Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T13:03:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 gentil_vasconcelos_ioc_dout_2015.pdf: 3238898 bytes, checksum: 4b0a8f2422705d1ca8dfa7ae9a2ca1da (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A produção de anticorpos em aves imunizadas seguida da extração desses anticorpos da gema dos ovos (IgY), tem atraído o interesse da comunidade científica, como pode ser demonstrado pelo aumento significativo da literatura sobre a IgY. Esta abordagem, que é apropriada à produção em larga escala, oferece inúmeras vantagens, tais como, baixo custo e alta eficiência da técnica, em vista do extraordinário rendimento de IgY em somente uma ave (20-40 g IgY por ano), e é mais adequada ao conceito bioético quando trata-se da manutenção e do manejo das aves. Destaca-se que a tecnologia da IgY oferece novas possibilidades de aplicação em imunoterapia e métodos de diagnóstico, tanto para aplicação humana quanto veterinária, incluindo estratégias de tratamento de doenças intestinais graves em crianças, particularmente em países pobres. Neste presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência terapêutica da IgY utilizando macacos cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) jovens desafiados com o rotavírus do grupo A (RVA) humano, a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade de crianças em todo o mundo, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. Para esta proposta, anticorpos IgY específicos contra o RVA foram produzidos em aves, purificados por polietileno glicol, caracterizados por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, western blotting e um teste de neutralização em cultura de células (MA-104). Este experimento preliminar rendeu uma suspensão altamente concentrada de IgY específica anti-rotavírus (IgY anti-RVA) (média de 37 mg/mL) O macaco cynomolgus foi estabelecido como modelo de infecção experimental após uma única administração de suspensão de rotavírus humano (3,1x106 FFU/mL) por sonda gástrica. Os animais foram acompanhados durante onze dias, sendo observadas as manifestações clínicas, cargas virais sérica e fecal, hematologia e dosagem de eletrólitos séricos. O principal sinal clínico (observado em dois dos sete animais inoculados) foi diarreia associada com diminuição dos níveis séricos de potássio durante três dias, seguido de recuperação. O RNA viral foi detectado nas fezes e no soro dos animais infectados, além de partículas infecciosas encontradas nas fezes, sugerindo replicação viral. Na imunoterapia experimental, os macacos foram inoculados com RVA humano (3,1x107 FFU/mL), desafiados com a suspensão de IgY anti-RVA obtida previamente, e foram monitorados durante cinco dias pelos parâmetros observados no experimento anterior. A eficiência terapêutica da imunoterapia com IgY foi confirmada pela ausência de episódios de diarreia, que é reconhecida como \201Cpadrão ouro\201D para eficácia clínica, apesar do RNA viral ter sido detectado nas fezes de 11 de 12 animais inoculados com o RVA. A duração da detecção do RNA foi reduzida em dois dos três grupos de animais tratados com IgY, quando comparado ao grupo controle positivo. Em um animal que foi tratado com IgY pelas vias oral e intravenosa, não foi detectado genoma viral nas fezes. Como conclusão, a aplicação de anticorpos IgY anti-RVA específicos produzidos em aves, apresenta eficácia no tratamento de gastroenterite aguda causada pelo rotavírus do grupo A humano Nossos resultados também confirmam que macacos cynomolgus podem ser considerados hospedeiros suscetíveis à infecção com RVA humano, e apontam para a necessidade de controle sanitário da rotavirose humana em colônias de criação de macacos cynomolgus. Esses resultados preliminares sugerem um papel promissor da imunoterapia passiva utilizando IgY anti-RVA em infecção experimental com o rotavírus do grupo A humano. No entanto, um enfoque direto na patogênese da infecção no trato entérico fornecerá informações adicionais para confirmar a eficácia do tratamento com a IgY / The production of antibodies in chickens and the extraction of specific antibody suspensions from egg yolk (IgY) are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community, as demonstrated by the significant growth of the IgY literature. This approach, which is suitable to a large - scal e production, offers several advantages such as the low cost and high efficiency of the technique, in view of the extraordinary yield of IgY by a one hen (20 g – 40 g IgY per year), and its suitability to a more bioethical manner for hen keeping. Of note, the IgY - technology offers new possibilities for application in human and veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics, including strategies for the treatment of severe intestinal diseases in children, particularly in poor countries. In this study, we aimed to e valuate the therapeutic efficacy of the IgY by using young cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) challenged with human rotavirus group A (RVA), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. For this purpose, specific IgY antibodies against RVA were produced in hens, purified by polyethylene glycol, characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blotting and a neutralization assay in a cell culture system (MA - 104). This preliminary experi ment has yielded a high concentrated suspension of anti - rotavirus specific IgY (anti - RVA IgY) (average 37 mg/ml). The cynomolgus experimental infection model was established after a single administration of a human rotavirus suspension (3.1x10 6 FFU/ml) by oral gavage. The confined animals were followed