Résumé<p><p>Ce travail de thèse contribue à déterminer chez l’humain, le rôle de différentes structures fasciales (expansions aponévrotiques, tissu conjonctif aréolaire, fascia profond et paratendon) disposées en parallèle ou en série avec leur tendon respectif. <p><p>La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’étude de l’expansion aponévrotique du biceps brachial. Deux protocoles ont été développés sur spécimens cadavériques frais. Un premier, anatomique, a permis de mettre en évidence des caractéristiques individuelles telles que la longueur et la largeur sans lien avec le sexe et la latéralité. D’autre part, une partie profonde de l’expansion aponévrotique du biceps brachial a été observée de façon constante. <p>Le second, biomécanique, nous a permis d’étudier les mouvements de flexion du coude et de supination de l’avant-bras ainsi que les bras de leviers instantanés du muscle biceps brachial avec et sans la présence de son expansion aponévrotique. Les résultats nous indiquent que cette structure limite la flexion du coude ainsi que la supination de l’avant-bras, tout en maintenant une rythmicité entre la flexion et la supination. D’autre part, elle permet d’augmenter le bras de levier musculaire du muscle biceps brachial en flexion et en supination.<p><p>Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, notre étude in-vitro s’est intéressée à la contribution relative des structures tendineuses et fasciales sur l'avantage mécanique musculaire lors d’une plastie du ligament croisé antérieur aux tendons des muscles droit interne et demi-tendineux. Les résultats suggèrent que la voie myofasciale des muscles droit interne et du demi-tendineux semble cruciale pour la transmission de force permettant le déplacement du segment jambier. <p><p>Malgré les limitations inhérentes aux études sur préparations anatomiques, ce travail contribue à une meilleure connaissance de certaines structures fasciales, dont les implications cliniques devraient être prises en considération.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La debilidad de los músculos de la cadera, en especial la del músculo Glúteo Medio, ha sido relacionada con diversas lesiones deportivas de la extremidad inferior. El tratamiento de varias de estas lesiones es conservador, considerándose en él además de la activación de los abductores de cadera, la disminución de la tensión de la Banda Iliotibial, sin embargo, aún la evidencia es limitada respecto a qué ejercicios serían más apropiados. El propósito de nuestro estudio fue determinar el nivel de activación de los músculos abductores de cadera en dos ejercicios utilizados en la práctica clínica. La muestra fue de 22 mujeres, sanas y físicamente activas (edad 23 ± 2 años). Se analizó la amplitud de la señal electromiográfica de los músculos Glúteo Medio y Tensor de la Fascia Lata en los ejercicios Pelvic Drop y Wallbanger, siendo expresada como porcentaje de la máxima contracción isométrica voluntaria. Los resultados fueron analizados con el programa IBM SPSS Statistics 20, mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon. La activación del músculo Glúteo Medio fue de un 23,946% ± 11,321 (promedio ± DE) en el ejercicio Pelvic Drop y de un 18,197% ± 9,61en el ejercicio Wallbanger. La activación del músculo Tensor de la Fascia Lata fue de un 26,581% ± 19,264 en el ejercicio Pelvic Drop y de un 12,953% ± 11,129 en el ejercicio Wallbanger. En ambos casos, al analizar por músculo, las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, al igual que la obtenida entre la activación del Glúteo Medio y Tensor de la Fascia Lata en el ejercicio Wallbanger. Se concluye que el ejercicio Pelvic Drop logra una mayor activación de los músculos abductores de cadera, sin embargo, es el ejercicio Wallbanger el que consigue una activación diferenciada, activando menos al Tensor de la Fascia Lata que al Glúteo Medio. Se espera que la información encontrada aporte al conocimiento más acabado sobre el tratamiento y prevención de distintas patologías de miembro inferior, sirviendo de base para estudios posteriores que optimicen el tiempo de recuperación de los pacientes. / Hip muscle weakness, especially in the Gluteus Medius, has been associated with several lower extremity sport injuries. The treatment of several of these injuries is conservative, where it is considered in addition to activation of the hip abductors, decrease the tension of the Iliotibial Band, however, the evidence is still limited about what exercises would be more appropiate. The purpose of our study was to determine the level of activation of the hip abductor muscle in two exercise used in clinical practice. The sample included 22 women, healthy and physically active (age 23 ± 2 years). We analyzed the electromyographic signal amplitude of the Gluteus Medius and Tensor Fascia Latae muscles in Pelvic Drop and Wallbanger exercises, being expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The results were analyzed with the program IBM SPSS Statistics 20, by testing Wilcoxon. The Gluteus Medius activation was 23,946% ± 11,321 (mean ± SD) in the Pelvic Drop exercise and 18,197% ± 9,61 in the Wallbanger exercise. The Tensor Fascia Latae activation was 26,581% ± 19,264 in the Pelvic Drop exercise and 12,953% ± 11,129 in the Wallbanger exercise. In both cases, the differences were statistically significant, as that obtained between the activation of the Gluteus Medius and Tensor Fascia Latae in the Wallbanger exercise. We conclude that Pelvic Drop exercise achieve greater activation of the hip abductor muscles, however, is Wallbanger exercise which achieves a differential activation, causing a lower activation in the Tensor Fascia Latae than in Gluteal Medius muscle. It is hoped that the information found contribute to knowledge on the treatment and prevention of various diseases of lower limb, serve as a basis for further studies to optimize the recovery time of patients.

