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Företagshemligheter åtnjuter skydd enligt lag (1990:409) om skydd för företagshemligheter (FHL). Det centrala begreppet i definitionen av företagshemligheter är “information”, vilket medför att know-how kan åtnjuta skydd av FHL, förutsatt att den uppfyller lagens krav. För att harmonisera skyddet för företagshemligheter inom Europeiska unionen (EU) har direktivet om företagshemligheter antagits som senast ska träda i kraft den 9 juni 2018. Ändringarna som direktivet kan bidra till är främst att FHL tydliggörs i viktiga avseenden. Varken FHL eller direktivet ålägger någon part som har tagit del av företagshemligheter tystnadsplikt. I avtalsrelationer mellan företag tillämpas därför sekretessklausuler, vilket i regel avses ge ett starkare och effektivare skydd för företagshemligheter. Rättsläget om möjligheten att avtala om sekretess är emellertid osäkert, vilket kvarstår i direktivet. I uppsatsen framkommer att det i begreppet “know-how” innefattas kunskap och erfarenheter som finns hos företag men som ofta är kopplad till individer, framförallt teknisk know-how. Know-how konstateras innefatta kunskap som kan vara en del av grundstommen i ett företag eller optimera något som redan existerar i det, exempelvis en process. Den är inte underkastad några formkrav, bortsett från definitionen i Tekniköverföringsförordningen, och kan existera utan att företag har vidtagit åtgärder. Know-how kan således uppstå i det tysta. I begreppet “företagshemligheter” kan all information som cirkulerar i ett företag innefattas, förutsatt att informationen hålls hemlig och är kopplad till dess förmåga att konkurrera. Begreppen “know-how” och “företagshemligheter” skiljer sig således åt eftersom know-how i princip är knuten till individer medan “företagshemligheter” är knutet till företag. Det framkommer även i uppsatsen att direktivet, jämfört med FHL, inte medför ett ökat skydd för know-how i Sverige eftersom begreppet “information” i FHL inte vidgas. Direktivet medför emellertid ett ökat skydd för know-how i EU. Slutligen framkommer i analysen att proaktiva åtgärder och utvärdering av information är viktiga åtgärder för företag för att i framtiden skydda sin know-how. Sekretessklausuler är en möjlighet för företag att skydda know-how som inte omfattas av direktivet, och sedermera kommande FHL, i avtalsrelationer. En risk som företag borde ha i åtanke framöver är att åtgärder för att hemlighålla information kan komma att tillmätas olika betydelse beroende på i vilket land, och i enlighet med vilket lands lagstiftning, dessa vidtas i. / Trade secrets are protected by the Act on the Protection of Trade Secrets (1990:409) (PTS) in Sweden. The key notion to this law is “information”, which makes it possible for know-how to be covered by this law, provided that it fulfils the requirements of PTS. In order to harmonize the protection of trade secrets within the European Union (EU) the directive about Protection of Trade Secrets has been adopted, which is due to take effect latest by the 9th of June 2018. The amendments that the directive contributes to the PTS are primarily to clarify the PTS in important aspects. Neither the PTS, nor the directive imposes confidentiality upon any party who has granted trade secrets. Therefore, companies are adapting non-disclosure clauses in their business relationships, which generally mean a stronger and more effective protection of trade secrets. The legal situation about the possibility to arrange confidentiality is unclear. This unclearness remains in the directive. It appears that all knowledge and experience that exists in a company can be included in the concept “know-how”, but it is mostly connected to individuals, especially technical know-how. It is also noticed that know-how can form part of the ground in a company or optimize something that already exists in it, e.g. a process. Know-how is not subject to any formal requirements, apart from the requirements in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation, and may exist without any actions taken by companies. Thus, know-how can occur in the silence. Any information that is circulating in a company can be included in the concept “trade secrets”, provided that the information is kept secret and is linked to its ability to compete. The concepts “know-how” and “trade secrets” differ since know-how is mostly connected to individuals and trade secrets to companies. Furthermore, it appears that the directive, compared to the PTS, will not increase the protection of know-how in Sweden, since the directive does not enlarge the concept “information” in the PTS. However, the directive will increase the protection of know-how in the EU. Finally, it appears that proactive arrangements and evaluation of information will be important arrangements for companies in the future in order to protect their know-how. Non-disclosure clauses are a possibility for companies to protect their know-how that is not covered by the directive, and subsequently the forthcoming PTS, in contractual relations. A risk that companies should keep in mind in the future is that arrangements to keep information secret may be given different significance depending on the country, and in accordance with which country’s legalisation, in which they are taken.

The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the distribution of health literacy (HL) levels in newly arrived Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden. Further aims were to investigate sociodemographic characteristics associated with inadequate HL in this group, and to investigate whether HL levels are associated with experiences of the health examination for asylum seekers (HEA), health seeking behaviour and health. Three quantitative cross-sectional studies, using data from two different surveys, were conducted among Arabic-, Dari-, and Somali-speaking, newly arrived refugees taking part in courses in Swedish for immigrants or civic orientation. In addition, an explorative qualitative study, based on focus group discussions, was performed on Arabic- and Somali-speaking newly arrived refugees who had taken part in an HEA. All data were collected 2013-2016. The quantitative data were analysed using different statistical methods, foremost descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses. The qualitative data were analysed using Graneheim and Lundman’s method for latent content analysis. The main findings were that the majority of Arabic-, Dari-, or Somali-speaking refugees in Sweden have limited functional health literacy (FHL) and/or limited comprehensive health literacy (CHL). Having a low education level and/or being born in Somalia were associated with having inadequate FHL, but not with having inadequate CHL. Limited FHL was associated with inadequate CHL. Experiences of poor quality of communication and having benefited little from the HEA were more common among those with limited CHL, as compared to those with higher CHL. Experiences of communication problems and a lack of information related to the HEA were found in the qualitative studies as well. In addition, it was more common that those with limited CHL reported poor general health and impaired psychological well-being, and that they had refrained from seeking healthcare. In conclusion: limited HL is common among newly arrived refugees in Sweden and seems to be of importance for the experience of the HEA, health-seeking behaviour and health. HL needs to be taken into consideration in the work with refugees in order to increase equity in healthcare and health.