Bioethanol is an environmentally friendly fuel, obtained from different renewable sources, which can be sweetened raw materials, starch or cellulose. One of the factors that influence cell proliferation and transformation efficiency of sugar into ethanol is the need of nutritional yeast during ethanol fermentation processes. The use of cassava for the production of ethanol as an alternative presents itself, generating mainly the improvement in income distribution in regions of low population density. However, further study is needed to process improvement, contributing to its viability. This study evaluates the fermentation kinetics of enzymatic and acid hydrolysates with and without nutritional supplementation, obtained mixing two types of cassava grown in the municipality of Junqueiro-AL. Fermentations were conducted in simple batch in oven at 30°C, with commercial yeast and nutritional supplement made with nutrient used in distilleries in the State. The kinetics of the fermentation process was monitored by determining the cell concentration (X), total soluble solids (Brix), reducing sugars (AR), total reducing sugars (ART) and ethanol (E). At the end of fermentation parameters were determined conversion factor substrate in cells (YX/S), conversion factor substrate in ethanol (YE/S) conversion factor cell in ethanol (YE/X), ethanol productivity (PE), cells productivity (PX), fermentation efficiency (nf (%)) and process efficiency (np (%)). The results showed that the use of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of flour generated sufficient sugar for the fermentations, showing satisfactory yields, being 80,15% ± 0,78 for the acid hydrolysis, and 98,02 ± 0,26 for enzymatic hydrolysis. The results obtained at the end of fermentation for the medium based of acid hydrolyzate without nutritional supplementation (HASN), the medium based of acid hydrolyzate with nutritional supplementation (HACN), the medium based of enzymatic hydrolyzate without nutritional supplementation (HESN) and the medium based of enzymatic hydrolyzate with nutritional supplement (HECN), in that order, were: 48,09, 48,11, 49,59 and 49,45 g/L for ethanol concentration; 1,57, 1,57, 1,63 and 1,60 g/L.h for productivity in ethanol (PE); 80,23, 82,14, 84,15 and 80,23% for the fermentation efficiency (nf (%)); and 76,45, 76,37, 82,40 and 79,86% for process efficiency (np (%)). / O etanol é um biocombustível ambientalmente correto, obtido de diversas fontes renováveis, que podem ser matérias-primas açucaradas, amiláceas ou celulósicas. Um dos fatores que influenciam na multiplicação celular e na eficiência de transformação de açúcar em etanol é a necessidade nutricional das leveduras durante o processo de fermentação etanólica. A utilização de mandioca para a fabricação de etanol apresenta-se como alternativa, gerando, principalmente, a melhoria na distribuição de renda nas regiões de baixa densidade populacional. Todavia, ainda é necessário estudos para aprimoramento do processo, contribuindo para sua viabilidade. Este trabalho avalia a cinética da fermentação dos hidrolisados ácido e enzimático, com e sem complementação nutricional, obtidos da mistura de dois tipos de farinha de mandioca cultivada no município de Junqueiro-AL. As fermentações foram conduzidas em batelada simples, em estufa à 30°C, com levedura comercial (fermento Fermix), vendida na forma de fermento em pó seco, e complementação nutricional feita com nutriente utilizado nas destilarias do estado. A cinética do processo fermentativo foi acompanhada através das determinações de concentração celular (X), sólidos solúveis totais (Brix), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares redutores totais (ART) e etanol (E). Ao final das fermentações foram determinados os parâmetros fator de conversão substrato em células (YX/S), fator de conversão substrato em etanol (YE/S), fator de conversão células em etanol (YE/X), produtividade em etanol (PE), produtividade em células (PX), eficiência de fermentação (nf (%)) e eficiência de processo (np (%)). Os resultados mostraram que o emprego dos tratamentos ácido e enzimático na hidrólise da farinha gerou açúcar suficiente para as fermentações, apresentando rendimentos satisfatórios, sendo 80,15% ± 0,78 para a hidrólise ácida e 98,02 ± 0,26 para a hidrólise enzimática. Os resultados obtidos no final das fermentações para o meio à base de hidrolisado ácido sem complementação nutricional (HASN), o meio à base de hidrolisado ácido com complementação nutricional (HACN), o meio à base de hidrolisado enzimático sem complementação nutricional (HESN) e o meio à base de hidrolisado enzimático com complementação nutricional (HECN), nessa ordem, foram: 48,09, 48,11, 49,59 e 49,45 g/L para a concentração de etanol; 1,57, 1,57, 1,63 e 1,60 g/L.h para a produtividade em etanol (PE); 80,23, 82,19, 84,15 e 80,23% para a eficiência de fermentação (nf (%)); e 76,46, 76,37, 82,40 e 79,86% para a eficiência de processo (np (%)).

