The purpose of this essay is to examine and compare how womanliness and manliness reveal themselves in different children’s books, mainly focusing on the concept of gender, in both text and images aspects. The questions I have chosen to interrogate are the following: How is the male and female role represented in children's books from a gender perspective, in both images and texts? What gender is generally the main character in children's books? What clothes are the characters wearing in children's books? What kind of occupations do the characters practice in children's books? What kind of qualities or attributes do the characters possess in children's books? When it comes to the selection of the method, I have chosen the use a qualitative method, where I use both a text and image analysis. The essay is based on Hirdman's and Hardning's gender theories and alsow on Nikolajeva's theorie about male and female. During my study I have come to the conclusion that there has been a certain change when it comes to gender in children's books. Among other things, you are now met by male characters who are emotional and do the cleaning work and female characters who work and are independent and courageous. Despite these changes in child-books you can still feel that the male still covers the main role, reflecting society conciousness.

In 2008 it was reported that there are approximately 28,258 internet users viewing pornography every second, and that men look at pornography online more than any other subject matter (Eberstadt 2009). Pornography has become a primary tool of sex education for young men (Bowater 2011) with the average age of first exposure being age 11 (Stefan 2012). However, research on viewer understanding and interpretation of the images is scarce. What are boys learning about sexuality as they watch pornography? Do they use pornography as a ‘how-to’ manual expressing a desire to mimic the onscreen act or do they use pornography as a general stimulant expressing a generalized pleasure, interpreting the act in alternative ways? The pro-pornography stance stresses the agency of the viewer, meaning the viewer has the ability to access a broad array of content creating a poly-semiotic or figurative experience. The anti-pornography stance stresses the agency of the industry, meaning the industry pushes a dominant design creating a mono-semiotic or literal experience. The purpose of this study is to look at how viewers of online pornography interpret what they see. By analyzing viewer comments sampled from free pornographic tube sites, this study seeks to understand the extent of viewer agency; do men interpret pornographic images literally or figuratively?

The CAR (confront, address, replace) Strategy is an antiracist pedagogy aiming to drive out exclusionary terminology in engineering education. “Master-slave” terminology is still commonplace in engineering education and industry. However, questions have been raised about the negative impacts of such language. Usage of exclusionary terminology such as “master-slave” in academia can make students—especially those who identify as women and/or Black/African-American—feel uncomfortable, potentially evoking Stereotype Threat (Danowitz, 2020) and/or Curriculum Trauma (Buul, 2020). Indeed, prior research shows that students from a number of backgrounds find non-inclusive terminologies such as “master-slave” to be a major problem (Danowitz, 2020). Currently, women-identifying and gender nonbinary students are underrepresented in the engineering industry (ASEE, 2020) while Black/African-American students are underrepresented in the entire higher education system, including engineering fields (NSF, 2019). The CAR Strategy, introduced here, stands for: 1) confront; 2) address; 3) replace and aims to provide a framework for driving out iniquitous terminologies in engineering education such as “master-slave.” The first step is to confront the historical significance of the terminology in question. The second step is to address the technical inaccuracies of the legacy terminology. Lastly, replace the problematic terminology with an optional but recommended replacement. This thesis reports on student perceptions and the effectiveness of The CAR Strategy piloted as a teaching framework in the computer engineering department of Cal Poly. Of 64 students surveyed: 70% either agree or strongly agree that The CAR Strategy is an effective framework for driving out exclusionary terminologies. Amman Asfaw first presented certain portions of this thesis at the virtual 2021 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition. The original publication’s copyright is held by ASEE (Asfaw, 2021); secondary authors included Storm Randolph, Victoria Siaumau, Yumi Aguilar, Emily Flores, Dr. Jane Lehr, and Dr. Andrew Danowitz.

本研究以民國八十八年七月至同年十二月間，由國內自製，電視節目分級標識為「普遍級」，且於晚間七時至十二時，以提供娛樂為主，及以多樣形式或多樣組合內容方式播出的無線商業電視台綜藝節目為研究對象，並試圖以分析文本內容的方式，自「性別角色特質」及「性騷擾行為」的檢測中探究其間再現出的兩性關係與兩性互動。 在研究設計上，本研究將其區分為二個階段。第一階段，先透過統計分析得出各單元與各節目之性別角色特質及性騷擾行為的數據分佈，而後於第二階段提出綜藝節目再現出的兩性關係型態與不同的綜藝節目類型。根據內容分析結果，研究發現有三： 一、在單元及節目的各別分析結果部分，晚間綜藝節目中的男女呈現仍維持在傳統「男人要有男人的樣子，女人要有女人的樣子」階段，男性亦習於藉由不斷地性活動，尤其是性騷擾女性來證明自己是男子漢。 二、綜藝節目再現出的兩性關係型態有：（1）俊男、醜男與美女；（2）呈現簡化與複雜的情感世界；（3）親密行為娛樂化；（4）「賺」「虧」的價值觀；與（5）「男強女弱」的性別意識。 三、綜藝節目類型有四，包括「兩性平等型」節目、「刻板印象型」節目、「性騷擾型」節目與「父權意識型」節目，其中，在本研究期間以「兩性平等型」及「性騷擾型」節目較多。 自上述研究發現可知，無線晚間綜藝節目再現出的內容不僅深化了性別間權力的不平等狀態，亦複製了父制的兩性關係。另外，延伸研究結果而來的問題則是綜藝節目如何在提供娛樂之餘，尚能兼顧媒介應有的責任與義務：傳遞性別平等意識的內容給閱聽人，這不僅是當前綜藝節目急需突破的瓶頸，亦為各方所應共同深思的課題。

