In this dissertation harmonic current, harmonic torque originated at the load and harmonic torque originated at the motor, where modeled and treated via closed loop control. The dissertation propose a remedy for cancelling harmonic current by placing the proposed adaptive feedforward controller (AFC) in parallel with the FOC current control. Similarly, harmonic torque load was cancelled by proposing an AFC in parallel with the speed control loop. Harmonic torque originated in the motor mainly due to harmonic flux where cancelled through the estimation of harmonic flux, which was achieved by a novel Minimal Parameter Harmonic Flux Estimator (MPHFE). The latter is formulated such that the inductance, resistance, and stator current and its derivative are not necessary for the estimation of the harmonic eflux. This was achieved by forcing the harmonic current induced by the harmonic flux component to zero through the combined action of a Field-Oriented Controller (FOC) and a feed-forward controller. Subsequently, the harmonic flux can be obtained directly from the estimated harmonic back-EMF without the involvement of other motor parameters. Finally, the estimated flux is used in conjunction with a comprehensive analysis of the motor harmonic torque to determine the stator current compensation to eliminate the torque harmonic. A systematic approach to assign the parameter of the AFC controller were developed in this dissertation. Furthermore, multiple experiments were conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control schemes harmonics.

The aim of this thesis was evaluate the nutritive value of complete granulated dry food for adult dogs in normal activity. 17 dry feeds were choosen with regard to quality classes - 7 superpremium, 5 premium and 5 economy. Content of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, crude ash were determined in laboratory and NFE (nitrogen-free extracts - carbohydrates) and metabolizable energy were determined by calculations. The results of the analysis were compared with figures stated on the packaging of the feed. Quality classes were compared with each other. It was found that 12 from 17 feeds exceeded the tolerance limites for declarated nutrients. Not all of the feeds on the market is suitable for the dogs and an appellation superpremium isn't guarantee of good quality.

Orientador: Ariovaldo Pereira da Cruz Neto / Banca: José Eduardo de Carvalho / Banca: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis / Banca: Denis Otávio Vieira de Andrade / Banca: Luciano Martins Verdade / Resumo: O presente estudo versa sobre energética alimentar de um animal. O estudo procurou analisar, dentre outras coisas, os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos que respondem pela variabilidade na taxa metabólica em repouso (TMR) e a relação entre esta variação e padrões de história de vida de um marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Especificamente, a variabilidade da TMR seria determinada através de um aspecto especifico da história de vida, a dieta. Aspectos como possíveis efeitos da dinâmica de variação das reservas energéticas sobre esta relação também foram analisados. Utilizando metodologia apropriada também analisamos a variação da disponibilidade e qualidade da dieta. Variações desses fatores induzem modificações na condição corpórea e, desta forma, os efeitos desta variável sobre a TMR mediariam um dos objetivos do estudo, servindo como elemento de ligação para averiguar quais componentes da condição corpórea seriam responsáveis pela variabilidade na TMR. / Abstract: The present study turns about energetics to feed of an animal. The study analyzed, among other things, the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that answer for the variability in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the relationship between this variation and patterns of life history of a marsupial (Gracilinanus microtarsus). Specifically, the variability of RMR would be determined through an aspect specify of the life history, the diet. Aspects as possible effects of the dynamics of variation of the energy budge about this relationship were also analyzed. Using appropriate methodology also analyzed the variation of the availability and quality of the diet. Variations of those factors induce modifications in the body condition and, this way, the effects of this variable on RMR would mediate one of the objectives of the study, serving as connection element to discover which components of the body condition would be responsible for the variability in RMR. / Doutor

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação do desempenho de 36 bovinos castrados Nelore confinados durante 100 dias de experimentação. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem ionóforo), 44 mg de lasalocida/kg de (MS) matéria seca de concentrado e 44 mg de monensina/kg de MS de concentrado. Como fonte de volumoso, foi utilizado feno de Coast-Cross (Cynodon dactylon) na proporção de 30% da MS da dieta total. Não houve efeito da suplementação de monensina e lasalocida sobre as concentrações sangüíneas de glicose e uréia. Após 35 dias de experimento, foi observada redução da ingestão de matéria seca dos animais submetidos ao tratamento com monensina, sendo -6,3% e -5,9% em relação aos animais do grupo controle e aos do tratamento com lasalocida, respectivamente (P<0,05). No que se refere ao demais parâmetros de desempenho, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no ganho médio diário (havendo apenas tendência, onde P<0,1668), eficiência alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura subcutânea no decorrer do experimento / The present study was conducted to estimate performance of 36 castrated Nelore steers, in feedlot during 100 days of experiment. Treatments were: control (no ionophore), 44 mg of lasalocid/kg of concentrate in dry matter (DM) and 44 mg of monensin/kg of concentrate in DM. As forage, it was used Coast-Cross (Cynodon dactylon) hay, in 30% of total ration. There was not effect of monensin and lasalocid supplementation in blood glucose and urea concentrations. After 35 days of experiment, the dry matter intake decreased in monensin group, with -6,5% and -5,9%, for control and lasalocid groups (P<0,05). For other performance parameters, there were not significant diferences in daily gain (only tendence, with P<0,1668), feed efficiency, carcass dressing percentage, rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness through the experiment

