Inhalt: Begriffliche Abgrenzung und Definition Zentrale Begriffe: Gleichwertigkeit und Ehre Die Familienstruktur und die Rollenverteilung innerhalb der Großfamilie Globalisierung Blutrachetaten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Handlungsmöglichkeiten

This paper examines the impact of traditional Chechen culture, especially the continued practice of blood feuds, on violence in the republic. First, an in depth discussion of clannish society is used to show how and why such traditional characteristics and ancient customs have been allowed to thrive among the Chechen people, especially those living in the highlands. The focus then turns to the strong concept of honor that flourishes in Chechen society as the main motivator of blood feuds. The more detailed discussion of blood feud itself and its ancient and modern practice show the potential for and realization of widespread violence in Chechnya. The Chechens are a people with deep historical roots and a strong collective memory. The events of the past, especially conflict with Russia, greatly influence the events of the present and future. The modern Chechen identity is a unique mentality, which combines role of teip and its strong influence on society with the rise of nationalism, and later Islamic nationalism. The recent wars in Chechnya have also had a defining characteristic on the Chechen people and their psyche. When this kind of crisis is combined with the traditional Chechen culture and a propensity for violence, the outcome can be devastating, especially when violence is radicalized and...

Soziologische Polizeiforschung hebt zumeist folgende Aspekte der Polizei hervor: Ihre Zuständigkeit für öffentliche Sicherheit, ihr Einsatz von Gewalt im Namen eines staatlichen Gewaltmonopols, die Tätigkeit des Polizisten als Beruf. Häufig wird auch die Verwurzelung des Polizeiwesens in okzidentalen Kulturen hervorgehoben. In dieser kulturvergleichenden Studie werden diese Punkte anhand historischer und nicht-deutscher Polizeien untersucht. 1. Sicherheit: Wie in Gesellschaften, in denen es eine Öffentlichkeit im polizeigesetzlichen Sinne gar nicht gibt Sicherheit und Ordnung garantiert werden, interessiert Franziska Harnisch und Anja Bruhn, die sich mit dem Phänomen der Blutrache auseinandergesetzt haben. 2. Staatlichkeit: Die Beobachtung, dass die moderne Polizei an die Existenz einer differenzierten Staatlichkeit gebunden ist, ermuntert zu weiterführenden der Frage, wie die Polizei in verschiedenen nationalen Rechtskontexten eingerichtet ist. Während Mathias Graßmann die Polizei der Bundesrepublik Deutschland analysiert, betrachtet Björn Schülzke die Lage in den USA. Wie eine über staatliche Grenzen hinaus agierende Polizeibehörde funktionieren kann, hat Frederick Sixtus anhand der Beispiele von Europol und Interpol untersucht. 3. Gewalt: Die soziologische Literatur interessiert sich besonders für die Verkörperung des Gewaltmonopols in der Polizei. Inwieweit dieses Interesse berechtigt ist und wie sehr polizeiliche Arbeit tatsächlich mit der Ausübung von Gewalt zu tun hat, ist für alle Beiträge in diesem Buch richtungsweisend, insbesondere aber für den von Christiane Mochan über Gewalt und Polizei. Inwieweit diese Gewalt auch als staatlicher Terror ausgeübt werden kann, ist eine leitende Frage des Kapitels über die Opritschnina von Julia Fatianova. 4. Gehalt: Vieles spricht dafür, von Polizei dann zu sprechen, wenn ihre Mitarbeiter ein regelmäßiges Einkommen beziehen. Viele Vertreter von Vorformen der Polizei lebten hingegen von anlassbezogenen Prämien. Die Liktoren im Alten Rom mit ihrem regelmäßigen Einkommen durchkreuzen allerdings die These, dass es ein Phänomen der Moderne sei, Polizisten regelmäßig zu entlohnen. Deswegen interessiert sich Tanja Zischke in ihrem Beitrag für diese antike Frühform der Polizei. 5. Okzident: Häufig geht die polizeisoziologische Forschung stillschweigend davon aus, dass die Polizei ein Phänomen der okzidentalen Moderne sei. Max Weber z.B. unterstellt orientalischen Gesellschaften, nichts mit der Polizei vergleichbares hervorgebracht zu haben. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht Jonas Grutzpalk der Frage nach, wie eine originär orientalische Polizei, nämlich die saudi-arabische Mutawa, entstehen konnte. Wie die nach okzidentalen Vorbildern eingerichtete Polizei in Kambodscha arbeitet und in der Bevölkerung angenommen wird, analysiert Saskia Ellenbeck. Ziel dieses Buches ist, durch den Vergleich der hier erfassten Polizeikulturen mehr über die Polizei als solche zu erfahren. Diese Sammlung soll die Polizeisoziologie auf dem Feld der kulturvergleichenden Forschung bereichern. / The majority of the research work in sociology that deals with the phenomenon of the police force usually focuses on some major issues: it seeks to describe the function of the police as the provider of social security in a given society, to examine the use of violence through the police in the name of the state monopoly on violence and to investigate the structure of the occupational field of policemen. Some studies also highlight the rootedness of police in occidental cultures. This book aims to contribute to the study of these major questions of police sociology through applying them to different historical and modern examples of police structures in different cultures. 1. Public security: Are there ways to guarantee public order and security in a society where there is no such public in the sense of the police laws? This question was the central point of interest for the essay by Franziska Harnish and Anja Bruhn that deals with the phenomenon of blood feuds. 2. The state: The fact that the police in modern society is bound to a certain state context leads to a question about how police structures differ in various law contexts. While Mathias Graßmann analyzes the features of police in Germany, Björn Schülzke takes a look at the situation in the USA. In his essay on Interpol and Europol, Frederick Sixtus examines police structures that have to function beyond given state borders. 3. Violence: The embodiment of the state monopoly on violence through the police is commonly the central point of interest for sociologers. This interrelation was particularly important for the essay by Christiane Mochan on police and violence. An essay on oprichnina by Julia Fatianova deals with the question about whether this monopoly on violence can also serve to create state terror. 4. Salary: Has being a policeman always been a form of wage labour? Many premodern forms of police structures were not practicing continuous wage payment but regarding premiums. The example of Lictors in Ancient Rome, however, shows that regular payment in the police force is not just a modern phenomenon. Tanja Zischke took a detailed look at the Lictors in her essay provided in this book. 5. The Occident: Many sociologists take it for granted that the police force is an attribute of the Western modernity. Max Weber, for instance, says that oriental cultures have not brought about anything comparable. In this context the essay of Jonas Grutzpalk poses a question about the origins of such essentially oriental police structures as the Saudi-Arabian Mutawa. Saskia Ellenbeck analyzes the functioning of the police in Cambodia, which was formed according to the occidental models, and the way it is perceived in Cambodian society. The aim of this book is to contribute to our knowledge about the police through a comparative study of examples of police forms in different cultures.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxxvii, 556 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 505-530).