<p> The age at which a juvenile female reaches sexual maturity can be modulated by a variety of environmental and social factors. Experiments described in this thesis were designed to enhance the current understanding of the relationships among three variables that influence the onset of sexual maturation in female mice (Mus musculus), including: [1] exposure to dietary phytoestrogens during development, [2] variations in prenatal androgens, and [3] the presence or absence of genetically-unrelated males after weaning. For the first time, age at onset of male-induced female puberty was investigated using non-invasive behavioural and fertility measures. Through enzyme immunoassay procedures, daily output of urinary creatinine, 17P-estradiol, and progesterone was profiled in developing females that were either isolated or exposed to adult males. Uterine and ovarian tissue was also measured in such females, and male exposure was observed to increase reproductive tissue mass and was influenced by prior androgen exposure in interaction with diet and male presence. Male-exposed females fed a diet containing phytoestrogens immediately became sexually receptive when housed directly with males, and they conceived earlier than females in other conditions. Females with longer anogenital distance, which reflects higher in utero androgen exposure, displayed more escape attempts and aggressive posturing in the direct presence of males, especially when they had been housed near males and fed the phytoestrogen-containing diet. Urinary 17P-estradiol was substantially reduced in females raised on the phytoestrogenfree diet. Urinary output of progesterone was not strongly influenced by diet. Maleexposed females ' output of progesterone and 17P-estradiol was more dynamic in comparison to that of isolated females. The size of this effect depended on diet, prior androgen exposure, and whether urinary steroid measures were adjusted by urinary creatinine. Urinary creatinine was elevated by the low phytoestrogen diet and reduced by male exposure. These data suggest that dietary phytoestrogens and in utero androgen exposure interact with presence or absence of males in determining the age at onset of sexual maturity in developing females. </p> <p> A final experiment was designed to examine two components of adult male urine, preputial gland emissions and unconjugated estrogens, that have been posited to act on females to advance reproductive maturation. Intact and preputialectomized males were compared in their output of urinary creatinine, 17~-estradiol, and testosterone, and in their influence on reproductive tissue in juvenile females. Lack of preputial glands did not hinder the capacity of males to induce uterine and ovarian growth in females. Male urinary creatinine was reduced by exposure to juvenile females. Creatinine-adjusted 17~estradiol and testosterone were greater in female-exposed males, regardless of whether the preputial glands were present. Based on these findings and those reported elsewhere, it is probable that male excreted urinary steroids are important in regulating reproductive changes in developing females exposed to males. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The sports movement plays an important role in generating democratic upbringing and participationamong Sweden´s population. The assumption that sports associations constitute a school in democracyis well established in sports policy and is the basis for today's public sports support. Equality workoccurs within the sports movement where the Swedish Sports Confederation works to ensure thatwomen and men throughout the movement have the same power to shape sports and their ownparticipation and that no gender should be represented by less than 40 percent. This study aim todescribe and analyze election committees within wrestling associations in Sweden in their work ofrecruiting new and retaining existing board members from an equality and gender perspective. Byinterviewing seven people that represent different election committees, we were able to analyze thewrestling associations recruiting processes. The result shows that a recruitment process exists but is notinterpreted. The attitudes and perceptions of gender equality in a board are positive – several selectionboards advocate more women. The problem, however, lies in the fact that there the election committeeshave an androcentric approach which to some extent contributes to a reproduction of the powerrelations that exist within wrestling today, in order to break the structures and norms and succeed ingetting more women in, the associations may need more help from superiors

Although previous studies have suggested a certain degree of right hemisphere dominance for the response of extrastriate body area (EBA) during body perception, recent evidence suggests that this functional lateralization may differ between men and women. It is unknown, however, whether and how gender differences in body perception affect appreciating the beauty of the body of conspecifics. Here, we applied five 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) pulses over left and right EBA and over the vertex to investigate the contribution of visual body representations in the two hemispheres on esthetic body perception. Female and male healthy volunteers were requested to judge how much they liked opposite- and same-gender virtual model bodies or to judge their weight, thus allowing us to compare the effects of right- and left-EBA rTMS on esthetic (liking) and perceptual (weight) judgments of human bodies. The analysis of the esthetic judgments provided by women revealed that right-EBA rTMS increased the liking judgments of opposite- but not same-gender models, as compared to both vertex and left EBA stimulation. Conversely, in men the liking judgments of opposite-gender models decreased after virtual disruption of both right and left EBA as compared to vertex stimulation. Crucially, no significant effect was found for the perceptual task, showing that left- and right-EBA rTMS did not affect weight perception. Our results provide evidence of gender difference in the hemispheric asymmetry of EBA in the esthetic processing of human bodies, with women showing stronger right hemisphere dominance in comparison with men.