This study was conducted to determine if nutrient utilization and enteric methane (CH4) emissions could be improved in overwintering beef cows consuming low-quality forage supplemented with protein in the form of dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) in thermal-neutral and cold-stressed environments. Thirty mature, dry and non-pregnant beef cows were divided into three treatment groups and fed diets consisting of low-quality (6.0% crude protein; CP) forage with no DDGS (control, CON), 10% DDGS (borderline sufficient CP, 8.7% CP), or 20% DDGS (excess CP, 11.6% CP). Cold acclimatization did not appear to affect nutrient intake and digestibility by beef cows, but increased N and P excretion by 1.2x and 2.5x, respectively. Cold acclimatized cows reduced energy excretion by 26.8% (7.1 vs. 5.2 ± 0.30% GEI in fall and winter, respectively; P < 0.0001) in accordance with a 33.8% increase in rumen fluid rate of passage (ROP). Supplementation with DDGS improved digestibility of N and P (40.6 vs. 61.2 ± 2.45% N and -23.9 vs. 5.7 ± 5.95% P for CON and 20%DDGS, respectively; P < 0.0001) by increasing digestible substrate in the diet. Protein supplementation increased rumen NH3-N concentrations (1.5, 2.1 and 3.1 ± 0.15 mg 100 mL-1; P < 0.0001) enough to increase rumen fermentation efficiency, resulting in 18.5% lower enteric CH4 emissions when CP was fed in excess of animal requirements. Total excretion of N and P were increased two- and 45-fold, respectively, when excess CP was fed. Reduced enteric CH4 emissions as a result of cold acclimatization suggest an advantage for the Canadian beef herd in terms of environmental sustainability. Supplementing CP in excess of cow requirements may improve nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation efficiency, and mitigate enteric CH4 emissions in beef cows fed low-quality forage diets, but may also contribute to greater N and P loading of soil and ground water.

This study was conducted to determine if nutrient utilization and enteric methane (CH4) emissions could be improved in overwintering beef cows consuming low-quality forage supplemented with protein in the form of dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) in thermal-neutral and cold-stressed environments. Thirty mature, dry and non-pregnant beef cows were divided into three treatment groups and fed diets consisting of low-quality (6.0% crude protein; CP) forage with no DDGS (control, CON), 10% DDGS (borderline sufficient CP, 8.7% CP), or 20% DDGS (excess CP, 11.6% CP). Cold acclimatization did not appear to affect nutrient intake and digestibility by beef cows, but increased N and P excretion by 1.2x and 2.5x, respectively. Cold acclimatized cows reduced energy excretion by 26.8% (7.1 vs. 5.2 ± 0.30% GEI in fall and winter, respectively; P < 0.0001) in accordance with a 33.8% increase in rumen fluid rate of passage (ROP). Supplementation with DDGS improved digestibility of N and P (40.6 vs. 61.2 ± 2.45% N and -23.9 vs. 5.7 ± 5.95% P for CON and 20%DDGS, respectively; P < 0.0001) by increasing digestible substrate in the diet. Protein supplementation increased rumen NH3-N concentrations (1.5, 2.1 and 3.1 ± 0.15 mg 100 mL-1; P < 0.0001) enough to increase rumen fermentation efficiency, resulting in 18.5% lower enteric CH4 emissions when CP was fed in excess of animal requirements. Total excretion of N and P were increased two- and 45-fold, respectively, when excess CP was fed. Reduced enteric CH4 emissions as a result of cold acclimatization suggest an advantage for the Canadian beef herd in terms of environmental sustainability. Supplementing CP in excess of cow requirements may improve nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation efficiency, and mitigate enteric CH4 emissions in beef cows fed low-quality forage diets, but may also contribute to greater N and P loading of soil and ground water.