<p dir="ltr">Technological advancements in the semiconductor industry have led to the development of fast, low-power, and high-performance electronic devices. With evolving process technologies, the size of an electronic device has greatly reduced, and the number of features a single device can support has steadily increased. To achieve this, billions of transistors are integrated into small electronic chips leading to an increase in the complexity of manufacturing processes. Electronic chips that are manufactured using such complex manufacturing processes are prone to have a large number of defects that are difficult to test, and cause reliability issues. To tackle these issues and produce highly reliable chips, there is a growing need to test each manufactured chip thoroughly. This requires the application of a large number of tests by a tester. The cost of testing an electronic chip primarily depends on the storage requirements of the tester, and the test application time required. The large number of tests required to rigorously test each chip leads to an increase in the testing cost. Earlier works reduced the testing cost by reducing the input storage requirements of the tester. The input storage requirements are reduced by using each stored test on the tester to apply several different tests to the circuit. Several different tests are also applied based on each stored test to improve the quality of a test set. The goal of this thesis is to aide in producing reliable chips, by creating test sets that can detect faults from different fault models. The test sets are created by improving the quality of a test set. </p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">First, test sets with low storage requirements are produced for defect detection. A base test set is generated and stored. Each stored test is perturbed to produce several different tests. Algorithms are then described in two different scenarios to select a subset of the perturbed tests. The selected subset of tests improves the quality of defect detection with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Next, test sets with low-storage requirements are produced for defect diagnosis. A fault detection test set is generated and stored. Each stored test is perturbed to produce several different tests. A procedure is then described to select a subset of the perturbed tests to be used as diagnostic tests. The diagnostic test set selected improves the quality of defect diagnosis with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">Finally, storage-aware test sets are produced targeting several fault models in two steps. In the first step, tests in a base test set are replaced with improved tests to produce an improved test set. The improved test set is stored, and it improves the quality of defect detection with no increase in the storage requirements. In the second step, each improved test is perturbed to produce several different tests. A procedure is then described to select a subset of the perturbed tests. The selected subset of tests further improves the quality of defect detection with a minimal increase in the input storage requirements.</p>

Different patterns of uniform-uplift periods associated with passage of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ) and a change in tectonic regime are based on altudinal spacing analyses of nine flights of marine terraces. Rates of uplift appear to increase from <1 m/ka to 4-5 m/ka, with periods of most rapid uplift that are progressively younger toward the triple junction. The MTJ was about 55 km to the south at about 1 ma ago, where uplift has been uniform at about 1.3 m/ka during the last 300 ka. Maximum uplift of about 4 m/ka is occurring 20-40 km south of the MTJ; prior to about 100-150 ka uplift was slow, being only 0.2-0.5 m/ka. Ten km to the north of the MTJ, accelerated uplift has occurred only during the last 60 ka. Relative strength of soil development in sandy marine deposits on five Pleistocene and Holocene (1.7 to 120 ka) marine terraces near the MTJ is one basis for relative age estimates and correlation of terrace soils. Organic carbon content in the upper 70 cm of the soil profile increases exponentially, and pH decreases exponentially; for both properties steady state is attained by 40 ka. Whole profile content of clay, total free iron oxyhydroxides (Fe(d)), and total free and para-crystalline aluminum oxyhydroxides increase nearly linearly until at least 120 ka. Comparison of these soils with four marine terrace soils (103-405 ka) 100-120 km to the south indicates that maximum percent values of clay and Fe(d) increase exponentially, with highest values reached at about 120 ka. Analysis of three-dimensional morphological properties of 25 coastal drainage basins that have evolved in areas of low (<1 m/ka), intermediate (1-3 m/ka), and high (>3 m/ka) rates of uplift near the MTJ identified channel slopes as the best indicator of tectonism in the landscape. Lower order tributaries reflect tectonically-controlled differences best. The largest streams examined, of third order, are able to adjust to most base-level change and maintain their profile form, whereas lower order streams farther upstream tend to accumulate the effects of net base-level fall, and have steepest profiles in the areas of highest uplift. Although first order streams are excellent indicators of highest uplift rate areas and regional differential tilting, they are less useful in distinguishing between low and intermediate uplift rate areas. Analysis of the longitudinal profile of the main trunk stream of 10 of the 25 drainage basins with the stream-gradient index (Hack, 1957) was useful to broadly categorize uplift rates, and to distinguish between low and intermediate uplift rate streams.