Steric stabilisers were synthesised via the copolymerisation of styrene with acrylic macromonomers. The macromonomers were prepared by end capping reactions of poly 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate (PEHA) prepolymer with vinyl containing species. Preliminary reaction routes proceeded via the use of oxalyl chloride to create an acyl chloride intermediate followed by end capping with hydroxy ethyl methacrylate. This process was found to be inefficient due to the moisture sensitivity of the acyl chloride. The second route involved the direct end capping of the PEHA pre-polymer with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Macromonomer conversion levels were improved for the GMA route via the use of high temperatures and tertiary amine catalysts. An optimum set of conditions was achieved using 1.4 diazabicyclo [2.2.2.] octane as the catalyst and a reaction temperature of 160 QC. Non aqueous dispersion polymerisations of methyl methacrylate were performed. The factors affecting particle size in both single stage and twin stage polymerisation schemes were studied. Increases in the particle sizes of these dispersions were observed with increases in the total monomer concentration and also with decreases in the total stabiliser concentration. Increases in the particle size could also be achieved by increasing the proportion of the total monomer in the seed stage of the twin stage reaction and also by decreasing the proportion of the total stabiliser in the seed stage. The importance of the role of the seed upon the final particle size was firmly established. The rheology of these non aqueous dispersions was studied over a range of concentrations and under increasing shear stresses. At Iow and intennediate volume fractions the dispersions were observed to be predominantly Newtonian. Non-Newtonian behaviour was only observed at the extremes of the shear stress ranges studied. At high volume fractions of the dispersions non-Newtonian behaviour was observed over the range of shear stresses studied. Maximum volume fractions (~m) were calculated for these dispersions using the Kreiger-Dougherty equation. When these dispersions were blended in size ratios of 2:1 it was observed that 4 > m could be increased due to improved particle packing efficiency.

3 pp. / Frequently asked questions and answers regarding the Veterinary Feed Directive changes taking place January 1, 2017.

