Many studies have demonstrated a connection between the fibrillin matrix and TGFβ signalling, but at present the mechanistic basis for this link is unclear. An interaction between the C-terminus of Latent TGFβ Binding Protein 1 (LTBP1) and the N-terminus of fibrillin1 has previously been identified, and may have the potential to directly link the fibrillin matrix to TGFβ signalling. To investigate the structural basis for this interaction, several multi-domain fragments of fibrillin1 and LTBP1 were expressed prokaryotically and refolded in vitro. After initial characterisation to confirm folding, the structure, dynamics, and interdomain interactions of these fragments were investigated in more detail using NMR techniques. Domains in both LTBP1 and fibrillin1 appear to demonstrate folds consistent with homologous structures, and while the LTBP1 C-terminal cbEGF14-TB3-EGF3-cbEGF15 region contains many flexible linkers and few interdomain interactions, the fibrillin1 EGF2-EGF3-hyb1-cbEGF1 region appears rigid, with interfaces forming between all domains present. SPR studies were used to demonstrate binding between distinct LTBP1 and fibrillin fragments, suggesting interactions between multiple domains are involved in the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction. The binding sites involved were then mapped to specific residues using HSQC titration studies, and structural models for the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction were generated based on these data. Predictions from these models were used to target residues for site-directed mutagenesis, based on their potential involvement in salt bridges, and when certain residues were replaced with those of opposite charge, reductions in binding could be seen in the SPR assay. These key residues were consistent with a particular model of the LTBP1-fibrillin1 interaction, as derived from the HSQC titration data. The conservation of potential binding site residues through deuterostome evolution also supports an important biological role for the LTBP-fibrillin interaction.

La dysplasie géléophysique (DG) est une maladie rare qui appartient à la famille des dysplasies acroméliques. Cette pathologie est caractérisée par un retard statural, une brachydactylie, une raideur articulaire, une dysmorphie faciale, une peau épaisse, une atteinte bronchopulmonaire et une surcharge valvulaire cardiaque conduisant le plus souvent à une mort précoce dans les premières années de la vie. Deux modes de transmissions ont été identifiés. Le premier autosomique récessif est dû à des mutations dans le gène ADAMTSL2. Le second, autosomique dominant est dû à un hot-spot de mutations dans les exons 41 et 42 qui codent pour le domaine Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β-binding protein-like domain 5 (TB5) du gène FBN1. FBN1 et ADAMTSL2 codent pour des protéines sécrétées de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC). FBN1 code pour la fibrilline-1, une composante des microfibrilles qui jouent un rôle dans la biodisponibilité du TGFβ. La protéine ADAMTSL2 fait partie de la famille des ADAMTS mais n’a pas d’activité enzymatique dû à l’absence de domaine catalytique. Sa fonction est encore inconnue. Cependant des partenaires d’ADAMTSL2 ont été identifiés par notre équipe : latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP1) et FBN1 qui sont directement impliqués dans le stockage de TGFβ. Récemment une autre protéine, FBN2, a aussi été découverte comme partenaire d’ADAMTSL2 (Hubmacher D et. al.). L’objectif de ma thèse était de comprendre le mécanisme physiopathologique de la DG, grâce à l’analyse de modèles murins. Un premier modèle murin pour la forme récessive de la DG appelé CreCMV; Adamtsl2f/f (ou KO) a été généré. L’analyse phénotypique de ces souris a montré un retard statural, des os longs courts, des extrémités courtes. Dans les plaques de croissance des os longs des souris mutantes, nous avons observé une désorganisation des colonnes chondrocytaires associée à une diminution de l’expression du collagène de type 10, marqueur de la différentiation des chondrocytes. L’analyse de la matrice extracellulaire des plaques de croissance a révélé une désorganisation structurale importante. Une