos que condicionan el fortalecimiento de esa relación, basado en las expectativas y opiniones de ambas partes acerca de los aprendizajes y desafíos. La metodología de la investigación es de carácter descriptivo cualitativo y se centra en un conjunto de entrevistas a representantes de FAO/RLC y de ORR. El marco conceptual incluye temas relacionados a ciudadanía, participación, sociedad civil, gobernanza relacional, entre otros. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que tanto FAO/RLC como las ORR han destinado buena parte de los esfuerzos en conocer a la otra parte, abriendo camino para el establecimiento de reglas formales e informales de acercamiento, articulación, negociación y trabajo. La motivación para emprender estos esfuerzos está en que cada uno persiga sus intereses con transparencia, pero sobre todo enfocándose en un objetivo común, como es la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. La relación involucra dos actores que en general presentan grandes diferencias de empoderamiento para la articulación política, desde aspectos vinculados a disponibilidad de información y recursos económicos, hasta la apertura por parte de los gobiernos. La mayoría de los entrevistados consideran que todo espacio que promueva esa relación debe contemplar el acompañamiento cercano de los gobernantes e imparcialidad en la convocatoria de ORR. Las dificultades económicas que enfrentan las ORR pueden interferir en la generación de una agenda de trabajo y diálogo junto a la FAO, que hasta ahora ha sido financiada por la propia agencia, pero que está siendo objeto de revisión tras la reducción de presupuesto de FAO en el marco de su reestructuración. A pesar de los avances en la relación, se percibe una debilidad muy grande en el flujo de información entre los dirigentes en los diversos niveles de representación rural, más evidente a nivel nacional y local. La formación y capacitación de ambas partes sería un buen aporte para el establecimiento y consolidación de la relación, sin embargo, lo imprescindible es la frecuencia de reunirse, dialogar y trabajar juntos, lo que al menos en el ámbito regional se ha estado practicando. Los mayores desafíos se encuentran a nivel nacional. La agenda de la sociedad civil incluye temas polémicos, cobra resultados y genera ruidos, provocando cierta incomodidad en la tradicional relación que la FAO mantiene con los gobiernos. Sin embargo, la nueva FAO tiene como reto encontrar el equilibrio en el trabajo con estos actores y los gobiernos, colocándose en una posición de articulador entre partes, lo que permitiría contribuir a un mayor compromiso de todos en alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en la Región.

Le procédé de fabrication par fusion de poudre à l'aide d'un faisceau d'électrons est appelé procédé Electron Beam Melting (EBM). Il permet la fabrication de pièces métalliques à partir de poudres. Grâce au niveau de qualité (géométrique et mécanique) des pièces produites, le procédé peut être utilisé afin de produire des pièces fonctionnelles et non plus uniquement des prototypes. Ce procédé, ainsi que les autres procédés additifs métalliques, permettent d'envisager le passage de l'impression 3D à la fabrication additive métallique.L'utilisation de la fabrication additive dans un contexte industriel impose le respect de critères en termes de qualité, coût et délai des pièces produites. L'ensemble des étapes numériques de mise en production d'une pièce constitue la chaîne numérique. Cette dernière a un impact fort sur l'ensemble de ces trois critères. Ainsi, cette thèse apporte une réponse à la question suivante :Comment la fabrication assistée par ordinateur peut-elle améliorer le triptyque qualité, coût, délai du procédé de fabrication EBM?Le problème est abordé par la question sous-jacente suivante :Quelles caractéristiques doit posséder un environnement de fabrication assistée par ordinateur adapté au procédé EBM ?Pour répondre à cette question, la chaîne numérique actuelle est analysée . Les principales limites identifiées sont :- l'utilisation de fichiers au format STL- l’impossibilité d’optimiser le procédé à différentes échelles- l’impossibilité de simuler le procédé EBMAfin de résoudre l'ensemble des problèmes énoncés, un environnement de FAO est proposé. Celui-ci permet de centraliser l'ensemble des opérations de mise en production au sein d'un environnement unique. Il autorise le travail avec l'ensemble des formats de fichiers reconnus comme les formats natifs des logiciels de CAO ou le format STEP. Des développements informatiques permettent de