<p>The purpose of this research was to ascertain how children in lowrisk, middle to upper income areas perceive violence and their experience of it. It explores their exposure to violence and how this may affect their view of the future in terms of their hopes and fears. The research was framed around Frantz Fanon&rsquo / s theory of violence and Urie Bronfenbrenner&rsquo / s Systems Theory. The aims of the research was to explore children&rsquo / s perceptions of violence and how this affects children&rsquo / s sense of wellbeing within the context of South Africa by: i) investigating how much children know and understand about the violence that is prevalent in the country, ii) discovering how this frames their perception of violence and finally iii) explore how this affects their sense of well-being. The participants of the study were 28 male and female grade 6 children, between the ages of 10 and 12 from a private school in the Cape Town metropole. There were three focus groups consisting of 8-11 children per group. This was a qualitative study. The data collection was interpreted through Thematic Analysis. The highest standards of ethical conduct and research practice were adhered to.</p>

Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva förberedelser och distraktionsmetoder som sjuksköterskor använder sig av i samband med smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer för att hjälpa barn i åldern 4-6 år samt vilka fördelar detta hade. Metod: En deskriptiv design användes till den kvalitativa studien. Materialet inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio sjuksköterskor som arbetade på barnkliniker. Det insamlade materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Resultatet av berättelserna kunde kategoriseras i ”Sociala och praktiska förberedelser”, ”Ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder”, ”Farmakologiska distraktionsmetoder” samt ”Distraktionen kan hjälpa barnet att främja dess självkänsla”. Att verbalt och praktiskt förbereda barn inför smärtsamma omvårdnadsprocedurer ansågs underlätta barnets besök på kliniken. Både farmakologiska och ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes med gott resultat för att distrahera barnets uppmärksamhet från den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Distraktionen ansågs även hindra utvecklingen av en långvarig stick- och sjukhusrädsla genom att barnet fick ett positivt minne och en stärkt självkänsla. Slutsats: Verbal och praktisk information till barn och föräldrar var viktiga aspekter i förberedelsen inför den smärtsamma omvårdnadsproceduren. Såväl farmakologiska som ickefarmakologiska distraktionsmetoder användes i stor utsträckning med gott resultat vilket kunde ha många fördelar på både kort och lång sikt. / Aim: The aim of this study was to describe preparations and distraction techniques that nurses use when dealing with painful care procedures to help children aged 4-6 years, and the benefits they have. Methods: A descriptive design was used for the qualitative study. The materials have been collected by semi-structured interviews with nine nurses working in paediatric clinics. The collected data was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the interviews were categorized in “Social and practical preparations”, “Non-pharmacological distraction techniques”, “Pharmacological distraction techniques” and “Distractions can help the child promote their self esteem”. To verbally and practically prepare the child for painful procedures was considered to facilitate the child’s visit to the clinic. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used successfully to distract the child’s attention from the painful procedure. Distraction could also prevent the development of a long term fear of hospitals and needle related procedures if the child received a positive memory and there by an enhanced self esteem. Conclusion: Verbal and practical information to children and parents were important aspects in the preparation for the painful procedure. Both pharmacological and non pharmacological distraction techniques were used extensively with good results, which could have many benefits, in both short and long term.

In August 2008, a biomedical intervention providing free drugs to school aged children to treat two endemic diseases –schistosomiasis haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths - in Morogoro region, Tanzania, was suspended after violent riots erupted. Parents and guardians rushed to schools to prevent their children taking the drugs when they heard reports of children dying in Morogoro town after receiving treatment. When pupils heard these reports, many of those who had swallowed the pills began to complain of dizziness and fainted. In Morogoro town hundreds of pupils were rushed to the Regional Hospital by their parents and other onlookers. News of these apparent fatalities spread throughout the region, including to Doma village where I was conducting fieldwork. Here, protesting villagers accused me of bringing the medicine into the village with which to “poison” the children and it was necessary for me to leave the village immediately under the protection of the Tanzanian police. This thesis, based on eleven months fieldwork between 2007 and 2010 in Doma village and parts of Morogoro town, asks why was this biomedical intervention so vehemently rejected? By analysing local understandings and responses to the mass distribution of drugs in relation to the specific historical, social, political, and economic context in which it occurred, it shows that there was a considerable disjuncture between biomedical understandings of these diseases, including the epidemiological rationale for the provision of preventive chemotherapy, and local perspectives. Such a disjuncture, fuelled by the reports of fatalities and the pupil’s fainting episodes brought about considerable conjecture both locally and nationally, that the drugs had been faulty, counterfeit, or hitherto untested on humans. Among many of the poorer inhabitants of Morogoro town, there was suspicion that this had been a covert sterilization campaign. From an official perspective, such conjecture was dismissed as mere rumour, proliferated by “ignorant” people. However, from an anthropological perspective, these ‘rumours’ reveal profound local anxieties including a pervasive fear that poor Africans are being targeted for covert eugenics projects by governments in the industrialized world. The thesis also shows that many of the assumptions embedded in global policies seeking to control neglected tropical diseases are mistaken. Indeed, it is suggested that it is unlikely that schistosomiasis haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths will be controlled so long as policy makers persist with the idea that one policy, designed by staff working for the World Health Organisation – with minor modifications added in Dar es Salaam - can be rolled out uniformly, irrespective of the political, social and economic context in which the programme occurs.