diminution de la fibrilline-1 et de LTBP-1 a été observée ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’activation de la voie de signalisation TGFβ au niveau de la plaque de croissance des souris mutantes. Nous avons observé une désorganisation du réseau microfibrillaire sur des cultures de chondrocytes de souris mutantes. Ces résultats nous ont permis de suggérer que la protéine ADAMTSL2 est impliquée dans la structure du réseau microfibrillaire, lieu de stockage du TGFβ et de démontrer un rôle majeur d’ADAMTSL2 dans la régulation de la chondrogenèse. Afin d’étudier la forme dominante de la DG, le modèle FBN1TB5+/- a été généré. Il est issu d’un système knock-in avec une mutation dans l’exon 42 du gène fbn1 qui correspond au domaine TB5 de la fibrilline-1. Nos résultats ont montré une réduction de la taille des souris hétérozygotes et homozygotes en comparaison aux souris sauvages au stade P1 et P30. Au stade P1, nous avons observé des chondrocytes plus larges et une dérégulation des marqueurs de la chondrogenèse au niveau de la plaque de croissance des fémurs des souris hétérozygotes, ainsi que chez les souris homozygotes. De plus, nous avons observé une très forte mortalité des souris homozygotes vers l’âge de 2 ou 3 mois. Nous en avons conclu que des mutations domaine TB5 de la fibrilline étaient liées à un retard statural et donc que FBN1 avait un rôle majeur dans la chondrogenèse. / Geleophysic dysplasia (GD) is a rare disease, which belong to acromelic group. This pathology is characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, thick skin, facial dimorphism, broncho-pulmonary insufficiency and cardiac disease which lead to an early death in the first years of life. Two mode of inheritance have been identified. The first one, autosomal recessive, is due to mutations in ADAMTSL2 gene. The second, autosomal dominant, is due to hot-spot mutations in exon 41-42 of FBN1 gene, which encode the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β-binding protein-like domain 5 (TB5) of the protein. FBN1 and ADAMTSL2 encode secreted proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). FBN1 encodes fibrilline-1, component of microfibrillar network, playing a role in the bioavailability of TGF- β. ADAMTSL2 protein belongs to ADAMTS family, but does not have enzymatic activity due to lack of catalytic domain. Its function remains unknown. However, ADAMTSL2 partners have been identified by our team: latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP1) and FBN1, which are directly implied in storage of TGF-β. Recently, another protein, FBN2, have been identified as an ADAMTSL2 partner (Hubmacher D et. al.). The aim of my study was to understand the physiopathological mechanism of Geleophysic dysplasia by analysing murine models. A first murine model for the GD recessive form, CreCMV; Adamtsl2f/f (KO), have been generated. Phenotypic analysis of these mice showed short stature and shorter long bones and extremities. In long bone growth plate of mutant mice, we observed disorganization of chondrocyte columns, associated with decrease of collagen 10 expression, marker of chondrocyte differentiation. Analysis of ECM in growth plate revealed strong structural disorganization. Decrease of FBN1 and LTBP1 and were observed with an overactivation of TGF-β pathway in growth plate of mutant mice. We observed disorganization of microfibrillar network in chondrocyte cultures of mutant mice. These results suggest that ADAMTSL2 protein is implied in structure of microfibrillar network, where is stored TGF-β, and demonstrate major role of ADAMTSL2 in chondrogenesis. In order to study dominant form of GD, mouse model FBN1TB5+/-, have been generated. The mice were obtained by knock-in system, with mutation in exon 42 of FBN1 gene. Our results showed short stature of heterozygous (HT) and homozygous (Ho) mice compared to wild)type mice, at stage P1 and P30. At stage P1, we observed larger chondrocytes and deregulation of chondrogenesis markers in growth plate of HT and Ho mice. Furthermore, we observed high mortality of Ho mice at 2-3 months. We concluded that mutations in TB5 domain of FBN1 were linked to short stature and thus FBN1 have major role in chondrogenesis.