concrétiser l’environnement proposé.L'implémentation de l'environnement de FAO a mis en évidence le rôle fondamental de la simulation au sein de celui-ci. Il a donc fallu répondre à la question :Comment obtenir une simulation du procédé EBM permettant sa mise au point hors ligne en temps raisonnable ?Bien que la simulation du procédé EBM est largement traitée dans la littérature scientifique, les études proposées reposent sur la méthode des éléments finis et le temps de calcul nécessaire n'est pas compatible avec une utilisation au sein d'un environnement de FAO. Un type de simulation alternatif a donc été créé : une simulation par abaques. Elle est constituée d’une simulation par la méthode des éléments finis qui permet d'obtenir des cartes de températures pour des cas de chauffes et de refroidissements standards. Ces cartes de températures sont ensuite transformées en abaques. La simulation par abaques est vue comme la succession d'une multitude de cas standards. Ainsi l'algorithme de simulation par abaques cherche l'abaque le plus proche de la situation simulée, afin d’estimer les températures au pas de temps suivant.Cette méthode de simulation a permis une réduction des temps de calcul tout en gardant une précision suffisante pour pouvoir être utilisée pour optimiser les paramètres de fabrication.Grâce à une telle simulation, un outil d'optimisation des stratégies de fusion a pu être créé. Il permet d’améliorer la qualité des pièces produites en calculant des stratégies de fusion respectant certains critères thermiques.Les apports majeurs de ces travaux de thèses sont :- l'établissement d'un cahier des charges pour une chaîne numérique performante en EBM- le développement d'un environnement de FAO adapté au procédé EBM- la mise au point d'une simulation rapide du procédé EBM basée sur des abaques- la création d'un outil d'optimisation des stratégies de fusion / The Electron Beam Melting (EBM) process allows to build metallic parts from powder. Thanks to the geometric and mechanical quality of the parts produced, the EBM process can be used to manufacture functional parts and not only prototypes. This process, with other additive metallic processes, make it possible to consider a transition from 3D printing to metallic additive manufacturing.The use of additive manufacturing in an industrial environment requires compliance with quality, cost and time criteria for the parts produced. The production of manufactured parts involves a series of numerical stages which is called the numerical chain. The numerical chain has a significant impact on the three criteria mentioned above. Thus, this thesis provides an answer to the following question:How Computer Aided Manufacturing can improve the quality, cost and time of the EBM manufacturing process?This problem is addressed through the following underlying question:What are the required characteristics for a Computer Aided Manufacturing system adapted to the EBM process?In order to answer this question, the current numerical chain is analyzed. Three main limitations are found:- the use of STL files format- the process cannot be optimized at different scales- the process cannot be simulatedTo solve these issues, a CAM environment is proposed. It allows the centralization of all numerical operations in a single environment. All supported formats can be used within this environment, such as native CAD file formats or STEP format. Software developments are done to prove the feasibility of such an environment.The CAM environment implementation reveals the crucial role of simulation in this system. It is therefore necessary to answer this second question:How to obtain an EBM process simulation allowing the development of parameters, virtually?Although EBM simulation is a recurrent subject in scientific literature, existing studies are based on the finite elements method but the calculation time needed is too important to be used in an CAM environment. Thus, an alternative type of simulation is created in this thesis: a simulation based on abacus. It is composed of a finite elements model, that allows heat maps generation for standards cases of heating and cooling. These heat maps are then transformed in abacus. The simulation algorithm based on abacus search the nearest abacus from the simulated situation in order to estimate the temperatures at the next time step.This simulation method was used to reduce the calculation time while keeping a sufficient precision to optimize process parameters.With the simulation based on abacus, a tool for the optimization of melting strategies is developed. This tool allows quality improvement for the produced parts through the calculation of melting strategies according to thermic criteria.To summarize, the main contributions of this work are:- the definition of requirements specifications of a powerful numerical chain for the EBM process- the development of a CAM environment adapted to the EBM process- the proposal of a fast simulation for the EBM process, based on abacus- the development of a tool for the optimization of melting strategies

