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The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that an ordinal relationship of adjustment and self concept existed among four groups of adolescent girls: (1) non institutionalized girls enrolled in a public high school; (2) institutionalized delinquent girls participating in a kinship system and homosexual behavior; (3) institutionalized delinquent girls participating in a kinship system, but not homosexual behavior; and (4) institutionalized delinquent girls not participating in a kinship system. Kinship involvement was defined as that role behavior accepted and exhibited by the girls representative of husband, wife, brother, sister, or other family member. Six sub hypotheses were presupposed and tested; three were related to adjustment and three, to self concept.One hundred twenty subjects participated in the study, thirty subjects being in each group. The ninety institutionalized girls were stratified on the basis of their behavior as judged by two of three persons: the institutional staff psychologist, the girls' assigned counselor, and the girls' housemother. The total sample ranged between fourteen and eighteen years of age.Adjustment was measured by the Total Adjustment score from the California Test of Personality, Secondary Level and the General Maladjustment and Personality Integration scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, Clinical and Research Form (TSCS). The Total Positive score from the TSCS was utilized as the measure of self concept. All girls were tested during the spring of 1970.Data collected from the instruments were initially treated by a one-way analysis of variance. Utilizing the data computed, an analysis of orthogonal comparisons was applied to test the six hypotheses. An F test significant at the .05 level indicated rejection of the null hypotheses.Two of the six hypotheses were statistically significant. They indicated the noninstitutionalized adolescents were significantly better adjusted and evidenced higher self concepts than any of the institutionalized groups. No statistically significant differences were found among the institutionalized groups in adjustment or self concepts on the basis of the remaining hypotheses.In an effort to detect trends in the data and to determine which groups contributed most to the significant differences found, an analysis of orthogonal comparisons was applied to the subscales constituting the Total Positive and Total Adjustment scores. This was followed by the Scheffe test applied to those significant differences observed. A trend was observed for the institutionalized group participating in a kinship system and homosexual behavior to be significantly different in adjustment from the remaining institutionalized groups. No trend was observed on those subscales measuring self concept. Through further analysis, the kinship members involved in homosexual behavior were found to be significantly less adjusted than the remaining delinquent.groups. The kinship members not participating in homosexual behavior were found to evidence lower self concepts than any of the remaining delinquent groups.On the basis of the hypotheses tested, the general research hypothesis was only partially confirmed. An ordinal relationship among the four groups tested existed only as far as the differentiation between the non institutionalized and institutionalized groups were concerned. No ordinal relationship among the institutionalized groups was found to exist. Based on the post analysis findings, a reversed trend from the expected direction relative to adjustment was observed. The homosexually involved kinship members were significantly less adjusted than the other delinquent groups. No conclusion was drawn from the data relative to self concept. Suggestions for future research emanating from the results of the analyses conducted were offered.

There are several diverse types of employment discrimination in China’s labour market. Two of the most significant are differentials in employment opportunity and differentials in earnings by gender and household registration system (hukou). Thus, female migrant workers are doubly disadvantaged as victims of discrimination against both rural people and women. This thesis uses mixed research methods (both quantitative and qualitative approaches) to explore four questions related to this dual disadvantage: First, in the public sphere, are those with higher socioeconomic status (i.e., urbanites in China) willing to allow equal opportunities and rights for female migrant workers? Second, in the labour market, is there any evidence to demonstrate that gender and household registration system interact to shape female migrant workers’ employment opportunities and earnings? Third, still in the labour market, if a significant interaction is found between hukou and gender, the female migrant worker group will be compared to the members of three other groups: male migrant workers, urban males, and urban females. The following question will then be investigated: Do female migrant workers experience double (additive assumptions), less than double or more than double (intersectional assumptions) jeopardy in employment discrimination (opportunities and earnings) in 2003 and in 2006? Last, what are the trends in employment discrimination against this group over time? In an exploration of these four questions, this thesis offers theoretical, methodological and practical contributions to an understanding of female migrant workers’ experiences in urban China. It is found that Chinese urbanites indeed do not want to share social goods, attributes and services with female migrant workers. This hostility and intolerance in the public sphere have affected female migrant workers’ access to employment opportunities and earnings. In most cases, they have suffered more than double jeopardy with respect to employment opportunities and earnings. The trends in these two types of employment discrimination are mixed. Employment discrimination against these female migrant workers both in public sphere and in the labour market not only points to the social exclusion based on ascribed features (i.e., hukou and gender), but also reveals the nature of China’s transitional economies that involve both institutional and socio-cultural barriers to social equality.

