Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fuzarijunior_gc_dr_ilha.pdf: 2491694 bytes, checksum: c09e7e7eb16e8b1d4eed262b46a092d8 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / No presente trabalho foram preparados filmes compósitos de PZT/PVDF com PAni por mistura mecânica e posterior prensagem a quente. A PAni foi inserida de duas maneiras distintas no compósito: recobrindo parcialmente os grãos cerâmicos; e disposta separadamente aos grãos. Foram controladas as razões volumétricas dos constituintes dos compósitos e a condutividade da PAni que pode ser controlada pelo seu grau de protonação. A grande vantagem de sistemas com grãos recobertos é garantir a proximidade de canais de condução (ou polarização) com o grão, além de impossibilitar a percolação da fase condutora se o compósito exibir conectividade 0-3. Para o caso das amostras preparadas com PAni (dopada) disposta separadamente do grão, quando o limiar de percolação é alcançado, torna-se impossível o processo de polarização. Para compósitos com grãos recobertos, os melhores resultados em relação às propriedades de eletroatividade (e polarização) são encontrados acima da concentração crítica, onde o padrão de conectividade 0-3 já não é válido. As grandes vantagens obtidas usando compósitos com condutividade controlada são principalmente o tempo mais curto e o campo elétrico inferior usado para a polarização. Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter filmes compósitos com baixo conteúdo de cerâmica recoberta, que apresentem boas propriedades de eletroatividade e flexibilidade. Como uma de suas possíveis aplicações, o compósito mostrou boas propriedades como sensor fototérmico. / In the present work composite films of PZT-PAni/PVDF were prepared hot pressing the mixture of components mechanically mixed. The PAni was inserted into the composite by two different ways: partially recovering the ceramic grains; and dispersed separately from the ceramic grains. Volumetric ratio of the single phases of the composite and the electrical conductivity of the PAni were controlled. The advantage of systems with ceramic grains partially recovered is that it allow the neighborhood of conduction channels (or poling) with the ceramic grain, besides to prevent the percolation of the conducting phase if the composite exhibit 0-3 connectivity. For the case of samples prepared with doped PAni dispersed separately from the ceramic grain, the poling process is not able when the limiar of percolation is reached. For composites with partially recovered grains the best results concerned to the electroactive properties (and polarization) are obtained over the critical concentration where the 0-3 connectivity pattern is not valid. The advantages obtained using composite with controlled conductivity are mainly the poling short time of polarization and the lower electric field. The results showed the possibility to obtain composite films with low content of recovered ceramic grain, which shows good electroactive property with flexibility. The composite also showed good properties as photothermal sensor

Face à la volonté d’intégrer une quantité toujours plus importante de nouveaux services au sein des terminaux mobiles de nouvelle génération et afin de répondre à leurs contraintes d’encombrement, des nouveaux concepts d’antennes intelligentes font l’objet de nombreuses recherches. Parmi les solutions proposées dans la littérature, la technique consistant à charger l’antenne par un matériau aux propriétés commandables apparaît particulièrement intéressante puisque elle cumule les effets de miniaturisation et d’agilité. Le travail de cette thèse concerne l’intégration des films minces La-Ti-O-N et BST dans des antennes miniatures et agiles en fréquence. Pour cela, une étude systématique des propriétés diélectriques (constante, tangente de pertes et accordabilité) des films La-Ti-O-N a été réalisée en basses et hautes fréquences. Ces propriétés sont fonction des caractéristiques structurales des films, elles-mêmes issues de la nature du substrat utilisé et des conditions de dépôt. En parallèle, une étude sur l’intégration de ces matériaux dans des structures rayonnantes pour atteindre l’agilité souhaitée a été menée. De premiers démonstrateurs d’antennes miniatures et reconfigurables à base des films minces La-Ti-O-N et BST ont été réalisés et caractérisés. / Given the desire to integrate a large number of new services in latest generation of hand held devices and in order to meet their dimensional constraints, new concepts of smart antennas are considered to be the subject of many researches. Among several solutions mentioned in the bibliography, the technique of loading the antenna with tunable material is particularly interesting because it combines the effects of miniaturization and tunability. The studies in this thesis focus on the integration of La-Ti-O-N and BST thin films in antenna conception for miniaturization and agility in frequency. A study of dielectric properties (permittivity, loss tangent and tunability) of La-Ti-ON thin films was realized. These properties are found to be depending on the structural characteristics of the thin films, which derived from the nature of the substrate and the deposition conditions. In the mean time, another study for the integration of these materials in radiating structures to achieve agility in frequency was carried out. Demonstrations of miniaturized and reconfigurable antennas based on La-Ti-ON and BST thin films were fabricated and characterized.

