Background: The mental health of prisoners is of growing global health importance as prison populations increase exponentially. Though additional risks of mental disorder and poor mental wellbeing of prisoners are now better understood, women, especially those in low and middle income countries, and in regions outside North America and Europe are underrepresented in prison mental health studies. There is strong evidence of associations between religion and spirituality (RS) and mental health in the general population in North America and Europe. This thesis aims to measure and explain any associations between RS and depression and mental wellbeing among female prisoners in Chile. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach comprised an initial quantitative study linked to a subsequent qualitative study. In the quantitative phase, 94 randomly sampled female prisoners in Chile participated in a pooled two-stage cross-sectional survey which collected data on background, mental health and RS variables. Mental wellbeing was measured using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS). Self-report depression data were collected and 40 prisoners were also administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). RS variables included: affiliation, personal importance, involvement (frequency of attending services), benefits and beliefs. The design of the qualitative phase was informed by quantitative study findings. Six prisoners who had participated in the cross-sectional survey attended one of two focus groups. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 3 prison chaplains and 2 health professionals from the prison health centre. Topic guides for focus groups and interviews were used to facilitate discussions on the mental health and RS of female prisoners and to elicit views on selected findings from the quantitative study. Logistical regression techniques were used to statistically test the hypothesis of no association between RS and depression and mental wellbeing. Audio-recorded qualitative data were transcribed in Spanish and analysed thematically in English. Results: Of the 94 women, 11 (11.7%) reported a current professional diagnosis of depression, while major depression was confirmed in 13 (32.5%) of the 40 women assessed using the MINI. The women had a median WEMWBS score of 55 (IQR 43-61) out of 70. Religiosity was high among the sample with 86 (91.5%) women affiliated to mainstream Christianity and 69 (73.4%) who considered RS to be personally very important. In a sample of 40 women, frequency of attendance at RS services was significantly higher in prison than during the year prior to incarceration (Wilcoxon Sign Ranks Test Z=3.1; p < 0.002). No significant associations were found between depression and mental wellbeing, and the key RS variables. However, 61 (89.7%) women believed there was a connection between their mental health and spirituality. The qualitative data revealed differences within and between participant groups in understandings of mental health and RS terminology and concepts. Themes emerged around the prison determinants of mental health and the mental health effects of the female gender. Prisoners identified RS variables that influenced mental health which had not been measured in the survey. Explanations were found for the divergent survey results of the association between RS and mental health. The data showed how RS shapes prisoners' help-seeking behaviour and attitudes to mental health care. Conclusion: The association between RS and mental health among prisoners in Chile remains unclear but may differ from established patterns reported in non-prisoner populations. This a challenging area of study with an additional layer of complexity present in prison populations where there are high levels of religiosity and spirituality. Larger studies are needed to confirm the quantitative findings, while qualitative findings should lead to raised awareness of RS in the development of prison mental health strategies in accordance with the needs of a given population.

by Siu Pik-ngan. / Questionnarie in Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-79). / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Appendices --- p.vii / Introduction --- p.1 / Method --- p.28 / Results --- p.36 / Discussion --- p.55 / References --- p.74 / Appendices --- p.80

The TAT protocols of 30 sexually abused female children and 30 female children with no documented history of abuse were analyzed using the Scoring Scheme for the TAT and Other Verbal Projective Techniques (Fine, 1955). No significant differences were found between groups on mean number of negative feelings portraited in the TAT stories. Similarly, no significant differences were found between groups on mean number of unfavorable outcomes to TAT stories. However, when specific feelings were considered, subjects in the sexual abuse group showed a significantly higher incidence of reference to guilt and sexuality. These results were independent of age, race, and intelligence.