This research emerged out of an idea which originated in an earlier MSc dissertation, in which I had explored the differences between male and female offenders (Pullar, 2000). Here I discovered that a substantial number of women had been found guilty of offences that were violent in nature. This finding was backed up by my own recent practice experience relating to women involved in the probation services. What I began to suspect was that women offenders, contrary to conventional assumptions operating within criminal justice social work services, were not an homogeneous group. On the contrary, I began to consider whether there were identifiable differences between women who had been convicted of offences involving violence and those who had been convicted of non-violent offences. This observation led me to turn to some of the more recent research on women offenders, some of which, (e.g. Loucks and Zamble, 2001), suggested that in practice, women offenders display significantly different offending patterns in terms of their pathways into offending, their offending behaviour and the factors that sustain that behaviour. It is also suggested that women w are convicted of violent offences display behaviour that is very similar to that of male offenders. The target group for my own research was all women who had appeared in court and had had a social enquiry report prepared about them and were living in Fife within the financial year April 2003 to March 2004. This time-scale allowed verification of the quantitative data collected, by comparison with figures submitted by Fife Council Criminal Justice Service to the Audit Commission for Scotland. A population of women offenders was considered in this year and 200 separate cases were included. In addition to the quantitative data collected, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 women, all of whom were subject to statutory supervision. Both parts of the data collection were completed by August 2004. In order that the quantitative data could be collected in a systematic fashion, the Level of Service Inventory (Revised), or L.S.I.-R., was used to collect information about the target group. Furthermore, two additional parameters were added to this inventory, both of which were factors that had been identified previously by researchers as being associated with offending behaviour in women. These were firstly, experiences of childhood abuse and neglect, and secondly, having a male partner who was involved in criminal activity. The differences between the two groups of women offenders were analysed for statistical significance, using the Excel worksheet package. The L.S.I.-R. was also used in helping to construct a framework for the collection of the qualitative data. The interview schedule for the semi-structured interviews with women probationers was devised to reflect the areas of criminogenic need identified as relevant both by the L.S.I.-R. and by researchers in the field of women offenders (e.g. Carlen, 1988). Once completed, the interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed, with the help of the NUD*IST qualitative data analysis computer package. The research concludes that marked differences were found between women offenders convicted of violent offences and those convicted of offences which did not involve violence. Strong evidence was gathered regarding differences in the ways that the women had become involved in offending and some of the elements that sustained that behaviour, notably substance abuse. There was also some indication that life-course experiences were particularly significant for the group of women who had been convicted of violent offences. The thesis concludes that, in view of the differences, these groups require different kinds of social work service provision.

During female meiotic prophase in many organisms, a specialized chromatin structure is formed in the oocyte nucleus. This structure is known as the karyosome, and has been proposed to be important for the formation of the female meiotic bipolar spindle. However, how the karyosome is formed and maintained is not very well understood. To identify proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of the karyosome, I carried out a cytological screen on a collection of 220 mutant fly lines for mutants that were defective in karyosome morphology. The screen identified 46 mutants on the X and 2nd chromosome with abnormal karyosomes. Genetic analysis of these 46 mutants, followed by molecular analysis of one mutant, identified SRPK (SR Protein Kinase) as a protein that is important for the proper formation of the karyosome. NHK-1 (Nucleosomal Histone Kinase 1) was previously identified as a protein that is essential for the formation of the karyosome via its phosphorylation of BAF (Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor). NHK-1 phosphorylation of BAF leads to the release of chromatin from the nuclear membrane, an essential step for the formation of the karyosome, however, the regulation of this process is unclear. In order to identify genes that interact with NHK-1, I carried out a genetic modifier screen using a semi-lethal allele of NHK-1, NHK-1trip. After screening a collection of 44 deficiencies located on the 2nd chromosome, I identified a genetic region (44B8-44D1) containing a gene that interacts with NHK-1 and, when gene dosage is halved, enhanced the semi-lethal phenotype of NHK-1trip.

Female archetypes reflect a social construction of reality, expressing expected modes of behavior, beliefs, and assumptions about women and are reinforced by repetition of common patterns and themes. Often female archetypes take on the physical characteristics of animals, commune with nature, engage in sexual promiscuity, and possess special powers to bewitch and control men into doing their bidding. Four prevalent archetypes include: the Predatory Woman, who with her bestial nature becomes the hunter of men; the Sacrificial Woman, who dutifully negates herself for the sake of men; the Bad Mother, who is cold, unnatural, and challenges men; and les enfants terrible seductive girl-women who at once tempt and torment men. This research traces the development and evolution of female archetypes and explores how images of women, nature, sexuality, and evil are structured within a cultural framework of Western tradition: myths and folktales, religious, philosophical, and scientific works, and film.