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of concentrations of sugars in the must, on the performance of ethanol fermentation conducted in fed batch with variable flow of power to define the best concentrations of ART in the must (juice, molasses and mixed) that lead to improved efficiencies and productivity in ethanol fermentation.In the preparation of mash mix were used the following proportions (20% molasses + 80% broth, 40% molasses + 60% broth, 50% molasses + 50% broth, 60% molasses + 40% broth, 80% molasses + 20% broth ). The profile power was declining, varying the flow rate from 0.75 to 0.25 Lh-1, with time filling the fermenter 3 hours for all tests, ranging from 30 to 30 minutes to feed flow wort in fermenter 4L workload (3 liters of wine and 1 liter of inoculum), evaluating diferente concentrations of ART in three types of wine studied. We evaluated performance parameters such as fermentation and process efficiencies and productivity in ethanol. Musts were quantified in pH, sulfuric acid, Brix and ART.In the middle fermented (wine), pH, acidity, residual sugar and ethanol content and quantity of cells. The kinetic profile was defined by quantifying the concentrations of cells, substrate and ethanol (in 1 hour). The figures in this study as a starting point for industrial use are 16 to 18 Brix (ART 114.25 to 125.86 g / L), 16 to 18 ° Brix (ART 127.70 to 141.24 g / L) and around 16 ° Brix (ART 113.68 g / L to 123.30), respectively, for juice of molasses, juice and mix (juice + molasses).The fermentation efficiencies were 77.17 to 90.30% for grape juice, from 74.4 to 86.51% for wine and mixed wine from 61.84 to 84.06 for molasses. Yields were obtained from 6.85 to 8.21 g / Lh for wine broth, 5.90 to 7.77 g / Lh for wine mixed and 4.04 to 6.72 g / Lh for grape molasses. These tracks serve to subsidize recommended as a starting point, the conduct of industrial ethanol fermentation conducted in fed batch with variable flow supply, since the conditions for conducting the tests, as well as the raw materials used in the preparation of musts were similar to those used industrially. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência das concentrações de açúcares nos mostos, sobre o desempenho da fermentação etanólica conduzida em batelada alimentada com vazão variável de alimentação, para a definição das melhores concentrações de ART nos mostos (de caldo, de melaço e misto) que conduzam a melhores eficiências de fermentação e produtividade em etanol. Na preparação do mosto misto foram utilizadas as seguintes proporções (20% melaço + 80% caldo, 40% melaço + 60% caldo, 50% melaço + 50% caldo, 60% melaço + 40% caldo, 80% melaço + 20% caldo). O perfil de alimentação foi decrescente, variando-se a vazão de 0,75 a 0,25 L.h-1, com tempo de enchimento do fermentador de 3 horas para todos os ensaios, variando-se de 30 em 30 minutos a vazão de alimentação de mosto, em fermentador de 4L de volume de trabalho (3 litros de mosto e 1 litro de inoculo), avaliando-se diferentes concentrações de ART nos 3 tipos de mosto estudados. Foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho, como eficiências fermentativa e de processo e produtividade em etanol. Nos mostos foram quantificados pH, acidez sulfúrica, Brix e ART. No meio fermentado (vinho), pH, acidez, Açúcares Residuais e teor de etanol e quantidade de células. O perfil cinético foi definido, quantificando-se as concentrações de células, substrato e etanol (em intervalos de 1 hora). Os valores indicados neste estudo, como ponto de partida para utilização industrial, são Brix de 16 a 18 (ART 114,25 a 125,86 g/L), de 14 a 18 °Brix (ART de 112,90 a 141,24 g/L) e próximo de 16 °Brix (ART de 113,68 g/L a 123,30), respectivamente para mostos de melaço, caldo e misto (caldo + melaço). As eficiências de fermentação foram: 77,17 a 90,30%, para mosto de caldo, 74,4 a 86,51% para mosto misto e 61,84 a 84,06 para mosto de melaço. As produtividades obtidas foram 6,85 a 8,21g/L.h, para mosto de caldo, 5,90 a 7,77g/L.h para mosto misto e 4,04 a 6,72g/L.h para mosto d melaço. Estas faixas recomendadas servem para subsidiar, como ponto de partida, a condução da fermentação etanólica industrial conduzida em batelada alimentada com vazão variável de alimentação, visto que as condições de condução dos ensaios, assim como as matérias-primas utilizadas na preparação dos mostos, foram semelhantes às utilizadas industrialmente.