Experiment one revealed fishmeal (FM) replacement with soy protein concentrate (SPC) alone, and in combination with pea protein concentrate (PPC) and saponins (S) modulated the intestinal bacterial communities of D. labrax, increasing the presence of lactic acid bacteria. Intestinal histology revealed significantly reduced goblet cell’s (GC’s) in fish fed the SPC+S, epithelial microvilli densities (MD) in fish fed the SPC+PPC, SPC+PPC+S and SPC+S after two weeks feeding. Significant reductions in GC’s and intraepithelial leukocytes (IEL’s) in fish fed the SPC+S, and MD’s in fish fed the SPC+S and SPC+PPC+S after four weeks feeding, relative to fish fed the FM control. Furthermore, fish fed all plant based diets appeared to exhibit a loss of membrane integrity at the microvilli tips, most pronounced in fish fed the SPC+S diet. These results suggest a sub-acute enteritis response in the posterior intestine of D. labrax, which was deemed to be most pronounced in fish fed the SPC+S diets. Experiment two utilised the SPC+S diet as a sub-optimal basal diet to assess the potential of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis and the prebiotic Previda®, individually and in combination, in alleviating the enteritis-like effects induced by this diet, observed in the first experiment. Microbiological analyses revealed B. subtilis modulated the allochthonous bacterial communities. Fish fed the combination of B. subtilis and Previda® (synbiotic) diet exhibited a significantly increased intestinal perimeter ratio, compared to fish fed the basal. Significantly elevated GC’s in fish fed the probiotic and synbiotic treatments, and significantly elevated epithelial MD’s, and intestinal absorptive surface index in fish fed the probiotic diet was observed, relative to fed fish the basal. The loss of membrane integrity induced by the basal diet, was reduced in fish fed the probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic diets. The intestinal gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα was significantly up-regulated in fish fed all experimental diets, relative to fish fed the basal. The intestinal gene expression of HSP70, CASP3 and PCNA was significantly down-regulated in fish fed the probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic relative to fish fed the basal. At the end of the experiment intestinal samples were exposed to one of four treatments [1. PBS (control), 2. B. subtilis, 3. Vibrio anguillarum and 4. B. subtilis + V. anguillarum], ex vivo, to determine if the feed additives could mitigate enteric pathogen damage. All feed additives revealed the potential to reduce the morphological damage caused by the pathogen. Experiment three assessed B. subtilis and the phytobiotic Next Enhance 150® on the growth and health of D. labrax. B. subtilis modulated the allochthonous bacterial communities and reduced the presence of some potential pathogens. The intestinal gene expression of HSP70, CASP3, PCNA and CAL was significantly down-regulation in fish fed the probiotic diet relative to fish fed the control. Significantly elevated IEL’s were observed in fish fed the probiotic and Next Enhance 150® diets relative to fish fed the control. Growth performance was remained unaffected. The present research demonstrates that dietary B. subtilis modulates the allochthonous bacterial communities, as well as, improving the intestinal morphology and localised immunity in European sea bass. Dietary Previda® and Next Enhance 150® were also observed to confer beneficial effects on the gut health of this species. No detrimental effects were observed as a consequence of any of the feed additives used in the present research.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Robert D. Goodband / A study was conducted on a commercial sow farm to determine the effects of parity and stage of gestation on growth and feed efficiency of gestating sows. These data were also used to model changes in composition of maternal weight gain and products of conceptus throughout gestation. Feed intake and BW were measured daily from d 5 to 112 of gestation for 712 females. From d 5 to 39 of gestation, ADFI was lowest for parity 3+ sows compared to the other periods of gestation. Parity 2 sows, although provided the same feed allowance, had greater ADFI during the first period than parity 3+ sows. Average daily gain was lowest and G:F was the poorest from d 5 to 39 for each parity group compared with d 40 to 109 of gestation. Parity 1 and 2 sow ADG increased following d 39 of gestation but decreased from d 75 to 109. Parity 3+ sow ADG increased in each subsequent period of gestation. Parity 1 sows had the greatest ADG and G:F in comparison to parity 2 and 3+ sows in each period of gestation. Energy available for maternal growth was estimated after accounting for the energy needed to meet the sow’s maintenance requirement and the energy required for the growth of the conceptus. Following d 39 of gestation, energy available for maternal growth decreased at the expense of maintenance and conceptus requirements in each subsequent period of gestation for each parity group. After accounting for the weight of the conceptus, maternal ADG decreased from d 39 to 74, and increased d 74 to 109 of gestation, regardless of parity. Maternal G:F was greatest for parity 1 sows in most gestation periods. In conclusion, parity and stage of gestation impact sow feed efficiency and maternal growth with parity 1 sows having the greatest weight gain and best feed efficiency.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Steven S. Dritz / Cassandra K. Jones / Biological hazards in animal feed are a growing concern for the feed industry. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the first viral pathogen confirmed to be transmissible in swine feed and feed ingredients. This led to investigations identifying the magnitude of transmissible risk PEDV imposes and strategies to mitigate infectivity in contaminated diets. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the minimum infectious dose of PEDV in virus-inoculated feed. Pigs became infected when PEDV concentrations at or above 5.6 × 10¹ 50% tissue culture infectious dose/g (TCID₅₀/g); corresponding feed cycle threshold (Ct) of 37 or below was utilized. Evaluation of a mitigation strategy for PEDV contaminated diets is also important since cross-contamination during feed manufacturing is possible. Therefore, the objective of the second experiment was to determine the effectiveness of feed batch sequencing as a method to minimize the risk of PEDV cross-contamination. This method was effective to reduce but not eliminate infectious PEDV carryover risk. Furthermore, feed that lacked detectible PEDV RNA as analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (qPCR) was infectious. The third study was an observational study complementary to the previous experiment where the magnitude of virus contamination in the feed manufacturing facility was characterized during feed batch sequencing. Widespread contamination of the facility occurred and surfaces remained contaminated until chemically cleaned. The final experiment was conducted to assess PEDV RNA detection in feed and spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) when analyzed by qPCR across 5 diagnostic laboratories. Overall, it appears qPCR PEDV RNA detection in feed and SDPP was precise as quantified by low coefficient of variation across laboratories, with the exception of one %CV from SDPP inoculated with low virus load from one laboratory. Although the magnitude of the Ct value difference was large in only 1 of 5 laboratories, comparisons of Ct values across laboratories should be interpreted cautiously. Finally, qPCR can be a useful surveillance tool for detection of PEDV RNA in non-clinical samples such as feed and SDPP.

El objetivo es determinar si la sujeción de las bases en un concurso público de subasta, incentiva o desincentiva a los empresarios generadores de energía renovable y por otra parte hacer una propuesta de mejora; El Tipo de investigación usada en esta investigación es la Teoría fundamentada cualitativa, teniendo como unidad de análisis de la de Unidad de prácticas y un tipo de triangulación de expertos. Los resultados son primero; Que el D.L n.° 1002 y el D.S. 012-2011-EM, al momento de su aplicación, desincentiva la generación de energía renovable para microempresarios. / Tesis / Tesis