This thesis examines the different ways films have explored female presence as a narrative and stylistic concern. The role of female presence in the creation of film meaning has often been reductively minimised or altogether neglected within many theoretical approaches to cinema. Depictions of female characters—especially those found in Hollywood films—have been viewed by feminist critics only in terms of the manifestation of sexist ideological principles, whilst more recently, 'affective' film theorists have reduced the role of presence to a simple question of fluctuating physical intensity. This thesis contests these limiting and monolithic understandings of the function of female presence by demonstrating how films have produced complex and diverse meanings through their portrayals of women characters. Closely analysing films by six directors from various styles of cinema, including examples from Classic Hollywood film and more experimental or avant-garde works, the thesis contends that films can raise the question of the condition of a female character's presence as a vital component of meaning. It illuminates how the subject of female presence is advanced, moment-to-moment, as a crucial element in the achievement of these films' intricately wrought dramas. The thesis therefore shows that female film presence is neither simply a symptom of ideology, nor a vehicle for varying degrees of affective intensity. Rather, it is something which is actively at stake in the drama and the design of films.

This analysis will explore the progression and transformation of carnivalesque theory in six novels. The carnivalesque analysis will focus on Victorian women and the working class over a time period beginning around 1830 and ending in 1910. The novels that comprise this study are Thomas Hardy’s The Return of the Native and Jude the Obscure; Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South and Charlotte Bronte’s Shirley; and finally Arnold Bennett’s The Old Wives’ Tale and E. M. Forster’s Howards End. The study intends to show a progression in the role of women that utilizes carnivalesque display as a vehicle. Women in the Hardy novels represent those who rebel against prescriptive Victorian mores in the midst of carnivalesque scenes. Hardy intends to use transgressive women and the suffering they endure to illustrate how Victorian rules of decorum and the institution of marriage are confining to point of being destructive. Gaskell and Bronte’s novels represent industrial or condition-of-England novels that show how Victorian women gain greater access and understanding of the working class and poor through spending time with these groups while performing charitable works. The carnivalesque has indeed undergone a partial transformation because scenes that overturn authority occur not only in public settings like the marketplace, but they also show up in the form of worker strikes and uprisings. Because the females in these novels have a greater understanding of the plight of the poor workers, they are able to advocate on their behalf and exert influence upon the managers and owners that helps to bring about reform in the workers’ situation. Finally the last two novels represent the culmination of this study as they reveal how carnivalesque scenes, both public and private, frame the experiences of two sets of sisters, both of which occupy the liminal space between the Victorian Age and Modernism. Women have progressed to the point of being able to overcome adversity and personal failure and grow into strong, independent individuals who speak for themselves, live independently, exert their own authority, and finally vote.

The Arizona Child Acoustic Database consists of longitudinal audio recordings from a group of children over a critical period of growth and development (ages 2-7 years). The goal of this database is to 1) document acoustic changes in speech production that may be related to physical growth 2) inform development of a model of speech production for child talkers. This work was funded by NSF BSC-1145011 awarded to Kate Bunton, Ph.D. and Brad Story, Ph.D, Principal Investigators. This database contains longitudinal audio recordings of 55 American English speaking children between the ages of 2-7 at 3-month intervals. Since children began the study at different ages, some children have fewer recording sessions than others. The database can also be used to provide cross-sectional data for children of a specific age. Please refer to the subject data table for information on specific sessions available here http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/316065. All children were recorded using the same protocol; therefore, task numbers are consistent across children and sessions. A calibration tone is included as Record 1 for all sessions. The speech protocol focused on production of English monopthong and diphthong vowels in isolation, sVd, hVd, and monosyllabic real words. In addition, the protocol includes several nonsense vowel-to-vowel transitions. Speakers were prompted either verbally by investigators or by graphical prompts. Details of the protocol with reference to task numbers can be found in the protocol spreadsheet available here http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/316065. Details on data recording: All samples were recorded digitally using an AKG SE 300B microphone with a mouth to mic distance of approximately 10 inches. Signals were recorded digitally using a Marantz PMD671, 16 bit PCM (uncompressed) at 44.1KHz. Recordings are made available in .wav format. Individual zip files contain all recordings from a single session.

It is expected that tourism industry is one of the fields that can boost female employment and therefore, can help redress the balance and empower women in Iran. Equal opportunities in employment assist them for empowerment. Being a tour guide is one of these opportunities, although most jobs are created elsewhere, e.g. hotels and restaurants. But for this thesis, tour guides are important from two aspects: first, it is a challenging condition that you find out what you are capable of and second; it is not an extension of traditional domestic roles, and it is a new role for women in a male-dominated job market.This study aims to investigate how female tour guides perceive their roles in the tourism industry and the elements of these perceptions among their family, colleagues, and tourists who could serve empowering or disempowering.