Le fascia est un tissu conjonctif mou présent à plusieurs endroits dans le corps. Selon la littérature, le fascia pourrait jouer un rôle biomécanique au sein du système musculo-squelettique. On croit donc que la dégradation ou des lésions des fascias pourraient être la cause de certains troubles musculo-squelettiques. Il importe donc d'étudier la mécanobiologie de ce tissu in vivo, c'est-à-dire son évolution dans le temps en réponse aux stimuli mécaniques auxquels il est soumis. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de trouver un modèle biologique compatible à notre étude. Par le présent projet, on désire procéder à l'examen de la queue de rat comme modèle expérimental pour l'étude mécanobiologique du fascia in vivo. La queue de rat sera considérée comme un modèle expérimental valide si : (1) on démontre théoriquement et/ou expérimentalement qu'il contribue à la biomécanique de la queue; (2) il est possible d'influencer son évolution temporelle par l'application de chargements spécifiques; et (3) on peut identifier ou développer une technique d'analyse permettant d'évaluer cette évolution. L'investigation des deux premiers points a nécessité la modélisation mécanique de la queue de rat à l'aide du logiciel Adams/View. Afin de modéliser et paramétrer judicieusement les composantes de la queue de rat, on a donc : étudié exhaustivement l'anatomie de la queue de rat par la revue littéraire, la dissection et différentes techniques d'imagerie; effectué une revue littéraire sur les dernières avancées scientifiques sur le fascia de même que sur les propriétés mécaniques des différentes structures anatomiques (tissus) de la queue; programmé un traitement d'images pour évaluer l'aire transversale et le bras de levier des structures complexes; développé une méthodologie de tests pour la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de la peau et du fascia de la queue de rat. Deux points sur trois ont été validés au cours de ce projet. Le modèle de queue de rat a permis de valider qu'il serait possible de modifier les stimuli mécaniques auxquels le fascia est soumis par blocage et/ou déformation d'une articulation par un appareillage de type Ilizarov. De plus, l'élaboration des tests de traction sur le fascia a permis de confirmer la possibilité d'évaluer l'évolution du fascia en fonction des stimuli mécaniques auxquels il est imposé. En conclusion, le modèle ne démontre pas la contribution du fascia à la biomécanique de la queue puisqu'il ne modélisait que son apport en rigidité longitudinale. Par contre, la modélisation a apporté d'autres hypothèses à propos du rôle joué par le fascia. Un nouveau modèle testant son rôle en cisaillement et en rigidité radiale devra être créé. On conserve donc l'hypothèse que la queue de rat constitue un bon modèle pour l'étude mécanobiologique du fascia in vivo.