Orientador: Claudio Chrysostomo Werneck / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T20:38:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_GuilhermeGambogi_D.pdf: 4636216 bytes, checksum: 190a4f198720c94edc5b356bdfbedb35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A fibrilina-1 é um importante componente da rede de microfibrilas presentes nas fibras elásticas. Mutações no gene da fibrilina-1 leva ao surgimento da Síndrome de Marfan. Esta doença afeta a elastogênese de órgãos como pulmões, pele e sistema cardiovascular. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que o desequilíbrio na atividade de TGF-beta é importante no aparecimento dos sinais e sintomas relacionados a essa síndrome. Estas alterações podem ser revertidas pelo uso de antagonistas de TGF-beta como o princípio ativo losartan. Os mecanismos pelo qual o losartan atua ainda não estão claramente descritos na literatura. Assim, utilizando um modelo de cultura de células primárias (fibroblastos de derme) derivadas de camundongos selvagens e deficientes em fibrilina-1, foi avaliado o perfil elastogênico por ensaios de imunofluorescência, zimografia in situ, Real-Time PCR, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura e western-blotting de diferentes proteínas de matriz extracelular e moléculas sinalizadoras importantes na síntese e degradação das fibras elásticas. Os dados apresentados sugerem uma redução conjunta da deposição das proteínas MAGP-1 (83%), Tropoelastina (87,5%) e Fibilina-1 (86%) na matriz extracelular; aumento na atividade e também dos níveis de expressão gênica relativa das metaloproteinases MMP-2 e MMP-9, ativação da cascata de sinalização canônica (SMAD-2) e não canônica (ERK1/2 e JNK-1) de TGF-beta e aumento nos níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) nas culturas de fibroblastos de derme derivados de camundongos deficientes em fibrilina-1. Ao passo que ao utilizar o princípio ativo losartan (100?M/L) como tratamento para estas células ocorreu um aumento da deposição de MAGP-1 (71,5%) e Tropoelastina (68,5%) na matriz extracelular, redução da atividade e expressão gênica relativa das metaloproteinases MMP-2 e MMP-9 e inativação da sinalização canônica (SMAD-2) e não canônica (ERK1/2 e JNK-1) de atuação de TGF-beta. De uma maneira geral, nossos dados sugerem um aumento da degradação das moléculas componentes da fibra elástica em cultura de fibroblastos de derme derivados de camundongos deficientes em fibrilina-1 em função do aumento na expressão das MMPs 2 e 9. Este aumento da degradação da matriz extracelular pode ser resultado do menor nível de fibrilina-1 na matriz produzida por estas células, super ativando a sinalização canônica (SMAD-2) e não-canônica (ERK1/2 e JNK-1) de TGF-?, o que reflete na ativação de EROs e consequentemente a ativação das proteases. O tratamento com o losartan provavelmente faz o caminho inverso reduzindo a super ativação da cascata de sinalização de TGF-? bem como a ativação da metaloproteases, aumento indiretamente a deposição de MAGP-1 e Tropoelastina na matriz extracelular destas células / Abstract: Fibrillin-1 is an important component of the microfibrils network present in elastic fibers. Mutations in fibrillin-1 gene imply in the development of Marfan Syndrome. This disease affects elastogenesis in lungs, skin, cardiovascular system and eyes. Recent studies determined that unbalanced TGF-beta activity is an important factor in the symptoms observed this syndrome. These alterations can be reversed by the use of TGF-beta blockers such as the drug losartan. The mechanisms by which the drug losartan act are not described in the literature. Thus, using a model of primary culture cells (dermal fibroblasts) the elastogenic profile by immunofluorescence, zimograph in situ, Real-Time PCR, electronic microscopy and western-blotting of matrix proteins and signal molecules of elastic fiber synthesis and degradation was evaluated. The data presented suggest a joint reduction of the deposition of proteins MAGP-1 (83%), Tropoelastina (87.5%) and Fibilina-1 (86%) in the extracellular matrix; an increase in the activity and also the levels of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, activation of the signaling cascade canonical (SMAD-2) and not canonical (ERK1/2 and JNK-1) of TGF-beta and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultures of fibroblasts in the dermis derived from mice deficient in fibrillin-1. While using the losartan drug (100 ?M/L) to treat these cells it was possible to observe an increase in deposition of MAGP-1 (71.5%) and Tropoelastina (68.5%) in the extracellular matrix, reduction of activity and gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and inactivation of canonical signaling (SMAD-2) and not canonical (ERK1/2 and JNK-1) activity of TGF-beta. In general, our data suggest an increase in the degradation of molecules components of elastic fibers in culture of fibroblasts in the dermis derived from mice deficient in fibrillin-1 as a function in the increase in the expression of MMPs 2 and 9. This increase in the degradation of the extracellular matrix may be the result of lower levels of fibrillin-1 in the matrix produced by these cells, super activating the canonical signaling (SMAD-2) and non-canonical (ERK1/2 and JNK-1) of TGF-beta, which reflects the activation of ROS and consequently the activation of proteases The treatment with losartan probably takes the reverse path reducing the super activation of the signaling cascade of TGF-beta as well as the activation of metalloproteinases, indirectly increase in the deposition of MAGP-1 and Tropoelastina in the extracellular matrix of these cells / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