Submitted by LAYLA GERUSA SOUZA LIMA null (laylalima.ufra@hotmail.com.br) on 2017-04-08T02:48:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Material da defesa 07-03-2017 novo.pdf: 1448895 bytes, checksum: 0d7b350c764e606a9c30dbefcfed7243 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T17:26:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_lg_me_jabo.pdf: 1448895 bytes, checksum: 0d7b350c764e606a9c30dbefcfed7243 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T17:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_lg_me_jabo.pdf: 1448895 bytes, checksum: 0d7b350c764e606a9c30dbefcfed7243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma forma de verificar a eficiência de métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) e realizar comparativo com a equação de Penman-Monteith FAO-56, recomendado pela FAO. Objetivou-se com o desenvolvimento avaliar a equação de Hargreaves, comparando-a com a equação de Penman-Monteith FAO-56, a fim de verificar a possibilidade de estimar-se a evapotranspiração de referência para as condições climáticas do município de Jaboticabal, em SP, bem como fazer a calibração local desta equação. Para esse fim, foram utilizados dados do período de 01/01/2009 a 31/12/2015 de uma estação meteorológica automatizada instalada na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP. Por intermédio da estação meteorológica, foram obtidas medidas da radiação solar global, radiação líquida, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento. A análise dos resultados foi realizada aplicando-se técnicas que verificam a integridade dos dados meteorológicos e utilizando metodologias de análise dos dados médios e desvios padrões da ETo. Foi realizada a calibração local da equação de Hargreaves por meio do ajuste do parâmetro empírico HE (expoente empírico de Hargreaves) da equação. A integridade dos dados da estação meteorológica foi aceitável. O resultado de avaliação do método, utilizando a metodologia de análise de desvios padrões diários da ETo, considerando-se a equação de Penman-Monteith FAO-56 como padrão, indica que foi estabelecida uma relação linear, portanto, podem ser comparados. Conclui-se que equação de Hargreaves é uma opção para estimar os valores de ETo em clima do tipo subtropical, em locais em que a disponibilidade de dados climáticos é limitada. / One way to verify the efficiency of estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is to compare with FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation, recommended by FAO to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The objective of this work was to evaluate the Hargreaves equation, comparing it to the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation, aiming verify the possibility of estimating the reference evapotranspiration for the climatic conditions of Jaboticabal, SP and calibrate this equation. For this purpose we collected data from Jan/01/2009 to Dec/31/2015 in an automated meteorological station installed at Department of Rural Engineering in FCAV / UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP Campus Experimental Area. Data of global solar radiation, liquid radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were collected. The analysis of the results was carried out applying techniques that verify the integrity of the meteorological data as well using methodologies of analysis of the average data and standard deviations of the ET0. The local calibration of the Hargreaves equation was performed by adjusting the empirical parameter HE (empirical Hargreaves exponent) of the equation. The integrity of the weather station data was acceptable. The method evaluation result, using the methodology of analysis of daily standard deviation of the ET0, considering the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 equation as standard, indicates that it established a linear relation. As a result, they can be compared. The Hargreaves equation is an option to estimate ET0 values in subtropical climate in places where the climatic data availability is scarce.

ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), upregulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD), catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-coA from citrate. Acetyl-CoA is a vital precursor for lipid/cholesterol synthesis and histone acetylation that regulates gene expression. In renal cells, ACLY regulates fibrogenic, lipogenic and inflammatory gene expression; its inhibition reduced fibrosis in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. The ACLY metabolic by-product malonyl-coA is also an important inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and defective FAO in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) is now established as a major contributor to fibrosis. Here we tested the efficacy of a novel ACLY inhibitor on reducing fibrosis and its potential role in improving FAO in UUO. 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent UUO surgery and were treated orally with an ACLY inhibitor (EVT0185, Espervita Therapeutics) for 10 days. Kidneys were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RNAseq. Effects of ACLY inhibition were tested on the HK2 PTEC cell line and primary renal fibroblast responses to TGFβ1 (5ng/ml, 48h), a cytokine known to promote fibrosis and reduce FAO. Lipid accumulation was assessed by Oil Red O staining and LC/MS analysis. ACLY inhibition significantly and dose-dependently decreased fibrosis in the UUO model determined by trichrome, PSR, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression. ACLY inhibition decreased macrophage (F4/80) infiltration including that of the profibrotic M2 phenotype marked by CD206. RNAseq analysis showed upregulation of FAO-related hallmark pathways and reduction in inflammation pathways with ACLY inhibition. Defective FAO is known to result in PTEC apoptosis and lipid accumulation. ACLY inhibition reduced both apoptosis, as assessed by the presence of cleaved caspase 3, as well as lipid accumulation, with a particular decrease in cholesteryl esters. In HK2 cells and renal fibroblasts, TGFβ1-induced fibrotic protein expression was inhibited by ACLY inhibition, and lipid accumulation was reduced in PTECs. ACLY inhibition reduced renal fibrosis, apoptosis, and lipid accumulation in UUO mice. ACLY inhibition also prevented profibrotic responses to TGFβ1 in PTECs and fibroblasts. Current studies are ongoing to confirm beneficial effects on restoring FAO. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure in Canada, affecting 4 million Canadians. There is no cure for CKD and current treatments are only able to slow down disease progression. CKD is caused by scarring in the kidney. The kidney requires a lot of energy to do its job filtering our blood and creating urine, and with CKD the ability to create and use energy is reduced. The protein ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) that is present in the kidney contributes to CKD. Research has shown that people and mice with CKD have higher levels of this protein than healthy individuals. ACLY creates a molecule called acetyl-coA that is likely to cause our kidneys to produce less energy. This study will test if ACLY is causing the kidneys to produce and use less energy. This will be done by using mice with CKD and blocking the activity of ACLY using a drug to see if this will help the kidney create more energy for itself. The kidneys of the mice will be tested to see if the drug worked in increasing energy levels and if it prevented kidney scarring. A type of cell in the kidney, called tubular cells, makes up most of the kidney and requires a lot of energy to function. We performed experiments with tubular cells and gave them stressors, like those found in CKD, and ACLY-blockers to test if the energy levels are restored and if scarring was reduced. This study is important because there is no cure for CKD and many patients will eventually develop end-stage kidney disease, requiring dialysis or transplant. Research needs to be done to create new medications for those suffering from CKD. Current studies are testing ACLY-blocking drugs to treat heart disease. If our study is successful, this drug is well-positioned to be developed into a new treatment for CKD.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate and compare production of biomass and dry matter of silage corn hybrids with different time of earliness - Ronaldinio (Z 240/S 250), Agro Vitallo (Z 270/S 280) and Balasco (Z 370/S 380). This experiment was realized on a field near České Budějovice ( 400 m.a.s.l.) and the resuls were compared to results of a pilot plant experiment realised by KWS OSIVA s.r.o. in ZOD Podhradí Choustník ( 562 m.a.s.l.). All startings of phonological phases were studied according to BBCH-scale in the course of vegetation period. Samples were taken before the harvest to test for contents of dry matter in biomass. They were used to determine the optimal harvest period. These parametres were observed during the harvest : plant height, biomass yield, dry matter of biomass, corncobs yield, share of corncobs, dry matter of corncobs, dry matter yield. The resuls showed succesful use of corn hybrids with higher FAO number (Balasco) in areas of less favourable conditions. Corn is one of the plants very dependent on the course of the year.