Submitted by Diana Alves (ppgdancaufba.adm@gmail.com) on 2018-09-03T13:28:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MICHELLE FAVERO.pdf: 2695228 bytes, checksum: 83f957148aff8315ffef12f7330482f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-09-04T19:07:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MICHELLE FAVERO.pdf: 2695228 bytes, checksum: 83f957148aff8315ffef12f7330482f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T19:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO MICHELLE FAVERO.pdf: 2695228 bytes, checksum: 83f957148aff8315ffef12f7330482f0 (MD5) / A fáscia tem ganhado atenção em pesquisa nas mais diversas áreas, e evidências recentes sugerem que essa rede tridimensional à base de colágeno pode desempenhar um papel mais importante no movimento humano do que é comumente assumido. Contudo, na literatura ainda há grandes divergências sobre quais estruturas de tecido conjuntivo devem ser incluídas e estudadas sob o termo "fáscia". Essas limitações quanto à terminologia e abrangência do termo dificultam a expansão das investigações e as contribuições entre pesquisas. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a fáscia humana e contextualizar evidências do campo da biologia que possam dar subsídio às práticas e aos estudos dos dançarinos sobre o movimento humano. Diagnosticada a necessidade de mostrar como seria possível aplicar na prática alguns pontos do texto surgiu uma atitide propositiva, a Oficina Corpo-fáscia. Estimulando uma prática baseada em evidências científicas, a proposta foi estruturada em sugestões teóricas que, por sua vez, geraram proposições práticas com o intuito de incorporar ao treinamento do dançarino, estímulos adequados à habilitação da sua rede fascial. As discussões e considerações tecidas estão em acordo com os princípios da Abordagem Ecológica ao Comportamento Motor, na qual a Dança pode ser compreendida como uma atividade exploratória, oriunda das interações corpo-ambiente-tarefa. Assume-se um discurso de aproximação com a Educação Somática, como dinamizador do diálogo multi, inter e transdisciplinar aqui proposto – entre Arte e Ciência, entre a Dança e a Biologia. / The fascia has gained attention in research in several areas. Recent evidence suggests that this collagen-based three-dimensional network can play a more important role in human movement than it is commonly assumed. However, in the literature, there are still major disagreements over which tissue structures should be included and studied under the term "fascia". These limitations on the terminology and scope of the term hinder the expansion of research and empirical contributions in different fields. In this sense, the present study aims to describe the human fascia and contextualize evidence from the field of biology, in an attempt to provide subsidies to scholar dancers within their practices and studies on human movement. Based on the urge to demonstrate the prospect of applying the theory presented in this paper, the study appears in a propositional sense, the Body-fascia Workshop. This practical feasibility springs from theoretical suggestions and furthers evidence-based practice in dancers training, enabling the implementation of adequate stimulus to the fascial network. In addition, the considerations introduced are in accordance with the principles of the Ecological Approach to Motor Behavior, which suggests that dance can be understood as an exploratory activity that emphasizes the body-environment interaction. Furthermore, this paper assumes an approach discourse compatible with Somatic Education and suggests the facilitation of a multi-dialogue, inter and trans disciplinary between art and science, between dance and biology.

BACKGROUND:Aging is typically accompanied by memory decline and changes in hippocampal function. Among these changes is a decline in the activity of the dentate gyrus (DG) during behavior. Lasting memory, however, is thought to also require recapitulation of recent memory traces during subsequent rest - a phenomenon, termed memory trace reactivation, which is compromised in hippocampal CA1 with progressive age. This process has yet to be assessed in the aged DG, despite its prominent role in age-related memory impairment. Using zif268 transcription to measure granule cell recruitment, DG activity in adult and aged animals was assessed both during spatial exploration and as animals remained at rest in the home cage in order to detect potential memory-related replay.RESULTS:Consistent with the observation of memory trace reactivation in DG, the probability that an individual granule cell transcribes zif268 during rest in the animal's home cage is increased by recent experience in a novel environment. Surprisingly, a comparable increase was observed in the probability of granule cells in the aged DG expressing zif268 during rest. Moreover, no significant age-related difference was observed in the number of granule cells expressing zif268 during rest. Thus, the number and pattern of granule cell expression of zif268 during rest is preserved in aged animals, despite a significant decline in exploration-related zif268 expression.CONCLUSIONS:These data lead to the hypothesis that the input the aged DG receives from backprojections from CA3 (the region widely hypothesized to mediate reactivation) remains functionally intact despite loss of innervation from the perforant path.