Fracture distribution in a fold and thrust belt is commonly thought to vary depending on structural position, strain, lithology and mechanical stratigraphy. The distribution, geometry, orientation, intensity, connectivity and fill of fractures in a reservoir are all important influences on fractured reservoir quality. The presence of fractures is particularly beneficial in reservoirs that contain little matrix porosity or permeability, for example tight sandstones. In these examples fractures provide essential secondary porosity and permeability that enhance reservoir production. To predict how reservoir quality may fluctuate spatially, it is important to understand how fracture attributes may vary, and what controls them. This research aims to investigate the influence of structural position on fracture attribute variations. Detailed fracture data collection is undertaken on folded sandstone outcrops. 2D forward modelling and 3D model restorations are used to predict strain distribution in the fold-and-thrust belt. Relationships between fracture attributes and predicted strain are determined. Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modelling is then undertaken to predict fracture attribute variations. DFN modelling results are compared with field fracture data to determine how well fractured reservoir quality can be predicted. Field data suggests strain is a major controlling factor on fracture formation. Fractures become more organised and predictable as strain increases. For example in high strain forelimb regions, fracture intensity and connectivity are high, and fracture orientations are consistent. In lower strain regions, fracture attributes are much more variable and unpredictable. Fracture variations often do not correspond to strain fluctuations, and correlations can be seen between fracture intensity and lithology. Reservoir quality is likely to be much more variable in low strain regions than high strain regions. DFN modelling is also challenging because fracture attribute variations in low strain regions do not correspond to strain, and therefore cannot be predicted.

Μελετάται η διάδοση της διάρρηξης ανάστροφου ρήγματος υποβάθρου σε υπερκείμενους μη-συνεκτικούς εδαφικούς σχηματισμούς τόσο για την περίπτωση ελευθέρου πεδίου όσο και την περίπτωση αλληλεπίδρασης με τη θεμελίωση γειτονικών κατασκευών. Ο κύριος στόχος της διερεύνησης αυτής ήταν η παρουσίαση των κατανομών των γωνιακών παραμορφώσεων, β, και των οριζόντιων ορθών παραμορφώσεων, εxx, υπό συνθήκες ελευθέρου πεδίου, οι οποίες βοηθούν στην αποτροπή ή μετριασμό της επικινδυνότητας πρόκλησης βλαβών στις κατασκευές που εδράζονται στην περιοχή του ρήγματος και σε μικρή απόσταση από αυτό. / The thesis is focused on reverse fault rupture propagation through cohesionless soil in free-field conditions and the interaction with buildings foundations.