Abstract Evaluation of the effect of radiation on evapotranspiration estimates and drought indices The severity of drought can be inferred from water balance, of which evapotranspiration is a component. The evapotranspiration estimates are often based on the FAO 56 methodology with the net radiation as the main input. Usually, however, the latter is not directly measured. This study investigates to which extent can the direct solar radiation and the long-wave net radiation measurements be replaced by calculation according to FAO 56 with constant or locally optimised radiation coefficients or, for the long-wave net radiation, the coefficients according to Penman (1948). The problem is demonstrated on data from the Solar and Ozone Observatory in Hradec Králové for 2011 and 2012. On average, the estimates of solar radiation are satisfactory even with the standard coefficients and can be improved by local optimisation of the coefficients. The estimates for particular days may considerably differ from reality. The long-wave net radiation estimate according to FAO 56 is, on average, by about 30 % lower than the measured long-wave net radiation or an estimate thereof based on locally optimised or Penman's coefficients, with the average differences between any two of the last three methods much smaller (less than 9 %). The inaccuracy of estimates for particular days is considerable, too. The average reference crop evapotranspiration according to FAO 56 with standard coefficients is therefore considerably higher (by about 15 %) than analogous evapotranspiration obtained from the measured radiation or according to FAO 56 with optimised or Penman's radiation coefficients. The cause is that grass in the observatory was not irrigated. It therefore occasionally suffered from water stress and got overheated. The use of FAO 56 with the radiation inputs measured or calculated using other than the standard radiation coefficients may underestimate the evapotranspiration and the need for irrigation.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T14:47:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 14134572 bytes, checksum: a807855073549b00e45237c51cf3fae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T14:47:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 14134572 bytes, checksum: a807855073549b00e45237c51cf3fae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-03-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Estimou-se o coeficiente de cultura para o estádio de desenvolvimento inicial por meio da relação entre a evaporação direta da água do solo e a evapotranspiração de referência. Para o cálculo da evaporação direta da água do solo, utilizou-se o modelo proposto por Ritchie (1972) modificado por Ritchie e Johnson (1990), o qual considera as fases de evaporação da água no solo. O modelo de Ritchie possibilitou a estimativa da evaporação direta da água do solo para diferentes padrões de molhamento do solo, em que foram simulados nove valores de lâmina de água aplicada (5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 e 60 mm) em quatro diferentes intervalos entre aplicações de água (4, 7, 10 e 20 dias), para três texturas de solo. Os valores da evapotranspiração de referência foram estimados utilizando-se o método de Penman-Monteith, padrão FAO 1991, para o qual foi construído e executado um modelo, que representa este método, dentro do ambiente computacional ModelMaker versão 3.0.2. Os dados meteorológicos referentes ao ano de 1998 utilizados para executar os modelos de Ritchie e Penman-Monteith foram coletados na estação meteorológica do INMET, localizada no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram analisados os efeitos da frequência de inigação, do valor da lâmina de água aplicada e da textura do solo. Os resultados mostraram que maior frequência de aplicação de água e maior valor da lâmina de água aplicada resultaram em maiores valores do coeficiente de cultura no estádio de desenvolvimento inicial ( Kcim). Entretanto, os valores do Kei", não aumentaram quando o valor da lâmina aplicada foi maior que o suficiente para que, no modelo de Ritchie, ocorresse o retorno ao início da fase 1 de evaporação da água do solo. Após a fase], de evaporação direta da água do solo, os valores do Kem, decresceram à medida que a demanda evaporativa aumentou. Sob mesmas condições climáticas e de molhamento, solo de textura fina apresentou [(em maior do que solo de textura grossa. Também foi feita a comparação dos resultados do presente estudo com os resultados apresentados por Pereira e Allen em 1997, em que os coeficientes de determinação foram superiores a 0,96, o que significa boa