Title: Function and mechanics of fascias focused to shoulder girdle Objectives: The main subject of the diploma thesis is the issue of fascial concatenation. The aim of the diploma thesis is a systematic study findings related to the selected issue and introduce concepts, that deal with the fascial concatenation. For a specific example of fascial concatenation was chosen from a practical standpoint shoulder girdle in relation to the entire upper limb. Methods: The thesis methodologically equivalent to a theoretical type of work - job search. Results: By processing the literature sources was created a comprehensive overview that relates to the topic of fascial concatenation. Attention was focused on the arrangement of fascial tissue, not only in terms of stratification, but also due to its layout. One of the chapters was focused on mechanical functions and models explaining changes in fascial tissue behavior during therapy. The thesis presented three general concepts dealing with fascial concatenation whose specific strings were introduced in the shoulder girdle in relation to the entire upper limb. Keywords: fascia, fascial chain, shoulder girdle

The monotonous and strenuous shoulder moving pattern during throwing may result in microtrauma and fibrous adhesions between the layers of fascia among athletes. In the last decade, self myofascial release (SMR) has gained good reputation as a way to treat these adhesions. However, there is limited data demonstrating the effects on upper body performance among athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose was to examine the effects from an acute bout of upper body SMR or from dynamic stretch (DS), on shoulder range of motion (ROM), throwing velocity and throwing accuracy. Also to examine correlations between shoulder ROM and throwing velocity/accuracy and between playing experience (PE) and changes in throwing velocity/accuracy and ROM. METHODS: 20 elite male handball players (age 20 ± 5 years, weight 84 ± 9 kg) were included in the study. The study had an experimental cross-over design in which participants first performed baseline measures. They also performed SMR and DS in two different trials. The trials were supervised and separated by 14 days. During SMR, the athletes performed a series of foam rolling exercises during two minutes for the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint. The same muscles were stretched for two minutes during the DS trial. Directly after foam rolling and DS, shoulder ROM, throwing velocity and throwing accuracy were measured using a gravity reference goniometer, radar gun and a high speed videocamera. ANOVA with repeated measures and t-tests were used to analyze differences between and within groups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in either shoulder ROM, throwing velocity or throwing accuracy between the three trials. There was a moderate correlation between shoulder extension and mean accuracy (r = 0.62; p = 0.004) after DS. When dividing the group into high and low experienced players, among the players in the PE-low group, the most experienced players elicited the greatest increase in peak throwing velocity after DS (r = 0.58; p = 0.10). Change in peak accuracy showed moderate but conflicting correlations after SMR (r = -0.53; p = 0.09) and DS (r = 0.50; p = 0.11) for the players in the PE-high group, indicating a better result after SMR. CONCLUSION: An acute bout of upperbody SMR does not affect ROM and does not improve throwing velocity or throwing accuracy compared to baseline or DS among elite male handball players. Nor could any correlation between ROM and throwing velocity or throwing accuracy be observed. The associations between PE and throwing performance was inconclusive. Further studies is needed to define if PE should be taken into consideration when using SMR or DS in order to improve throwing performance.

Background: Self-myofascial release is widely used by athletes but the scientific evidence of its supposedly positive effects is limited. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of foam rolling as a warm-up routine in comparison with a dynamic stretching routine and how it may affect the jumping performance among subjects familiar with weight training. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of foam rolling vs. a standardized dynamic stretch warm-up routine on jumping performance. Method: Twelve subjects, mean (SD) age 25.1 (± 3.0) years, participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover study. All subjects completed a standardized foam rolling (FR) and a dynamic stretch (DS) warm-up routine on separate days of testing. Squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ) and loaded counter movement jump (L-CMJ) all performed bilaterally and unilaterally were conducted to investigate the acute effect of the two warm-up routines. A dependent T-test was used to investigate differences between the warm-up routines. Results: A statistical significant difference in favor of the DS was found for SJ performed bilaterally among males (p = 0.009). The mean (SD) jumping height for SJ FR was 35.6 (± 4.7) cm and for SJ DS 37.9 (± 5.2) cm. The male group also improved more in L-CMJ performed on the right leg with an external load of 54kg after DS compared to FR. No other statistical significant differences were found between the two interventions. A near statistical significant difference was found for SJ performed bilaterally for the total sample (p = 0.057) also in favor of the DS. The mean (SD) jumping height for SJ FR was 29.3 (± 8.7) cm and for SJ DS 30.5 (± 9.9) cm. Conclusion: Findings from this study supports a dynamic stretch warm-up routine prior to performing high intensity bilateral plyometrics instead of a foam rolling warm-up routine. However the data was inconsistent and more research with larger sample sizes is needed to further investigate the possible effects of foam rolling as a warm-up routine on jumping performance performed both bilaterally and unilaterally.