<p>The purpose of this research was to ascertain how children in lowrisk, middle to upper income areas perceive violence and their experience of it. It explores their exposure to violence and how this may affect their view of the future in terms of their hopes and fears. The research was framed around Frantz Fanon&rsquo / s theory of violence and Urie Bronfenbrenner&rsquo / s Systems Theory. The aims of the research was to explore children&rsquo / s perceptions of violence and how this affects children&rsquo / s sense of wellbeing within the context of South Africa by: i) investigating how much children know and understand about the violence that is prevalent in the country, ii) discovering how this frames their perception of violence and finally iii) explore how this affects their sense of well-being. The participants of the study were 28 male and female grade 6 children, between the ages of 10 and 12 from a private school in the Cape Town metropole. There were three focus groups consisting of 8-11 children per group. This was a qualitative study. The data collection was interpreted through Thematic Analysis. The highest standards of ethical conduct and research practice were adhered to.</p>

The romance of leadership is over. So is the romance of followership. Indeed, followers are notpassive as they used to be considered. The majority of the scholars underline their active rolein the creation of the relationship with the leader. This is why when it comes to toxic leadership;the leader is not the only one to blame. Actually, followers are equally responsible for themaintenance and even the creation of toxicity in an organization context. Padilla et al. (2007)argue that toxic leadership comes from the interaction of a toxic leader, susceptible followersand a conducive environment.This research paper focuses on the interaction of two of these components: susceptiblefollowers and the conducive environment. The aim is to understand the role of the influence ofthe environment on decision making in a first time. Then, how individuals, under pressure whenit comes to decision making are more likely to maintain or foster toxicity.After a deep digging into the psychological and sociological mechanisms which are at the basisof the following process, this paper ends by a reflection on human being’s relation withfreedom.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bulhoes_lbd_me_assis.pdf: 495561 bytes, checksum: 08eb5106fe99a7baae8ef952707f22bd (MD5) / O presente trabalho destaca algumas experiências maternas frente à continência das angústias e dos medos apresentados pelos filhos. Inicialmente, detém-se ao estudo do desenvolvimento psíquico infantil com ênfase nas angústias que são suscitadas ao longo deste mesmo desenvolvimento e que têm íntima relação com os medos vivenciados. Durante o desenvolvimento psíquico infantil aparecem sentimentos de medos como expressões de angústias que tendem a ser elaborados naturalmente, utilizando-se de alguns recursos simbólicos. Existem algumas possibilidades que se apresentam à criança que auxiliam no desenvolvimento desses recursos. Dentre tais possibilidades, destacou-se, nesta pesquisa, a importância da continência materna, tendo na “rêverie” a possibilidade de acolher as demandas mais angustiantes dos filhos. Além da continência materna, a pesquisa aborda outros recursos auxiliadores de elaboração tais como o brincar, os contos de fadas e outras narrativas que tratam dos medos que são vivenciados pela criança. No entanto, algumas expressões dos medos infantis tendem a evoluir, apresentando-se de forma mais acentuada. Evidencia-se que muitas crianças apresentam maiores dificuldades de elaboração dos medos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender quais as dificuldades apresentadas pelas mães quando solicitadas à continência de tais medos apresentados pelos filhos. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo com quatro mães que estavam trazendo seus filhos para uma consulta com o psicólogo em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, com a queixa de medo mais acentuado nos filhos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com essas mães, com o intuito de entender quais as dificuldades apresentadas por elas quando na vivência de continência dos medos. Os resultados apresentados a essa pesquisa tiveram como ponto principal que quando as mães... / This dissertation emphasizes some mothers’ coping strategies to deal with their child’s anxieties and fears. Firstly, it broaches the study of children’s psychic development focusing on the anxieties aroused in the course of that very development and which have a close relationship with the fears they have felt. In the course of children’s psychic development some fears are felt expressing anxieties which are apt to be naturally overcome, by means of some symbolic devices. There are some possibilities which are offered to children which help them further the development of such devices. Among them one emphasizes in this research the importance of mothers’ coping strategies, when they try to find out in the “reverie” the possibility of meeting the most distressing demands made by the child. Besides such coping strategies, the research broaches other supporting elaborative devices such as children’s play, fairy tales, and other narrative texts which deal with the fears felt by the child. However, some of those fears are apt to evolve more evidently into other forms. It becomes evident that many children face serious difficulties in working out their fears. The research at issue was carried out to find out which are the difficulties faced by mothers when they are urged to deal with their child’s fears. Therefore, a qualitative-based study was carried out with four mothers who brought their children to the psychologist’s office within a Basic Health Service Unit to deal with their children’s unfounded fears. Semi-structured interviews were held with those mothers, in order to find out which are the difficulties faced by them while trying to overcome such fears. The outcomes produced by the research pointed out that when mothers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Not so long ago the amygdala was an unclear region of the brain. Nowadays it is assumed that the amygdala is playing a key role in emotions, especially in the perception of fear. The amygdala is a crucial component that enables humans and animals to detect and to respond to threats. When the amygdala is damaged the ability to learn and respond to threats becomes impaired. This paper reviews data that highlights internal processes of the amygdala as well as external amygdala processes. Further, it discusses how the amygdala contributions to fear related emotions and memory. Additionally the paper discusses what the costs are to the concept of fear in humans and animals when the amygdala is damaged. In sum, the paper presents a variety of studies conducted both on humans and animals, using brain imaging machines and fear conditioning that confirms the importance of the amygdala in the perception of fear.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / The purpose of this research was to ascertain how children in lowrisk, middle to upper income areas perceive violence and their experience of it. It explores their exposure to violence and how this may affect their view of the future in terms of their hopes and fears. The research was framed around Frantz Fanon's theory of violence and Urie Bronfenbrenner's Systems Theory. The aims of the research was to explore children's perceptions of violence and how this affects children's sense of wellbeing within the context of South Africa by: i) investigating how much children know and understand about the violence that is prevalent in the country, ii) discovering how this frames their perception of violence and finally iii) explore how this affects their sense of well-being. The participants of the study were 28 male and female grade 6 children, between the ages of 10 and 12 from a private school in the Cape Town metropole. There were three focus groups consisting of 8-11 children per group. This was a qualitative study. The data collection was interpreted through Thematic Analysis. The highest standards of ethical conduct and research practice were adhered to. / South Africa