The North Canterbury tectonic setting involves the southward propagating margin of easterly strike-slip activity intersecting earlier thrust activity propagating east from the Alpine Fault. The resulting tectonics contain a variety of structures caused by the way these patterns overlap, creating complexities on the regional and individual feature scale. An unpublished map by Jongens et al. (1999) shows the Ashley-Loburn Fault System crossing the plains from the east connected with the Springfield Thrust Fault in the western margins, possibly the southern limit of the east-west trending strikeslip activity. Of note are two hill structures inferred to be affected by this fault system. View Hill to the west, is on the south side of this fault junction, and Starvation Hill further east, was shown lying on the north side of a left stepover restraining bend. During thrust uplift and simple tilting of the View Hill structure, at least two uplift events post date last Pleistocene aggradation accounting for variations in scarp morphology. Broad constraints on fault dip and the age of the displacement surface suggest that slip-rates are in the order of 0.5 mm/year. East from View Hill, the strike-slip fault was originally thought to curve northeast, around the southeast of Starvation Hill. But there is neither evidence of a scarp, nor other clear evidence of surface faulting at Starvation Hill, which poses the question of the extent to which folding may reflect both fault geometry and fault activity. Starvation Hill is a triangular shape, with a series of distinctive smooth, semi-planar surfaces, lapping across both sides of the hill at a range of elevations and gradients. These surfaces are thought to be remnants of old river channels, and are indicative of tilting and upwarping of the hill structure. 3D computer modelling of these surfaces, combined with studies of the cover sequence on the hill, resulted in inferences being drawn as to the location of hinge lines of a dual-hinged anticline and an overview of the tectonic history of the hill. This illustrates the potential to apply topographical and geomorphic studies to the evolution of geometrically complex structures Starvation Hill is interpreted to be the result of two fault-generated folds, one fault trending north, the other, more recent fault, trending east. These two faults are thought to be sequentially developed segments of the original fault zone inferred by Jongens et al. (1999) but with reinterpreted location and mechanism detail. The presence of two faults has resulted in overprinted differential uplift of the structure, which has been significantly degraded, especially in the southwest corner of the hill. The majority of the formation of the northerly trending structure of Starvation Hill is inferred to be pre-Otiran, with uplift of the later east trending structure continuing into the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

This dissertation research assesses the behavior of young faults in central Nevada through analyses of landforms associated with these faults. Four large earthquakes have occurred since 1915 in a striking N-S belt in central Nevada; no comparable earthquakes have occurred elsewhere in the Great Basin. The frequency of large-earthquake occurrence, and temporal and spatial patterns and rates of faulting in central Nevada during the Holocene were assessed through geomorphic and geologic studies of young fault scarps. Ages of paleoseismic events were estimated primarily through analyses of fault scarp morphologies and characterization and quantification of soil development associated with alluvial surfaces. Rates of fault scarp degradation were explored through diffusion-based modeling of latest Pleistocene pluvial shoreline scarps. Morphologic scarp age depends strongly on scarp size; modest variations in local climate, particle size, and aspect are less important. Incorporating a factor that depends on scarp size almost always decreases the scatter in scarp age estimates, and is critical if only small scarps exist along a fault zone. An average of ±30% uncertainty about the mean scarp age estimate remains after these analyses. Soil development indices were calibrated using 14 Holocene to latest Pleistocene soil profiles in central Nevada whose maximum ages are constrained. Soil development indices were used to estimate ages of faulted and unfaulted alluvial surfaces along fault scarps. Soils and morphologic fault scarp age estimates for paleoseismic events are generally consistent. Temporal and spatial patterns and rates of faulting during the Holocene were evaluated using age estimates for paleoseismic events. The long-term rate of faulting is about 10 times lower than the historical rate. There were no other N-S belts of faulting during the Holocene, although scarp ages suggest that there may have been other temporal clusters of faulting. There have been spatial clusters of faulting during portions of the Holocene. The extensional deformation rate across central Nevada during the Holocene is about 0.5-0.75 mm/yr. Integrating this rate with fault-slip data from other portions of the northern Great Basin, the Holocene extensional deformation rate is 3.5-6.5 mm/yr, substantially lower than the historical deformation rate.

No description available.

The largest earthquakes and the majority of the seismic energy are released on megathrust faults in subduction zones. The goal of this dissertation is to characterize the seismic behavior, structural and physical properties of the megathrust fault, so that we can better understand the controls on slip behavior and large earthquakes. To address this goal, I analyzed seismicity data collected by a local seismic network deployed in southern Alaska and multi-channel seismic (MCS) data from an active-source survey offshore of the Alaska Peninsula. This dissertation work revealed seismicity patterns associated with a large asperity, downdip transitions in megathrust fault structure, and along-strike variations in the properties of subducting sediment on the shallow part of the subduction zone. All of these observations have important implications for seismic behavior of the megathrust.