Orientador: Alexandre Zirpoli Simoes / Banca: José Vitor Candido de Souza / Banca: Mauricio Antonio Algatti / Banca: Francisco Moura Filho / Banca: Filiberto González Garcia / Resumo: Os elementos de memórias de múltiplos estados nos quais a informação pode ser armazenada tanto nos estados de polarização quanto no estado de magnetização espontânea do elemento, podem ser obtidos, através da fabricação de filmes finos texturizados de BiFeO3 (BFO) dopados com Cálcio, sobre eletrodo de (Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si), visando otimizar as propriedades ferroeletromagnêticas. O método Pechini ou percursores poliméricos, depositados por "Spin-Coating", é relativamente de fácil controle e baixo custo para a deposição de filmes finos texturizados. O cristal do BiFeO3 possui uma estrutura perovskita distorcida em um sistema romboédrica, mas em formato de filme fino encontramos uma fase pseudo tetragonal favorável as propriedades de memorias de múltiplos estados, como a diminuição da degradação, aumento da polarização espontânea e remanescente, diminuição na corrente de fuga, diminuição do tempo de resposta ao impulso, crescimento epitaxial, controle de vacâncias de oxigênio e diminuição de fases secundarias. Tudo isso é atingido, através de variações das resinas, controlando a volatização excessiva do Bismuto e de parâmetros no crescimento do filme, como, o tempo e temperatura de cristalização, da quantidade de dopante Ca, na variação de diferentes eletrodos óxidos de base para produção do filme fino. Apesar das excelentes propriedades dos filmes finos de BiFeO3 (BFO), dois sérios problemas são comumente encontrados para imediata aplicação deste material em memórias multiferróica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The multi-state memory elements in which the information can be stored in both the polarization states and the spontaneous magnetization state of the element can be obtained by the production of calcium-doped thin films of BiFeO3 (BFO) on electrode (Pt / TiO2 / SiO2 / Si), in order to optimize ferroelectromagnetic properties. The Pechini method or polymer precursors, deposited by Spin-Coating, is relatively easy to control and low cost for the deposition of textured thin films. The crystal of the BiFeO3 has a perovskite structure distorted in a rhombohedral system, but in thin film format we find a pseudo tetragonal phase favorable to the properties of memories of multiple states, such as the decrease of the degradation, increase of the spontaneous and remaining polarization, decrease in the current reduction of impulse response time, epitaxial growth, control of oxygen vacancies and decrease of secondary phases. All of this is achieved through variations of the resins, controlling the excessive volatilization of Bismuth and parameters in the growth of the film, such as the time and temperature of crystallization, the amount of dopant Ca, in the variation of different base oxides electrodes for production of the thin film. Despite the excellent properties of the BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films, two serious problems are commonly encountered for the immediate application of this material in multiferroic memories: high current density, resulting in Fe (Fe3 + to Fe2 +) valence fluctuatio... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Au cours de ces travaux de thèse, la mésostructure et le comportement électrique/photoélectrique de mélanges de polymères semi-conducteur et ferroélectrique en films minces ont été étudiés pour des applications en électronique organique. Les propriétés de semi-conduction du P3HT et de ferroélectricité du P(VDF-TrFe) ont été associées au sein d’une même couche active. Il a été observé que le développement d’une morphologie de la couche active en film mince présentant des domaines bi-continus permet de conserver les propriétés intrinsèques des deux matériaux. Des dispositifs de type stockage d’informations ont été réalisés à partir de la couche active composée de 10 % P3HT – 90 % P(VDF-TrFe) et la modulation des propriétés d’injection des dispositifs par le champ ferroélectrique a été étudiée. Des cellules photovoltaïques ont également été réalisées à partir de cette couche active qui présente des propriétés optoélectroniques qui varient selon l’état de polarisation du P(VDF-TrFe). L’influence du champ ferroélectrique sur l’efficacité de la photogénération de charges du P3HT et la modulation du photocourant par l’état de polarisation du P(VDF-TrFe) ont ainsi été déterminées. / In this thesis, the mesostructure and the electric/photoelectric behavior of ferroelectric/semi-conductor polymer blends in thin films have been studied for organic electronic applications. The semi-conductivity property of P3HT was associated with the ferroelectricity of P(VDF-TrFe) in one active layer. It has been observed that the intrinsic properties of both materials remained with the bi-continous morphology of these thin films. Memory devices were fabricated based on the 10 % P3HT – 90 % P(VDF-TrFe) active layer and the modulation of the injection properties by the ferroelectric field has been studied. We have also demonstrated that the P3HT/P(VDF-TrFe) thin films exhibit optoelectronic properties which depend on the polarization state of P(VDF-TrFe). The influence of the ferroelectric field on the photogeneration of charges of P3HT and the variation of the photocurrent with the polarization state of P(VDF-TrFe) were determined.