El Síndrome de la banda iliotibial es la principal causa de dolor lateral de rodilla en corredores. Se asocia a debilidad en la musculatura abductora de cadera, entre otras causas que siguen siendo investigadas. El presente estudio consistió en determinar el tiempo de activación muscular del glúteo medio y tensor de la fascia lata en atletas sanos y con síndrome de la banda iliotibial, durante la carrera. La población estudio se compuso de atletas fondistas y triatletas pertenecientes a distintos clubes de corredores de la Región Metropolitana, de edades promedio de 26,31 ±7,47años. La muestra se conformó de 16 sujetos de género masculino; 9 sanos y 7 lesionados. El protocolo de estudio se llevó a cabo en el laboratorio de análisis de movimiento de la Escuela de Kinesiología de la Universidad de Chile. Cada sujeto realizó una prueba de carrera en cinta rodante, a una velocidad de 10 km/h, con 2 grados de inclinación. Se realizó un registro electromiográfico de superficie del músculo tensor de la fascia lata y del glúteo medio en ambas extremidades. Se aplicó una prueba t de student (95% intervalo de confianza) para muestras relacionadas (p<0.05). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron gran variabilidad en los tiempos de activación entre sujetos, sin embargo, se mantienen relativamente constantes para un mismo sujeto. En sujetos sanos, el tiempo de activación del glúteo medio fue -0,087±0,059 segundos y el tiempo de activación del tensor de la fascia lata fue 0,02±0,025 segundos, en donde la activación del glúteo medio precedió a la del tensor de la fascia lata, y a su vez al contacto inicial del pie, a diferencia del tensor de la fascia lata, que se activa después del contacto inicial del pie. En los individuos con síndrome de la banda iliotibial, el tiempo de activación del glúteo medio correspondió a -0,074± 0,046 segundos, y el correspondiente al tensor de la fascia lata fue de -0,005±0,038 segundos. Se concluyó que las diferencias entre los tiempos de activación de ambos grupos no fueron significativas. Tampoco lo fueron para los valores de tiempo de activación en relación al porcentaje de la fase de apoyo. / The iliotibial band syndrome is the leading cause of lateral knee pain in runners. It is associated with weakness in the hip abductor muscles, among other causes are being investigated. The present study was to determine the activation time of gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata in healthy and iliotibial band syndrome athletes during the race. The study population consisted of distance runners and triathletes from different running clubs in the metropolitan region, average age 26.31 ± 7.47 years. The sample consisted of 16 male subjects, 9 healthy and 7 injured. The study protocol was carried out in the motion analysis laboratory of the School of Kinesiology, University of Chile. Each subject performed a test of treadmill running at a speed of 10 km / h, with 2 degrees of inclination. A record was made of surface electromyography from tensor fascia lata and gluteus medius on both ends. We applied a Student's t test (95% confidence interval) for related samples (p <0.05). The results showed great variability in activation times between subjects, however, remain relatively constant for a given subject. In healthy subjects, the activation time of the gluteus medius was -0.087 ± 0.059 seconds and the activation time of the tensor fascia lata was 0.02 ± 0.025 seconds, where activation of the gluteus medius preceded the tensor fascia lata, and in turn the initial foot contact, unlike the tensor fascia lata, which is activated after initial contact of the foot. In individuals with iliotibial band syndrome, the time of activation of the gluteus medius corresponded to ± 0.046 -0.074 seconds, and for the tensor fascia lata was -0.005 ± 0.038 seconds. It was concluded that the differences between the activation times of both groups were not significant. Neither were the values for activation time relative to the percentage of the stance phase.

The iliotibial band (ITB) is a complex structure that is unique to humans among apes and is derived from the fascia lata (FL) of the thigh. Although the ITB evolved in the hominin lineage, it is unclear whether it evolved to improve locomotor economy, increase stability, or serve a different function. This dissertation tests the hypothesis that the ITB stores and recovers elastic energy during walking and running. / Human Evolutionary Biology