A utilização de uréia na alimentação de fêmeas bovinas pode prejudicar o desempenho reprodutivo destes animais, provavelmente decorrente do aumento do teor de nitrogênio uréico plasmático (NUP). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se alimentação com uréia por curto prazo oferecida a novilhas, e conseqüente aumento de NUP, exerce influência sobre a quantidade, qualidade e competência dos complexos cumulus-oócito (CCO). O experimento teve duração de 62 dias, dividido em oito semanas e dois períodos. Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas mestiças mantidas a pasto, alocadas a dois tratamentos, utilizando-se delineamento \"cross-over\": dieta sem uréia (SU): 5 kg (matéria original) de silagem de milho e 1 kg de concentrado/animal/dia ou dieta com uréia (U): 5 kg de silagem de milho e 1 kg de concentrado contendo 75 g de uréia/animal/dia. Os animais selecionados a cada semana receberam as dietas por seis dias, uma única vez ao dia. No sexto dia de oferecimento das dietas, foram realizadas aspiração folicular (OPU) e colheita de sangue, em jejum e 3 horas após a alimentação. Imediatamente após a OPU, foi realizada contagem total de CCO recuperados e classificação dos mesmos em viáveis e inviáveis. Apenas os viáveis foram destinados à produção In vitro de embriões. Em relação ao teor de NUP, houve efeito de interação entre tratamento e tempo de colheita (P=0,04) e dentro de cada tempo foi observado aumento significativo (P<0,01) para os animais do tratamento U. Não foi observado efeito de tratamento em relação ao número total de CCO recuperados por animal (média ± EPM: SU=9,15 ± 0,82 vs. U=8,82 ± 0,95), nem sobre a porcentagem de CCO viáveis sobre total de CCO recuperados por animal (SU=73,61% ± 2,47 vs. U=70,26% ± 2,31). A taxa de clivagem obtida no dia 3 após a inseminação In vitro (IIV) e as taxas de blastocisto nos dias 6, 7 e 9 após a IIV, não foram influenciadas pelo tratamento. Porém, no 11º pós IIV, houve diminuição (P=0,04) da taxa de blastocistos eclodidos para o tratamento U (SU=82,50% ± 0,05 vs. U=64,33% ± 0,07). Apesar do aumento do teor de NUP observado nas novilhas do tratamento U, a quantidade, qualidade e competência dos CCO durante as primeiras clivagens até atingirem o estádio de blastocisto In vitro não foram influenciadas pelo oferecimento de 75 g de uréia na dieta, durante seis dias. Porém, foi observada redução da taxa de eclosão dos blastocistos das novilhas do tratamento U. / Urea feeding offered to bovine dams may damage their reproductive performance, probably due to an increase in levels of plasmatic urea nitrogen (PUN). The aim of this study was evaluate if short-term urea feeding of heifers, following high PUN levels, would have an influence on the quantity, quality and competence of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC). Trial lasted 62 days, divided into eight weeks and two periods. Forty crossbred grazing heifers were allocated to one of two treatments, using a cross-over design: diet without urea (WU): 5 kg (as fed) of corn silage and 1 kg of concentrated/animal/day, or diet with urea (U): 5 kg of corn silage and 1 kg of concentrated with 75 g of urea/animal/day. Heifers selected in each week received these diets once a day, for six days. On the sixth day of diets? offer, ovum pick-up (OPU) and blood sampling at fasting and 3 hours after feeding were carried out. Immediately after OPU, total COC recovered was counted and classified as either viable or unviable. Only viable were destined to In vitro embryo production. In relation to PUN level, there was a significant interaction between treatment and sampling time (P=0.04) and a significant (P<0.01) increase in animals undergoing U treatment for each of the test times. No significant effect was observed relative to either the total number of recovered COC per animal (mean ± SEM: WU=9.15 ± 0.82 vs. U=8.82 ± 0.95), or the viable COC as a percentage of total recovered COC per animal (WU=73.61% ± 2.47 vs. U=70.26% ± 2.31). Cleavage ratio assessed on day 3 post In vitro insemination (IVI) and blastocyst ratio on days 6, 7 and 9 post IVI were not influenced by treatments. However, there was a significant treatment effect (P=0.04) in relation to hatched blastocysts on day 11 after IVI (WU=83% ± 0.05 vs. U=64% ± 0.07). Even though higher PUN levels were observed in animals from treatment U, quantity, quality and competence of the COC during first cleavages until reaching the blastocyst stage In vitro were not influenced by adding 75 g of urea on the diet offered to heifers, during six days. Neverthless, a decline in hatched blastocysts rate was observed in heifers of treatment U.