during a period of eleven days, observed for clinical signs, measurement of serum and faecal viral load, and evaluation of hematology and serum electrolytes. The main clinical sign (observed in two of the sev en inoculated monkeys) was diarrhea associated with a decrease in serum potassium during three days, followed by recovery. Viral RNA was detected in both serum and faeces of the infected animals, thus suggesting viral replication. In cynomolgus experimenta l immunotherapy, the monkeys were inoculated with human RVA (3.1x10 7 FFU/ml), challenged with the anti - RVA IgY suspension previously obtained, and monitored during five days by using the same clinical and biochemical parameters, as previously established. The therapeutic efficacy of the immunotherapy with IgY was confirmed by the absence of episodes of diarrhea, which is recognized as the "gold standard" for clinical efficacy, although viral RNA had been detected in faeces of all but one of the inoculated m onkeys. The duration of RNA detection was shortened in two of the three groups of animals treated with IgY, when compared to the positive control. One animal, which was orally and intravenously treated with the anti - RVA IgY, had no RNA detected in faeces. In conclusion, the application of specific anti - RVA IgY antibodies, produced in hens, presents efficacy in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis caused by human rotavirus group A. Our results also confirm that cynomolgus monkeys can be considered suscepti ble hosts to infection with human RVA, and pointed to the necessity of sanitary control of human rotavirus disease in the breeding colonies of cynomolgus monkeys. Our preliminary results suggest the promising role of passive immunotherapy using anti - RVA Ig Y in experimental infection with human rotavirus group A. However, a direct approach to the pathogenesis of enteric tract infection will provide additional data to confirm the effectiveness of the IgY treatment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-130).

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Résume Objet: La stimulation cérébrale profonde (SCP) est devenue une thérapie efficace dans une série de maladies cérébrales. Récemment, dans les cas des algies vasculaires de la face résistantes au traitement (intraitables), chroniques, la SCP hypothalamique a suscité un nouvel intérêt pour cette région, également bien connue pour son implication dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire et de la balance énergétique. Cependant, les risques et les problèmes connexes liés à l'implantation dans cette aire cérébrale ont soulevé plusieurs questions concernant la sûreté de cette technique chirurgicale. Dans cette étude, les auteurs ont proposé l'implantation d'une électrode intraventriculaire insérée dans le troisième ventricule au niveau de l'hypothalamus ventromedial (VMH) chez des singes macaca fascicularis non obèses dans le but de moduler la prise alimentaire et le masse corporelle des sujets. Cette méthode de SCP pourrait s'avérer être un traitement potentiel de l'obésité morbide. Méthodes: Cinq singes de macaca fascicularis adultes (4 sujets et 1 contrôle ou sham) ont été implantés de façon stéréotaxique dans le troisième ventricule. Une électrode chronique Medtronic®, habituellement utilisée dans le cadre de la SCP chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson, a été positionnées dans l'espace intraventriculaire adossée à la paroi de ce dernier au niveau du VMH. Dans la première phase de l'étude, le comportement alimentaire de chaque animal (durée du repas, quantité de nourriture avalée) et son activité motrice ont été enregistrés et analysés en fonction différents paramètres de stimulation (fréquence et intensité) après une période de jeun de 24 heures. Dans la seconde phase du protocole, trois cycles de stimulation intraventriculaire de 8 semaines chacun ont été réalisés à 130Hz, à 80Hz et à 30Hz, suivi des périodes de « washout » de 4 semaines entre les périodes« on - stimulation ». L'index de masse corporelle, le poids (masse corporelle), la « teneur « en graisse, l'épaisseur cutanée et les concentrations hormonales ont été mesurés au début de l'étude pour établir une ligne de base et après chaque session de stimulation. Résultats: Lors de la première phase du protocole réalisée sur des animaux a jeun depuis 24 heures, nous avons remarqué une diminution de la prise alimentaire comprise entre 11 et 19% chez tous les sujets stimulés à une fréquence 80 hertz. A partie de ces résultats, , une diminution de la masse corporelle et du BMI (body mass index indice de masse corporelle) ont été observés chez trois de quatre singes lors des phases de stimulation chronique à une fréquence de 80 hertz : la moyenne de perte pondérale était de 8± 4.4%. Une augmentation de 2-6 ± 2.5% et de 5 ±2,93 %de la masse corporelle a été observée respectivement chez les animaux stimulés à une fréquence de 130Hzet de 30Hz. Une diminution importante des épaisseurs sous-cutanées ( )a été observée pour chacun des quatre sujets à une fréquence de 80 hertz et dans une moindre mesure, une augmentation de cette variable ( ) a été remarquée une fréquence de 130 Hz. Tout au long de l'étude, les variables relevées sur le singe Sham sont restées stables. Sur la durée de l'étude, aucun effet potentielle ment délétère n'a été remarqués sur les animaux. Conclusion: La stimulation de la région de VMH par voie intraventriculaire pourrait s'avérer efficace pour moduler le comportement alimentaire et induire une diminution soutenue de la masse corporelle caractérisée par réduction de la masse graisseuse chez les primates non humains non obèses.