Finally, we present a novel algorithm for intruder detection in a sinkhole attack of wireless sensor network. The algorithm can identify the intruder and deal with multiple malicious nodes effectively. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed algorithm through both numerical analysis and simulations, which confirmed the effectiveness and accuracy of our algorithm. / In this thesis, we propose a general reliability-centric framework for event reporting in WSANs. We point out that the reliability in such a real-time system depends not only on the accuracy, but also the importance and freshness of the reported data. Our proposed design thus integrates three key modules, (1) an efficient and fault-tolerant event data aggregation algorithm, (2) a delay-aware data transmission protocol, and (3) an adaptive actuator allocation algorithm for unevenly distributed events. We further propose a latency-oriented fault tolerant data transport protocol (LOFT) and a power-controlled real-time data transport protocol (POWER-SPEED) for WSANs. LOFT balances the workload of sensors by checking their queue utilization and handles node/link failures by an adaptive replication algorithm. POWER-SPEED transmits packets in an energy-efficient manner while maintaining soft real-time packet transport. We evaluate our framework and the two proposed protocols through extensive simulations, and the results demonstrate that they achieve the desirable reliability for WSANs. / To minimize the data collection time, we propose a new routing design. We present the mathematical formulation of the route design problem, and show that it is computationally intractable. We then propose two practical algorithms to reduce the delay of the sensors. Our algorithms adaptively adjust the actuator visiting frequencies to the sensors according to their relative weights and data generation patterns. We further propose a probabilistic route design (PROUD) algorithm which adapts to network dynamics. We present the distributed implementation for PROUD and an extension which accommodates actuators with variable speeds. We also propose algorithms for load balancing among the actuators. Simulation results show that our algorithms can effectively reduce the overall data collection time. They adapt to the network dynamics and balances the energy consumption of the actuators. / Wireless sensor-actuator networks, or WSANs, greatly enhance the existing wireless sensor network architecture by introducing powerful and mobile actuators. These actuators are expected to work with the sensor nodes and perform much richer application-specific actions. For the applications which request for fast and accurate report of the environmental events, an efficient and reliable communication/coordination scheme is urged. Unfortunately, multi-hop communication in a WSAN is inherently unreliable due to frequent sensor failures and network partitions. Excessive delays, introduced by congestion or in-network data aggregation, further aggravate the problem. / Ngai, Cheuk Han. / "August 2007." / Adviser: Michael R. Lyu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1113. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-207). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

<p>Two fundamental structural elements, basement architecture and basal decollement, play a significant role in the evolution of a tectonically active region. Using different approaches (field data, literature review and analogue models) this thesis demonstrates that these two elements affected the deformation style in the Zagros fold-thrust belt during Mesozoic extensional and Cenozoic contractional episodes. </p><p>Reassessment of available data suggests a new configuration for the basement to Zagros basin that consists of basement faults with three different trends. Complicated interrelationships of these basement faults divide the Zagros basin into two major basement blocks, active and passive. This model associated with geological evidence suggests that deformation in the basement due to the convergence between Arabia and Iran is not restricted to the Zagros Mountains but already involves a considerable part of the Arabian platform. However, deformation in the cover units is not only governed by the deformation in the basement, which are decoupled from each other by the Hormuz salt in many parts in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. </p><p>Geological evidence shows that there is a clear relationship between activity of the Hormuz structures and the basement faults in the Zagros basin. Extended analogue models indirectly show how Hormuz types of basal decollement associated with the opening of Neo-Tethys can control the distribution, number, width and geometry of faults, penetrative strain, and diapirism. Analogue models shortened from one-end show that the spatial distribution of the Hormuz salt in the Zagros belt map viscous and frictional decollements to the thin-skinned deformation. Shortening of the cover results in formation of partitioning of strain into transpressional zones, different topographic wedges and differential sedimentation of growth sediments along the Zagros belt. Model results supported by geological and geophysical data sets suggest that some of the faults previously attributed to basement could have developed above the initial lateral boundaries between viscous and frictional basal decollements.</p>