<p>Nano-powders of BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃, a mixture of the composition (BaTiO₃)_0.6(SrTiO₃)_0.4 with particle sizes in the range of 60 to 80 nm, and Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ with an average particle size of 100 nm were consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The kinetics of reaction, densification and grain growth were studied. An experimental procedure is outlined that allows the determination of a “kinetic window” within which dense nano-sized compacts can be prepared. It is shown that the sintering behaviour of the five powders varies somewhat, but is generally speaking fairly similar. However, the types of grain growth behaviour of these powders are quite different, exemplified by the observation that the kinetic window for the (BaTiO₃)_0.6(SrTiO₃)_0.4 mixture is 125 ^oC, ~75 ^oC for Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, ~25^oC for BaTiO₃ and SrTiO₃, while it is hard to observe an apparent kinetic window for obtaining nano-sized compacts of Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃. During the densification of the (BaTiO₃)_0.6(SrTiO₃)_0.4 mixture the reaction 0.6BaTiO₃+0.4SrTiO₃ → Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ takes place, and this reaction is suggested to have a self-pinning effect on the grain growth, which in turn explains why this powder has a large kinetic window. Notably, SPS offers a unique opportunity to more preciously investigate and monitor the sintering kinetics of nano-powders, and it allows preparation of ceramics with tailored microstructures.</p><p>The dielectric properties of selected samples of (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ ceramics have been studied. The results are correlated with the microstructural features of these samples, <i>e.g.</i> to the grain sizes present in the compacts. The ceramic with nano-sized microstructure exhibits a diffuse transition in permittivity and reduced dielectric losses in the vicinity of the Curie temperature, whereas the more coarse-grained compacts exhibit normal dielectric properties in the ferroelectric region.</p><p>The morphology evolution, with increasing sintering temperature, of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics such as Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT) and CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ (CBNO) was investigated. The subsequent isothermal sintering experiments revealed that the nano-sized particles of the BIT precursor powder grew into elongated plate-like grains within a few minutes, via a dynamic ripening mechanism.</p><p>A new processing strategy for obtaining highly textured ceramics is described. It is based on a<i> directional dynamic ripening mechanism</i> <i>induced by superplastic deformation</i>. The new strategy makes it possible to produce a <i>textured</i> microstructure within minutes, and it allows production of textured ferroelectric ceramics with tailored morphology and improved physical properties.</p><p>The ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of the textured bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics have been studied, and it was revealed that all textured samples exhibited anisotropic properties and improved performance. The highly textured Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ ceramic exhibited ferroelectric properties equal to or better than those of corresponding single crystals, and much better than those previously reported for grain-orientated Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ ceramics. Textured CaBi₂Nb₂O₉ ceramics exhibited a very high Curie temperature, <i>d</i><i>33</i>-values nearly three times larger than those of conventionally sintered materials, and a high thermal depoling temperature indicating that it is a very promising material for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.</p>

Based on a Ph.D. thesis in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, 1963. / Bibliography: p. 81-83.

Nano-powders of BaTiO3, SrTiO3, Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, a mixture of the composition (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 with particle sizes in the range of 60 to 80 nm, and Bi4Ti3O12 with an average particle size of 100 nm were consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The kinetics of reaction, densification and grain growth were studied. An experimental procedure is outlined that allows the determination of a “kinetic window” within which dense nano-sized compacts can be prepared. It is shown that the sintering behaviour of the five powders varies somewhat, but is generally speaking fairly similar. However, the types of grain growth behaviour of these powders are quite different, exemplified by the observation that the kinetic window for the (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 mixture is 125 oC, ~75 oC for Bi4Ti3O12, ~25oC for BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, while it is hard to observe an apparent kinetic window for obtaining nano-sized compacts of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3. During the densification of the (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 mixture the reaction 0.6BaTiO3+0.4SrTiO3 → Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 takes place, and this reaction is suggested to have a self-pinning effect on the grain growth, which in turn explains why this powder has a large kinetic window. Notably, SPS offers a unique opportunity to more preciously investigate and monitor the sintering kinetics of nano-powders, and it allows preparation of ceramics with tailored microstructures. The dielectric properties of selected samples of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 ceramics have been studied. The results are correlated with the microstructural features of these samples, e.g. to the grain sizes present in the compacts. The ceramic with nano-sized microstructure exhibits a diffuse transition in permittivity and reduced dielectric losses in the vicinity of the Curie temperature, whereas the more coarse-grained compacts exhibit normal dielectric properties in the ferroelectric region. The morphology evolution, with increasing sintering temperature, of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics such as Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) and CaBi2Nb2O9 (CBNO) was investigated. The subsequent isothermal sintering experiments revealed that the nano-sized particles of the BIT precursor powder grew into elongated plate-like grains within a few minutes, via a dynamic ripening mechanism. A new processing strategy for obtaining highly textured ceramics is described. It is based on a directional dynamic ripening mechanism induced by superplastic deformation. The new strategy makes it possible to produce a textured microstructure within minutes, and it allows production of textured ferroelectric ceramics with tailored morphology and improved physical properties. The ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of the textured bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics have been studied, and it was revealed that all textured samples exhibited anisotropic properties and improved performance. The highly textured Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic exhibited ferroelectric properties equal to or better than those of corresponding single crystals, and much better than those previously reported for grain-orientated Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics. Textured CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics exhibited a very high Curie temperature, d33-values nearly three times larger than those of conventionally sintered materials, and a high thermal depoling temperature indicating that it is a very promising material for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.