A Síndrome de Marfan (SMF) é a enfermidade hereditária mais comum dentre as que afetam o sistema conjuntivo, causada por mutações da glicoproteína fibrilina-1, o principal componente estrutural das microfibrilas elásticas da matriz extracelular. As manifestações fenotípicas da SMF são sistêmicas e acometem tipicamente os sistemas ocular, esquelético e cardiovascular, este uma importante causa de morbi-mortalidade. Entretanto, não está claro como a mutação induz a doença. Estudos anteriores sugerem anomalias morfológicas do retículo endoplasmático (RE) ou retenção intracelular da fibrilina-1 nos estágios avançados da SMF. Entretanto, a contribuição do enovelamento da fibrilina-1 mutada e do estresse do RE na fisiopatologia celular da SMF não é conhecida. Proteínas mal-enoveladas podem levar à retenção intracelular e/ou aumento da degradação através da via de degradação associada ao RE (ERAD), além da indução da resposta a proteínas mal-enoveladas (UPR), ambas com potencial contribuição à fisiopatologia de doenças, incluindo a SMF. Assim, estudamos em fibroblastos embrionários isolados de camundongos (MEFs) com SMF se a fibrilina-1 mutada é reconhecida pelo controle de qualidade do RE pelo seu mal- enovelamento e induz estresse do RE por sua retenção intracelular. Demonstramos que a mutação na fibrilina-1 per se não promoveu chaperonas marcadoras de UPR ou geração de oxidantes. Além disso, não levou a uma maior sensibilização das células à indução exógena de estresse do RE, nem promoveu maior morte celular após inibição do proteassoma. Além disso, não foi observada retenção intracelular da fibrilina-1 nas células SMF, e mesmo após inibição da via secretora ou indução de estresse do RE, a inibição da secreção da fibrilina-1 foi similar nos MEFs SMF e wild-type (WT). A dissulfeto isomerase proteica (PDI), uma importante chaperona redox do RE, interage com fibrilina-1, e seu silenciamento levou a um aumento na secreção da fibrilina-1 pelos MEFs WT, mas não SMF. Além disso, o silenciamento da PDI promoveu a desorganização da matriz extracelular depositada de fibrilina-1 nos MEFs WT, enquanto nos MEFs SMF, a desorganização basal da matriz não foi adicionalmente alterada. Em paralelo, investigações in vivo mostraram que o estresse do RE não é induzido em camundongos SMF com 1 ou 3 meses de idade, apesar de manifestações fenotípicas evidentes. Entretanto, concomitante à progressão da doença, detectamos a ocorrência de estresse do RE nas aortas ascendentes dos camundongos aos 6 meses. Esta detecção foi exclusiva desta região da aorta e não ocorreu em outros órgãos afetados ou não afetados pela SMF. Assim, a manifestação do fenótipo clássico da SMF não requer uma perda da homeostase do RE diretamente induzida pela fibrilina-1 mutada. Ao contrário, esta é capaz de evadir mecanismos de controle de qualidade mediados pela PDI, sendo secretada normalmente. Assim, esta evasão do controle de qualidade pela PDI é uma condição permissiva essencial para o fenótipo da SMF. Por outro lado, o estresse do RE é uma característica evolutiva do aneurisma da aorta ascendente na SMF concomitante ao agravamento do fenótipo neste tecido / Marfan syndrome (MFS) is the most common connective tissue hereditary disease, caused by mutations in the glycoprotein fibrillin-1, the main structural component of extracellular matrix elastic microfibrils. MFS phenotypic manifestations are systemic and typically involve the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems, the latter a major cause of morbidity/mortality. However, how gene mutation induxes disease is yet unclear. Previous studies suggest endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphological abnormalities or fibrillin-1 intracellular retention in advanced MFS stages. However, the contribution of mutated fibrillin-1 folding and ER stress to MFS cellular pathophysiology is unknown. Un/misfolded proteins may associate with their intracellular retention and/or increased degradation through ER-associated degradation (ERAD), in addition to inducing the unfolded protein response (UPR), both sharing potential contributions to disease pathophysiology, including MFS. Thus, we studied in embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from WT and MFS mice, if mutated fibrillin-1 can be recognized by ER quality control as a misfolded protein, able to induce ER stress due to its intracellular retention. We showed that fibrillin-1 mutation by itself did not promote UPR chaperone markers or oxidant generation. Moreover, it did not sensitize cells to exogenous ER stress nor affected cell survival curves after proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, no intracellular retention of fibrillin-1 was observed in MFS cells, and even after secretory pathway inhibition or ER stress induction, fibrillin-1 secretion inhibition was similar in MFS and wild-type (WT) MEFs. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an important ER redox chaperone, interacts with fibrillin-1 and its silencing induced an increased fibrillin-1 secretion in WT, but not MFS MEFs. Besides, PDI silencing promoted fibrillin-1 extracellular matrix disorganization in WT MEFs, whereas in MFS MEFs, the basal matrix disorganization was not further modified. Parallel in vivo evaluations demonstrated that ER stress is also not induced in 1 and 3 month-old mice MFS, despite evident phenotypical manifestations. However, concomitant to accelerated disease progression at 6 months, ER stress was detectable in ascendant aorta, but not in other disease-affected or unaffected organs. Thus, classic MFS phenotype manifestations do not require loss of ER homeostasis directly induced by mutated fibrillin-1. Contrarily, the latter can evade a PDI-mediated quality control mechanism to be normally secreted. Therefore, evading such PDI-mediated quality control is an essential permissive condition for enabling the MFS phenotype. On the other hand, ER stress is an evolutive feature of MFS ascendant aorta aneurysm concomitant to phenotype progression in this tissue

La formation de podosomes dans les cellules endothéliales (Ces) aortiques en réponse au TGFβ est bien décrite in vitro (dans des boîtes de culture) et ex vivo (dans des segments de vaisseaux aortiques vivants). Le projet de cette thèse était de franchir l’étape suivante en démontrant la présence de podosomes in vivo en réponse à du TGFβ d’origine endogène. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi d’utiliser un modèle de souris génétiquement modifiées présentant spontanément des niveaux de TGFβ élevés dans la paroi aortique, raisonnant que cet environnement devrait être propice à l’apparition des structures. La souris Marfan (FbnC1039G/+) constitue le modèle murin de la maladie humaine appelée « syndrome de Marfan ». Chez la souris comme chez l’homme, une mutation dans le gène codant pour la fibrilline-1 conduit à une augmentation des niveaux de TGFβ dans la paroi aortique et dans le sang circulant. Nous avons utilisé ce modèle pour rechercher la présence de podosomes dans l'endothélium aortique. La visualisation « en face » de l'endothélium marqué pour l’actine fibrillaire, la cortactine, la protéine adaptatrice Tks5 et la metalloprotéase MT1-MMP, a révélé des rosettes de podosomes semblables à celles détectées ex vivo en réponse à du TGFβ d’origine exogène. Ces rosettes peuvent être trouvées dans l'endothélium de l'aorte ascendante ou descendante. L’analyse du tissu sous-jacent révèle une détérioration de la lame basale qui apparait parsemée de zones dépourvues d’un de ses constituants majeurs, le collagène IV. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que les rosettes de podosomes sont impliquées dans la formation de ces zones de dégradation du collagène IV. Pour examiner les conséquences du déficit en fibrilline-1 pour les CEs et confirmer les données in vivo concernant la souris Marfan, nous avons utilisé deux approches in vitro. D’abord, nous avons mis au point un protocole pour isoler les CEs aortiques à partir des souris Marfan. Ensuite, nous avons, par la stratégie des siRNA, procédé à la déplétion en fibrilline-1 de CEs aortiques d’origine bovine (BAEc). Les cellules endothéliales aortiques isolées des souris Marfan conservent in vitro le phénotype « TGFβ » et forment podosomes capables de dégrader la matrice extracellulaire sans aucune stimulation exogène. Dans le modèle des cellules BAE, le dosage du TGFβ indique que, in vitro, la déplétion de ces cellules en fibrilline-1 provoque une augmentation de TGFβ biologiquement actif associé à la fraction cellulaire. Ce TGFβ conduit alors à la formation de podosomes dans les CEs. Nous avons observé d’autres conséquences du déficit en fibriline-1 dans l’endothélium in situ. L’analyse topologique de la surface de l’endothélium aortique de la souris Marfan révèle des phénomènes de « blebbing », des filopodes, des anomalies des jonctions cellules-cellules. L’analyse ultrastructurale en microscopie électronique à transmission révèle que l’endothélium de la souris Marfan a une apparence radicalement distincte de celui observé chez les témoins sauvages. La lame élastique, fragilisée par le déficit en fibrilline-1, disparaît comme digérée, par endroits. On observe une sécrétion anormale de matrice extracellulaire. Les cellules présentent un phénotype activé ou des signes d’apoptose. Ces études fournissent la première démonstration de l'apparition de podosomes endothéliaux in vivo et suggèrent leur implication en physiopathologie