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This dissertation considers the literary treatment of revenge in medieval England and Iceland. Vengeance and feud were an essential part of these cultures; far from the reckless, impulsive action that the word conjures up in modern minds, revenge was considered both a right and a duty and was legislated and regulated by social norms. It was an important tool for obtaining justice and protecting property, family, and reputation. Accordingly, many medieval literary works seem to accept revenge without question. Many, however, evince a great sensitivity to the ambiguities and paradoxes inherent in an act of revenge. In my study, I consider three works that are emblematic of this responsiveness to and indeed, anxiety about revenge. Chapter one focuses on the Old English poem Beowulf; chapter two moves on to discuss Chaucer’s Reeve’s Tale and Tale of Melibee from the Canterbury Tales; and chapter three examines the Old Icelandic family saga, Ljósvetninga saga. I focus in particular on the treatment of the avenger in each work. The poet or author of each work acknowledges the perspective of the avenger by allowing him to express his motivations, desires, and justifications for revenge in direct speech. Alongside this acknowledgement, however, is the author’s own reflection on the risks, rewards, and repercussions of the avenger’s intentions and actions. The resulting parallel but divergent narratives highlight the multiplicity of viewpoints found in any act of revenge or feud and reveal a fundamental ambivalence about the value, morality, and necessity of revenge. Each of the works I consider resists easy conclusions about revenge in its own context and remains incredibly current in the way it poses challenging questions about what constitutes injury, punishment, justice, and revenge in our own time.

This dissertation considers the literary treatment of revenge in medieval England and Iceland. Vengeance and feud were an essential part of these cultures; far from the reckless, impulsive action that the word conjures up in modern minds, revenge was considered both a right and a duty and was legislated and regulated by social norms. It was an important tool for obtaining justice and protecting property, family, and reputation. Accordingly, many medieval literary works seem to accept revenge without question. Many, however, evince a great sensitivity to the ambiguities and paradoxes inherent in an act of revenge. In my study, I consider three works that are emblematic of this responsiveness to and indeed, anxiety about revenge. Chapter one focuses on the Old English poem Beowulf; chapter two moves on to discuss Chaucer’s Reeve’s Tale and Tale of Melibee from the Canterbury Tales; and chapter three examines the Old Icelandic family saga, Ljósvetninga saga. I focus in particular on the treatment of the avenger in each work. The poet or author of each work acknowledges the perspective of the avenger by allowing him to express his motivations, desires, and justifications for revenge in direct speech. Alongside this acknowledgement, however, is the author’s own reflection on the risks, rewards, and repercussions of the avenger’s intentions and actions. The resulting parallel but divergent narratives highlight the multiplicity of viewpoints found in any act of revenge or feud and reveal a fundamental ambivalence about the value, morality, and necessity of revenge. Each of the works I consider resists easy conclusions about revenge in its own context and remains incredibly current in the way it poses challenging questions about what constitutes injury, punishment, justice, and revenge in our own time.