The unique features of the Spark plasma sintering (SPS) were used to investigate the sintering and deformation behaviour of titanium and titanium–titanium diboride composites, and to control the sintering and grain growth of ferroelectric Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) and of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the SPS the samples experience a temperature different from that recorded by the thermocouple (pyrometer) used and this temperature difference has been estimated for Ti and NKN.   Sintering and deformation of titanium was investigated. Increasing heating rate and/or pressure shifted the sintering to lower temperatures, and the sintering and deformation rates changed when the α→β phase transition temperature was passed. Fully dense Ti/TiB2 composites were prepared. The Ti/TiB2 composites could be deformed at high temperatures, but the hardness decreased due to the formation of TiB.    The kinetic windows within which it is possible to obtain fully dense NKN and HAp ceramics and simultaneously avoid grain growth are defined. Materials have a threshold temperature above which rapid and abnormal grain growth takes place. The abnormal grain growth of NKN is due to a small shift in the stoichiometry, which in turn impairs the ferroelectric properties. Fully transparent HAp nanoceramics was prepared, and between 900 and 1050 oC elongated grains are formed, while above 1050 oC abnormal grain growth takes place.NKN samples containing grains of the sizes 0.35–0.6 µm yielded optimum ferroelectric properties, i.e. a high remanent polarization (Pr = 30 µC/cm2) and high piezoelectric constant (d33= 160 pC/N). The ferroelectric domain structure was studied, and all grains exhibited a multi-domain type of structure. / At the time of doctoral defense the following articles were unpublished and had a status as follows: Article 4: Manuscript; Article 5 : Manuscript

Nanoscale ferroelectric materials have numerous possible applications such as actively tunable photonic crystals, terahertz emitters, ultrasound transducers, and energy harvesters. One of most technologically relevant ferroelectric materials is lead zirconate titanate (PZT) due to its large piezoelectric response. However, there are limited methods currently available for creating nanoscale PZT structures. Current top-down patterning methods include material removal via a high energy beam, which damages the piezoelectric's properties, and wet etching, which is an isotropic process that results in poor edge definition. Similarly, current bottom-up approaches such as hard template-growth and hydrothermal processing have limited control over the aspect ratio of the structures produced and lack site specific registry. In this work, a bottom-up approach for creating PbZr₀.₅₂Ti₀.₄₈O₃ nanotubes was developed using soft-template infiltration by a sol-gel solution. This method allows excellent control of the structures produced, overcoming current manufacturing limitations. PZT nanotubes were fabricated with diameters ranging from 100 to 200 nm, aspect ratios (height to diameter) from 1.25:1 to 5:1, and wall thicknesses from 5 to 25 nm. The piezoelectric and ferroelectric nature of the nanotubes was characterized via scanning probe microscopy in order to investigate nanoscale phenomena. Specifically, the effects of lateral constraint, substrate clamping, and critical size on the extrinsic contribution to the piezoelectric response were studied and the results are discussed.

Relaxor ferroelectric PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT single crystals exhibit extraordinary electromechanical properties. They are under development for applications in sensors, actuators and transducers. The polarization switching and phase transition behavior of PZN-4.5%PT and PMN-32%PT single crystals under external loading has been investigated. Experimental investigation elucidates the polarization switching and phase transition behavior of relaxor ferroelectric crystals at different orientation cuts under combined temperature, electric field and stress loading. These crystals exhibit strong orientation dependence of electromechanical properties, and the applied fields all affect the poling and phase states of the crystals. Based on experimental investigation, crystal variant modeling was developed to compute the piezoelectric properties of multi-domain crystals at different orientation cuts from a set of properties for the single domain. Thermodynamics and work-energy analysis of field induced phase transitions in these single crystals sheds light on the phase transition mechanism of ferroelectric crystals. Fracture behavior of relaxor single crystals under non-uniform electric fields at a partial electrode edge has also been measured and analyzed.