This study aims to investigate Saudi female academics' information behaviour (IB) within their work and everyday life contexts. A qualitative research approach was adopted to investigate the range of information behaviour that the research participants engaged in. The data for this study were collected via in-depth semi-structured interviews and diaries. Participants' accounts were then subject to a rigorous thematic data analysis process. The research findings indicated that female academics who participated in this study engaged in three main categories of information behaviour: information acquisition, information avoidance, and information sharing. The motivations and the strategies associated with each category have been depicted in a taxonomy of information behaviour. In addition, a detailed analysis of participants' IB as an action-oriented process has been presented visually, leading to the development of a model that depicts IB as a contextual process.

The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding of the goalkeeper position in order to prepare goalkeepers for competition. The objectives of this study were to characterize the technical and physical demands of an NCAA Division I collegiate goalkeeper over three seasons and examine trends from season to season. Count and frequency for each definition were analyzed. Results show that although the goalkeeper’s technical demands were characterized by engaging in play without action and being in the goal area, the gradually increased use of the feet over three season’s hints on the importance of skills performed with the lower body. Findings suggest that most shots faced by the goalkeeper were from direct attacks, outside the box and from central positions. Foot skills may be relied on with increasing experience. Over the course of three seasons, forward and lateral movements were the most common and second most common.

Chronic alcohol (ethanol) consumption has been known to affect the major organs of the body and particularly the liver. However, the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the female reproductive system remain relatively unstudied. A convenient way to study these effects is by analyzing laboratory mice that have been fed an ethanol diet for an extended period of time and comparing them to control mice. In this study, female mice were separated into control and ethanol fed groups. The mice were placed on their specified diets and observed over the course of six weeks. The mice were fed and weighed daily throughout the duration of the experiment. Once a week, vaginal washes were performed on both groups of mice to determine the stage of the estrous cycle for each mouse. At the end of the six weeks, the mice were sacrificed and the ovaries were harvested and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The ovaries were then paraffin embedded and sectioned. Glass microscope slides were then stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining procedures for evaluation using standard light microscopy. The tissue’s morphology, follicle development, presence of corpora lutea, and overall appearance were analyzed. Due to the premature deaths of several mice in first group of ethanol fed mice, the experiment was repeated with three more groups of mice to obtain a better representation of data. The data from the control group was compared to that of the ethanol fed group. The mice that received the ethanol fed diet ceased to cycle and arrested in the diestrous phase of the estrous cycle. Our data indicates that the ovarian follicles within the ethanol fed mice show signs of degeneration in the 4b, 5a, 5b, 6, and 7 levels of development. There are also no notable corpora lutea present within the ovaries of the ethanol fed mice. Our findings indicate that chronic alcohol consumption has deleterious effects on ovarian morphology in mice.

Although much of Gustav Klimt's work is well recognized, his painting Hope II (1907-1908) has received little attention in academic studies. Rejected by his peers on its initial exhibition, this work was found offensive by even his staunchest supporters. Second wave feminists have also been critical of his painting, finding in it an objectification of women. This is likely due in part to the central subject of the piece involving pregnancy. Klimt was unafraid to paint images that shocked and diverged from traditional aesthetic styles. During a time of rapid social change and development of the feminist movement, Klimt offered fin-de-siècle Vienna an image that invited conversations about female sexuality, identity, and fertility. This paper constitutes a rereading of Klimt as empathetic to the female experience by way of a close analysis of Hope II. The artist's closeness to many women indicates his awareness of their plight. His portrayal of fertility in this painting offered a new perspective of womanhood in art with a depiction of woman as autonomous and empowered. Criticism from second-wave feminists often follows Klimt's work. However, his continued representation of the female body should be read as a glorification of the body rather than objectification of it.

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Research indicates that the Latina/o population is growing in the United States, and more Latina/os are attending college, many do not continue their education beyond the undergraduate level, much less beyond the Master's level. Latinas in particular continue to be underrepresented in professional roles due to the small number of Latinas who obtain doctoral degrees. Although many Latinas do not continue their education or drop-out throughout their graduate schooling, some Latinas do thrive forward and are academically successful. This study aimed at identifying elements that fostered resiliency in academically successful Latina doctoral students, as well as identifying challenges or barriers that some Latinas experience. Findings indicate some support for Bernard's resiliency theory, while also providing implications for advocacy for Latina doctoral students.