Coral reefs constitute some of the most prolific and diverse ecosystems on our planet, but also among the most threatened. This thesis investigates the effects of environmental stressors on corals’ metabolism and symbiont diversity. Paper I shows that the coral Turbinaria mesenterina withstood a single stressor while a combination of two stressors (decreased salinity and increased seawater temperature) lead to decreased metabolism. Increased seawater temperature in combination with two stressors (enhanced nutrients and decreased salinity) lead to rapid mortality of all specimens. Paper II shows that chronic stress in combination with increased seawater temperature affects coral species differently. Porites lutea did not show any difference in response to temperature increase, regardless of environmental disturbance history, while Galaxea fascicularis’ metabolism was negatively affected in chronically disturbed corals but not in corals from less disturbed areas. The main explanation for the difference in response between the two species is different compositions of endosymbionts as found in paper III. P. lutea only harboured the symbiont C15, regardless of environment, whilst D1a dominated the nearshore G. fascicularis and C1 dominated offshore corals. In paper IV there was a clear inshore-offshore pattern of D1a along the whole coast of Vietnam, where D1a dominated inshore. In contrast, the five symbionts belonging to group C displayed a strong latitudinal gradient, with diversity increasing from north to south. The coral host showed higher diversity offshore than inshore. The thesis emphasizes the importance of improving water quality (paper I and II) and protecting marginal areas since tolerant coral hosts and symbionts can be found there (paper III and IV), as well as safeguarding areas with high symbiont diversity (paper IV) to increase the ability of corals to withstand future environmental changes. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 1954. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T18:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) monique_lima_ipec_dout_2014.pdf: 9316756 bytes, checksum: 6817ee76c11bc8b988d293e2c9b5bd82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-18 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e foi declarada emergência em saúde pública mundial pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A tuberculose persiste como um problema de saúde mundial, em parte, porque os indivíduos infectados, muitas vezes, não aderem ao longo tratamento de forma devida. A ampla vacinação com a BCG reduziu a ocorrência das formas mais graves de tuberculose em crianças, porém, a forma adulta pulmonar é responsável pela principal causa de morte no mundo. A validação de novas vacinas para utilização na clínica humana, passa pela necessidade de se testá-las, ainda em fase pré-clínica, em modelo animal que desenvolva e reproduza de forma semelhante a doença humana. Avaliamos, neste estudo, os aspectos referentes à segurança do método de eletroporação e a imunogenicidade da vacina pVAX-hsp65, administrada em 3 doses com intervalo de 1 mês cada, em macacos cynomolgus Foram realizadas análises clínicas, hemograma, teste de função renal, hepática, além da avaliação das subpopulações celulares (TCD4, TCD8, NK, linfócitos B, células dendríticas mielóide e plasmacitóide), marcador de ativação celular (HLA-DR e CD69), grânulos citotóxicos (granzima B/perforina), citocinas (IFN-\03B3, TNF-\03B1, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 e IL-6), marcadores de proliferação (Ki-67) e ligados a apoptose (BcL-2). A vacina se mostrou segura, sem causar efeitos adversos relacionados ao local da inoculação, não induziu disfunção hepática ou renal nem alterações hematológicas. A vacinação não induziu conversão ao teste tuberculínico. Observamos um aumento de células T CD4+ de memória central, o que caracteriza ativação celular. A indução preferencial de células dendriticas com perfil plasmacitóide foi evidenciada de forma transitória O perfil de citocinas gerado após a vacinação foi preferencialmente induzido pela ix expressão de IFN-\03B3 em células NK e uma tendência ao aumento em linfócitos T CD4 e CD8, o que levaria ao controle da erplicação bacteriana pela presença de resposta inflamatória do tipo Th1. O controle desta resposta pode também estar sendo realizada pela exuberante resposta de TNF-\03B1 e IL-6 que modularia a formação do granuloma e contenção da micobatéria. Assim, nossos resultados apontam para a formação de uma resposta protetora periférica induzida pela vacina pVAX-hsp65 em macacos cynomolgus / Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and was declared a public health emergency by World Health Organization. Tuberculosis remains a worldwide health problem, partly because infected individuals often refuse the long- treatment. Widespread vaccination with BCG reduced the occurrence of severe forms of tuberculosis in children; however, pulmonary tuberculosis in adult is the main cause of death worldwide. To validate new vaccines for clinical use in human, preclinical tests in animal model to reproduce human disease is necessary. Our mean goal was to evaluated, the safety and immunogenicity of a new vaccine pVAX-hsp65, administrated by electroporation in cynomolgus monkeys in three doses with one month apart. Clinical analyzes were performed: Red and white blood cells count, renal and liver functional test, evaluation of lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, NK, B lymphocytes, and myeloid and plasmacytoide dendritic cells), markers for cell activation (HLA-DR and CD69), activation of cytotoxic granules (granzyme B / perforin), cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, Il-4, IL-5 and IL-6), proliferation (Ki-67) and anti-apoptosis (BCL-2) markers. The vaccine proved to be safe, with no adverse effects related to the inoculation site and did not induce liver or kidney dysfunction or hematological changes. The vaccination did not convert the tuberculin skin test. We observed an enhancement of central memory TCD4 lymphocytes which indicates cell activation. The preferential induction of plasmacytoide dendritic cells was transient. The profile of cytokines generated after vaccination was preferentially induced by IFN-γ expression in NK cells, showing a tendency to increase in TCD4+ and CD8+ cells, which would lead to control of bacterial growth by induction of a protective Th1 response. The robust immune response observed may either be controlled by secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 that are able to modulate the granuloma maturation and mycobacteria elimination. Thus, our results indicates that the pVAX-hsp65 vaccination, was able to induce a peripheral protective immune respose in cynomolgus monkeys

Over the last four decades, coral reefs have suffered a ~50% decline of across the tropics. Consequently, most research efforts have focused on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures on corals, including ocean warming, ocean acidification, and overfishing. However, recent discoveries indicate that coral reefs are becoming increasingly vulnerable to acute deoxygenation events, which can drive severe and widespread coral bleaching, and in some cases, mortality of corals and other reef organisms. On unimpacted coral reefs, dissolved oxygen (DO) availability can vary between 50% and 200% air saturation, depending on the location, proximity to the open-ocean, and time of the day. During the daytime, Symbiodiniaceae spp. produce more O$_2$ than the coral host can consume, releasing excess O$_2$ to the surrounding tissues. However, at nighttime Symbiodiniaceae spp. cease O$_2$ production. Hence, corals may suffer to O$_2$ deprivation at nighttime when the photosynthesis ceases, and holobiont respiration consumes oxygen. To assess the O$_2$ thresholds and aftereffects of two Red Sea coral species: ${{P. lobata}}$ and ${{G. fascicularis}}$ corals were exposed to reduced DO concentrations. Coral fragments from both species were exposed to one control treatment (6.8 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$) and three reduced DO concentrations treatments (5.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$, 3.5 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$, and 1.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$). Experiments were held at a stable temperature (32°C ± 0.25) and stable pH levels (pH 8.2 ± 0.08). Corals in these experiments displayed different thresholds to low O$_2$ concentrations. ${{P. lobata}}$ coral fragments didn’t exhibit any bleaching symptoms throughout complete experiment. However, ${{G. fascicularis}}$ fragments showed signs of bleaching after the third night of exposure to the low O$_2$ treatment (1.25 mg O$_2$ l$^{−1}$). Physiological variables such as maximum and effective photochemical efficiency, Chl ${{a}}$, cell density, and dark respiration experienced the lowest values under the low O$_2$ treatment for both species. These results highlight the need for further experimental assessments of deoxygenation thresholds for corals across the globe. These assessments are of great importance to create better conservation strategies for the preservation of coral reefs.