My thesis explores the roles in Albanian nation-building of the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin, an early-twentieth century codification of northern-Albanian customary practices, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, a late-twentieth century movement to conciliate blood feuds in Kosovo. To understand them, we need to know: what both were, in their own terms; their significance; and how they relate to other aspects of nation-building, and comparative examples. I draw on participant-observation fieldwork, archive work and extensive interviews. Nation-building is necessarily complicated and the Albanian case particularly so. The existence of an Albanian nation was contested by neighbouring peoples, and its characteristics, by Albanians themselves. In this complex context, the text of the Kanun, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, give us good insights into Albanian understandings of the nation, and associated nation-building activities, at pivotal points in national history. While the nation-building projects of the region had many elements in common, prominent ideas of a ‘national’ legal tradition are a distinctive aspect of the Albanian case. Both the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve need to be understood as aspects of nation-building. In the context of a crumbling Ottoman Empire, by presenting Albanian customary practices in the form of a legal code, the Albanian codifier made claims about the contents and the people from whom they came. The Kanun demonstrated the existence of a distinct people with a tradition of self-governance and mediation; and made significant contributions to the crucial process of language standardisation. In the context of the 1990s break-up of Yugoslavia, ideas of an Albanian legal tradition re-emerged in Kosovo, in the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve which presented intra-Albanian disputes as national concerns, and drew on traditional values and customary practices to effect conciliations. Subsequently, the Movement itself has become a national resource, through reference to which important ideas about the nation are expressed.

Bengt Lidforss (1868–1913) was professor of botany between 1910 and 1913. But after the turn of the century he also emerged as a charismatic leader within the Swedish working-class movement. He became one of its foremost publicists. In the social democratic newspaper Arbetet in Malmö he wrote about natural sciences but also about political, philosophical and literary issues. As a literary critic Lidforss was the keenest protector of the Scanian literary school, and his struggle for Ola Hansson and Vilhelm Ekelund has made its mark in Swedish literary history, as have his contributions in favour of Gustaf Fröding and August Strindberg, culminating in the polemic articles during the Strindberg Feud (1910–11). Skönhetsdyrkare och socialdemokrat. Studier i Bengt Lidforss litteraturkritiska gärning (Worshipper of Beauty And Social Democrat. Studies in Bengt Lidforss’ Achievement As A Literary Critic) emphasises the paradoxic combination of Lidforss’ fundamentally socialist views and a strong belief in art. To him art was not isolated from society but quite the contrary; a significant factor in the changing of society. The new socialistic human being should be ennobled by arts instead of emasculated by religion. With the help of Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of “field”, it is shown how Lidforss, by attacking leading middle-class newspapers and publicists, created for himself and Arbetet a constantly stronger position within the field of journalism. Within the field of literary criticism he attacked the middle-class critics, and thus participated in associating Strindberg and Fröding as well as the young Scanian writers with the working-class movement. Lidforss’ literary taste was seen as an alternative to middle-class taste and the worshipping of beauty thereby became fashionable among socialists. The fact that one finds sympathies not only for symbolism but also for decadent descriptions with Lidforss the socialist, has to do with the fact that the descriptions of the discomfort of the heroes revealed the disadvantages of the capitalist society. Nevertheless Lidforss’ issued warnings against programmatic pessimism, since he was of the opinion that literature should strengthen people in their struggle. When it came to the plight of the human being under capitalism he was a pessimist, but he believed the stronger in a future socialist society. The terms for the artists would be more tolerable in such a society, he prophesied. He admitted that revolutionary poetry could be useful but was of the opinion that the quality of art would lessen if it consciously served politics. The revolutionary poetry he praised in his reviews was poetry he found genuine and coming from the heart. He did not favour pronounced tendencies, but he liked to use poetry in a political context. / Bengt Lidforss (1868–1913) var botaniker, men också publicist och socialist. Skandalomsusad och färgstark har han porträtterats av ett stort antal skönlitterära författare, allt ifrån August Strindberg till Inger Alfvén. Hans mångsidiga medarbetarskap i Arbetet hjälpte tidningen fram till en uppmärksammad position. I denna bok skildras hans kamp för en ledande position också inom det litterära fältet. Lidforss var en skönhetsdyrkare av stora mått men samtidigt socialdemokrat. Detta ledde till att han stred på många kulturella arenor – inte bara mot kritiker, författare, och Svenska Akademien, utan också mot inflytelserika män inom kyrka och politik. Skönhetsdyrkare och socialdemokrat ger oss oväntade svar på vad dessa bataljer handlade om och vi får möta Lidforss samtida giganter som Fredrik Böök, Vilhelm Ekelund, Albert Engström, Verner von Heidenstam, Oscar Levertin, August Strindberg med flera.