Childhood friends Curt Smith and Roland Orzabal founded the band Tears for Fears, and were the two primary members from 1982-1990. Their songs describe the struggle of coping with childhood abuse. This thesis analyzes the rhetorical aspects of their lyrics, emphasizing how the words of their songs express the fundamental human response to abuse, and the painful process of recovery. It explores how the songwriters use the psychological theories of Arthur Janov and Carl Jung to scaffold their experience of working through emotional trauma; and how they combine those theories with astrological symbolism to explore the idea of destiny. This thesis uses a combined rhetorical and psychological approach to analyze the manner in which the ethos and pathos inherent in the lyrics generated recognition, understanding, and sympathy in the listener.

Orientador: Jorge Luís Ferreira Abrão / Banca: Vera da Rocha Rezende / Banca: Audrey Setton Lopes de Souza / Resumo: O presente trabalho destaca algumas experiências maternas frente à continência das angústias e dos medos apresentados pelos filhos. Inicialmente, detém-se ao estudo do desenvolvimento psíquico infantil com ênfase nas angústias que são suscitadas ao longo deste mesmo desenvolvimento e que têm íntima relação com os medos vivenciados. Durante o desenvolvimento psíquico infantil aparecem sentimentos de medos como expressões de angústias que tendem a ser elaborados naturalmente, utilizando-se de alguns recursos simbólicos. Existem algumas possibilidades que se apresentam à criança que auxiliam no desenvolvimento desses recursos. Dentre tais possibilidades, destacou-se, nesta pesquisa, a importância da continência materna, tendo na "rêverie" a possibilidade de acolher as demandas mais angustiantes dos filhos. Além da continência materna, a pesquisa aborda outros recursos auxiliadores de elaboração tais como o brincar, os contos de fadas e outras narrativas que tratam dos medos que são vivenciados pela criança. No entanto, algumas expressões dos medos infantis tendem a evoluir, apresentando-se de forma mais acentuada. Evidencia-se que muitas crianças apresentam maiores dificuldades de elaboração dos medos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender quais as dificuldades apresentadas pelas mães quando solicitadas à continência de tais medos apresentados pelos filhos. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo com quatro mães que estavam trazendo seus filhos para uma consulta com o psicólogo em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, com a queixa de medo mais acentuado nos filhos. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com essas mães, com o intuito de entender quais as dificuldades apresentadas por elas quando na vivência de continência dos medos. Os resultados apresentados a essa pesquisa tiveram como ponto principal que quando as mães... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation emphasizes some mothers' coping strategies to deal with their child's anxieties and fears. Firstly, it broaches the study of children's psychic development focusing on the anxieties aroused in the course of that very development and which have a close relationship with the fears they have felt. In the course of children's psychic development some fears are felt expressing anxieties which are apt to be naturally overcome, by means of some symbolic devices. There are some possibilities which are offered to children which help them further the development of such devices. Among them one emphasizes in this research the importance of mothers' coping strategies, when they try to find out in the "reverie" the possibility of meeting the most distressing demands made by the child. Besides such coping strategies, the research broaches other supporting elaborative devices such as children's play, fairy tales, and other narrative texts which deal with the fears felt by the child. However, some of those fears are apt to evolve more evidently into other forms. It becomes evident that many children face serious difficulties in working out their fears. The research at issue was carried out to find out which are the difficulties faced by mothers when they are urged to deal with their child's fears. Therefore, a qualitative-based study was carried out with four mothers who brought their children to the psychologist's office within a Basic Health Service Unit to deal with their children's unfounded fears. Semi-structured interviews were held with those mothers, in order to find out which are the difficulties faced by them while trying to overcome such fears. The outcomes produced by the research pointed out that when mothers... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre