From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Land treatment of secondary municipal wastewater is an economical and aesthetic method of upgrading water quality, if hydrologic and geologic conditions are favorable. Costly conventional secondary treatment, which requires large quantities of electrical energy, can be bypassed by applying the primary effluent directly to the land. Soil- denitrifying bacteria use the organic carbon in the primary effluent as an energy source for biodenitrification and nitrogen removal. Laboratory and field studies indicated the quality of renovated wastewater meets standards for unrestricted irrigation and recreational uses. Considerable savings, both in capital and energy costs, can be realized by land treatment of primary effluent.

CBM, une des expériences majeures du nouvel accélérateur FAIR en cours de construction au GSI (Darmstadt), a pour objectif d'explorer le diagramme des phases de la matière nucléaire dans la région des hautes densités baryoniques nettes. Un de ses principaux thèmes de physique est l'étude de la production des particules à charme ouvert dans les collisions d'ions lourds. La mesure directe de ces particules nécessite l’utilisation d’un détecteur de vertex très précis. La présente thèse est une contribution à la conception et au développement de ce détecteur, appelé MVD. Une première partie de la thèse concerne l’évaluation, à l’aide de simulations réalistes, des flots de données à transmettre par les capteurs qui équiperont la première génération du MVD. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les performances attendues des capteurs permettront de mener à bien le programme de physique de CBM. Une deuxième partie porte sur les performances attendues pour la reconstruction des particules à charme ouvert, à travers leur désintégration hadronique, dans les collisions Au+Au. Des simulations détaillées ont permis de démontrer que la reconstruction du méson D+ → π+ π+ K-, par exemple, est faisable avec une efficacité de reconstruction de 2% et un rapport signal/bruit de 1.5. La statistique attendue en deux mois de prises de données a été évaluée à environ 6.9 x 104 mésons D. Dans la dernière partie, il a été montré que cette statistique permettrait d’effectuer des études détaillées du flot elliptique intégré des mésons D. La mesure du flot elliptique différentiel de ces particules requerrait, cependant, des statistiques plus élevées, et donc l’utilisation de capteurs plus performants. / CBM, one of the main experiments of the new FAIR accelerator under construction at GSI (Darmstadt), aims at exploring the phase diagram of nuclear matter in the region of high net baryonic densities. The study of the production of open charm particles in heavy ion collisions is one of its main physics topics. The direct measurement of these particles requires the use of a very precise vertex detector. The present thesis is a contribution to the design and development of this detector called MVD (Micro Vertex Detector). A first part of the thesis concerns the assessment, by means of realistic simulations, of the data rate requirements for the sensors which will equip the first MVD generation. The results demonstrate that the expected performance of the sensors will allow CBM carrying out its physics program. A second part deals with the expected performance for the reconstruction of open charm particles, through their hadronic decay, in Au+Au collisions. Detailed simulations allowed demonstrating that the reconstruction of the D+ meson decaying into π+ π+ K-, for instance, is feasible with a reconstruction efficiency of 2% and a signal/background ratio of 1.5. The statistics expected after two months of data taking has been evaluated to about 6.9 x 104 D-mesons. In the last part, it has been established that this statistics would enable to carry out detailed studies of the integrated elliptic flow of D-mesons. The measurement of the differential elliptic flow of these particles would require, however, higher statistics, and hence the use of more performing sensors.

[pt] Hidrelétricas no Brasil são responsáveis por gerar grandes impactos ambientais que inclui o aumento dos níveis de desmatamento principalmente quando são instaladas em regiões com floresta. A Floresta Amazônica concentra a maior parte do potencial hídrico brasileiro que ainda não foi aproveitado para geração de energia, por esse motivo essa dissertação dedica-se a analisar a influência da estrutura procedimental da implementação das hidrelétricas no Brasil no alcance da meta de zerar o desmatamento ilegal na Amazônia Brasileira até 2030, que foi estabelecida no Acordo de Paris em 2015. A análise identifica duas principais etapas no processo de implementação de hidrelétricas no Brasil, a etapa de planejamento de expansão da geração de energia e a etapa do licenciamento ambiental. Foram examinados como estudos de casos os projetos de implementação das hidrelétricas dos Complexos de Belo Monte e de São Luiz do Tapajós para verificar a influência das etapas do planejamento e do licenciamento sobre o aumento dos níveis de desmatamento nas regiões afetadas pelos projetos. Verifica-se que as limitações e as deficiências dos estudos de viabilidade ambiental, constantes na etapa do licenciamento, para mitigar o desmatamento associado as hidrelétricas são oriundas de conflitos e inconformidades com fases presentes na etapa do planejamento, como nos estudos de Inventário Hidrelétrico das bacias hidrográficas e Análise Ambiental Integrada da alternativa selecionada. / [en] Hydroelectric plants in Brazil are responsible for major environmental impacts including the increase of deforestation levels in forest regions. Particularly, the Amazon Forest concentrates most of the Brazilian nonexplored energy potential. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to analyze the influence of the procedural structure of the implementation of hydroelectric dams in Brazil in achieving the goal of zeroing illegal deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon until 2030, which was established in the Paris Agreement in 2015. The analysis consists of identifying two main stages in the process of implementation of hydroelectric plants in Brazil, i.e. the planning for power generation expansion and the environmental licensing. Furthermore, the implementation projects of Belo Monte and São Luiz do Tapajós hydroelectric complexes were examined to verify the influence of the planning and licensing stages on increasing deforestation levels in the regions affected by these projects. It was verified that conflicts and nonconformities regarding Hydraulic Inventory and AAI studies step contained in the planning stage, limit the environmental feasibility studies, in the licensing stage, which is responsible for mitigating the deforestation associated with the hydroelectric plants.