aproximação do método proposto neste estudo. / The culture coefficient was estimated for the initial development stage by means of the relationship between the direct soil water evaporation and the reference evapotranspiration. For the calculation of the direct evaporation of the soil water, the model proposed by Ritchie (1972) and modified by Ritchie and Johnson (1990) was used, which considers the evaporation phases of the water from the soil. The Ritchie’s model facilitated the estimation of the direct soil water evaporation for different patterns of soil wetness. It was simulated nine values of water depths (5, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm) in four different intervals of water applications (4, 7, 10 and 20 days), for three different soil textures. The values of the reference evapotranspiration were estimated by the method of Penman-Monteith, standard FAO 1991. The ModelMaker software version 3.02 was used for the implementation of this method. The meteorological data of the year 1998 were collected from the meteorological station of the execute the models of Ritchie and Penman-Monteith. The effects of the irrigation frequency were analyzed together with the values of the applied water depths and the texture of the soil. The results showed that larger water application frequency and larger value of the water depths resulted in larger values of the culture coefficient during the initial stage of development (Kcim). However, the values of Kcm; did not increase when the value of the applied water depth was larger than the necessary for, in the Ritchie’s model, causing a retum to the beginning of evaporation phase 1. After phasel of direct soil water evaporation, the values of Kcim decreased as the evaporation demand increased. Under the same climatic and wetness conditions, the fine textured soil presented larger Kcmi than the coarse textured soils. It was also made the comparison of the results of the present study with the results presented by Pereira and Allen in 1997 and determination coefficients greater than 0,96 were found, what means a good approximation of the method proposed in this study.

Uppsatsen undersöker teorin om grödors högre avkastning utanför ursprungsområdet. Data samlats in för 1971 och 2020 från Förenta nationernas databas (FAOSTAT) för grödor och animalieprodukter och jämfördes sedan med resultaten i Jennings och Cocks artikel, ”Centres of Origin of Crops and Their Productivity”, 1977. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om de grödor som Jennings och Cock analyserade fortfarande har högre avkastning utanför deras ursprungsområden än inom. Undersökningen visade högre avkastning utanför ursprungsområdena för alla grödor förutom jordnötter och ris för 1971. År 2020 visade att, förutom jordnötter och ris, även bananer och maniok hade högre avkastning inom ursprungsområdet än i resten av världen 2020. Skillnaden i avkastning utanför och inom ursprungsområdet har dessutom minskat för nästan alla grödor. Datan stödjer Jennings och Cocks teori om högre avkastning utanför ursprungsområdet för år 1971 men visar att det inte alltid är fallet 2020. Spridningen av moderna jordbrukstekniker samt skadeorganismer, och ekonomisk förändring inom låginkomstländer kan ha orsakat förändringen.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mariana de Oliveira Nobrega.pdf: 1933267 bytes, checksum: 600da788b86eb20f6122995dc173bbdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper presents the main objective to analyze the Technical Cooperation Project for implementation of the Convention to Combat Desertification, within the Sustainable Management of Land, recognized by the acronym PCT/INT/3201, and agreed, through a Memorandum of Understanding, between the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), given that all states of the Community are members of the Convention. Running this PCT had direct support of their own CPLP since that would serve African Countries of Portuguese Official Language and Timor Leste, and also had the technical and financial assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the support and assistance of the Global Mechanism (MM) and the former Portuguese Institute for Development Support (IPAD). To achieve this greater goal, the following steps were performed: In the first chapter it studied the evolution of the international discussion on desertification. Therefore, it sought to understand the issue of desertification in a general context. Then it explored the understanding of international cooperation, based on the construction of theoretical rationalist perspectives international on relations in order to facilitate the understanding of the international discussion on desertification, to come to the knowledge of the Convention to Combat Desertification, with its various Conferences of the Parties (COP) and meetings. In the second chapter it discussed the Community of Portuguese Language Countries and its performance in relation to the environment. This objective was satisfied through the contextual study of the creation of the CPLP, specifying on which it is based, your goals and knowledge about the structure of this community. It also sought to explore the understanding of the physical space of the Member States of the CPLP and their geographical locations, and the situation of these States, in particular the PALOP and Timor Leste, in relation to the process of desertification and/or degradation of land. Then, they analyzed the international partnerships mentioned above, in the development of PCT CPLP/FAO 3201. Finally, in the third chapter, it was thoroughly investigated in this Project. Therefore, it sought to study it from the history of your proposal through the understanding of its two phases (2008-2010, 2010-2011), to examine the plans of interviews conducted with three actors, which had partial or full participation in the Project. With these interviews, it sought to develop a better understanding of the initial challenges, the difficulties of implementation, contributions and perceptions of the end situation, check the lessons learned from this PCT. It was concluded that, despite failures and difficulties presented by the project, this brought contributions to help implement the UNCCD, which will be observed throughout the work. / O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo principal analisar o Projeto de Cooperação Técnica para implementação da Convenção de Combate à Desertificação, no marco da Gestão Sustentável das Terras, reconhecido pela sigla PCT CPLP/FAO 3201, acordado, por meio de um memorando de entendimento, entre a Comunidade dos Estados de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) e a Convenção das Nações Unidas de Combate à Desertificação (CNUCD), haja vista que todos os Estados da Comunidade são membros desta Convenção. A execução deste PCT teve apoio direto da própria CPLP, uma vez que serviria aos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa e ao Timor Leste, e também contou com a assistência técnica e financeira da Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), do Mecanismo Mundial (MM) e do antigo Instituto Português de Apoio para o Desenvolvimento (IPAD). Para o alcance desta meta maior, foram realizados os seguintes passos: No primeiro Capítulo, foi estudada a evolução da discussão internacional sobre desertificação. Para tanto, buscou-se a compreensão da questão da desertificação em um contexto geral. Em seguida, explorou-se o entendimento acerca da cooperação internacional, a partir da construção teórica de perspectivas racionalistas das relações internacionais, a fim de facilitar o entendimento da discussão internacional sobre desertificação, até chegar ao conhecimento da Convenção de Luta contra Desertificação, com suas diversas Conferências das Partes (COP) e reuniões. No segundo Capítulo, abordou-se a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa e sua atuação em relação ao meio ambiente. Este objetivo se conformou por meio do estudo contextual da criação da CPLP, especificando em que ela se baseia, seus objetivos e o conhecimento acerca da estrutura desta Comunidade. Também buscou-se explorar o entendimento a respeito do espaço físico dos Estados-membros da CPLP e suas localizações geográficas, bem como verificou-se a situação destes Estados, em especial dos PALOP e do Timor Leste, em relação ao processo de desertificação e/ou degradação de terra. Por fim, foram analisadas as parcerias internacionais supracitadas, no desenvolvimento do PCT CPLP/FAO 3201. Finalmente, no terceiro Capítulo, foi detalhadamente analisado o presente Projeto. Para tanto, buscou-se estudá-lo, a partir dos antecedentes de sua proposta, passando pela compreensão de suas duas fases (2008-2010; 2010-2011), até a análise dos planos de entrevistas, realizados com três atores, os quais tiveram participação parcial ou inteira no Projeto. Com essas entrevistas, buscou-se desenvolver um melhor entendimento dos desafios iniciais, das dificuldades de implementação, contribuições e percepções da situação final e, verificar as lições aprendidas com esse PCT por parte dos entrevistados. Concluiu-se que, apesar das falhas e das dificuldades apresentadas pelo projeto, este trouxe contribuições para ajudar a implementar a CNUCD, que serão observadas ao longo do trabalho.