vasculaire. Elles fournissent également la première démonstration que l’endothelium aortique est profondément modifié dans le modèle murin de la maladie de Marfan. / Podosome formation in aortic endothelial cells exposed to TGFβ has been well described in vitro (in tissue culture dishes) and ex vivo (in living aortic vessel segments). The aim of the project was to go to the next step and demonstrate the occurrence of podosomes in vivo in response to endogenous TGFβ. For this purpose, we chose to use a genetically engineered mouse model, which spontaneously presents high TGFβ levels in the aorta, reasoning that this would be a favorable environment for these structures to appear. Marfan mice represent the murine model of the human disease Marfan syndrome. Similar to the human disease, a mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (C1039G/+) leads to enhanced TGFβ levels in the aortic wall as well as in circulating blood. We therefore used the Marfan mouse model in search of podosomes in the aortic endothelium. “En face” viewing of the endothelium stained for filamentous actin, cortactin, Tks5 adaptator protein and MT1-MMP metalloprotease detected podosome rosettes with features similar to those detected in the ex vivo situation. Podosome rosettes were found in both descending and ascending aorta. Analysis of the underlying tissue with collagen IV staining revealed a basement membrane scattered with staining-free patches, most likely corresponding to collagen IV degradation. We propose that podosome rosettes are involved in basement membrane degradation in this mouse. To examine the consequences of fibrillin-1 deficiency in endothelial cells and confirm the data obtained in vivo in Marfan mouse aorta, we used two in vitro approaches. First, we set up a protocol to isolate aortic endothelial cells from Marfan aortas, second, we depleted fibrillin-1 from BAE cells by siRNA silencing. Isolated Marfan aortic endothelial cells retained in vitro the TGFβ activated phenotype and formed functional podosomes without any exogenous stimulation. TGFβ levels measurements in fibrillin-1 depleted aortic endothelial cells confirmed that fibrillin-1 deficiency triggers an increase in active, cell associated TGFβ, which in turns, leads to podosome formation in endothelial cells. Finally we studied other alterations caused by the fibrillin-1 defect at the endothelial cell level in situ. Topological analysis of the Marfan mouse aortic endothelium monolayer revealed cell blebbing, numerous filopodia and showed altered cell-cell junctions. At the ultrastructural level, transmission electronic microscopy revealed that the Marfan mouse endothelium had an appearance dramatically distinct from that observed in control littermates. The elastic lamina, weakened by fibrillin-1 deficit, disappeared in some places. The vessel wall also showed abundant extracellular matrix proteins. Endothelial cells presented an activated or apoptotic phenotype. These studies provide the first demonstration for the occurrence of endothelial podosomes in vivo and suggest their involvement in vascular physiopathology. In addition, they provide evidence that the aortic endothelium is profoundly altered in the murine model of Marfan syndrome.

Orientador: Cláudio Chrysostomo Werneck / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nery-Diez_AnaClaudiaCoelho_D.pdf: 21192177 bytes, checksum: 572bd54be1e7496c1fd325e94812ecc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As mutações no gene da fibrilina-1, presente na fibra elástica, estão relacionadas à síndrome de Marfan, doença genética autossômica dominante. Acredita-se que a maioria dos seus sintomas esteja relacionada a uma hiper-ativação do fator TGF-?. Quando camundongos modelo para síndrome são tratados com losartan apresentam uma melhora significativa nos sinais clínicos. Assim, neste estudo, investigamos o papel de fibrilina-1 na análise de trombose arterial em modelos de camundongos para a síndrome de Marfan (Fbn1mg?/+). Foram analisados a formação de trombos, os níveis de plaquetas, APTT, PT e TT, agregação e adesão plaquetária, parâmetros hemodinâmicos, níveis de TGF-?, atividade das MMPs, bem como a morfologia das plaquetas, das fibras elásticas e dos trombos. Foi observado que os animais Fbn1mg?/+ necessitam de cerca de 120±21,07 minutos para formarem o trombo, enquanto os animais selvagens precisam de 58±7,16 minutos. Mas, quando os animais Fbn1mg?/+ foram tratados com anti-hipertensivos losartan e captopril, ocorreu uma recuperação no tempo de formação do trombo, com redução de 57,5% e 67,5% no tempo, respectivamente. Além disso, constatou-se que os animais Fbn1mg?/+ apresentam um aumento na atividade das MMPs e TGF-? ativos, quando tratados com os anti-hipertensivos, houve uma diminuição apenas na atividade das MMPs. Ademais, não foi verificada diferença significativa entre todos os outros parâmetros analisados. Este estudo sugere que, de alguma forma, as drogas interferem na remodelação da matriz elástica, devido a uma diminuição da atividade das metaloproteinases de matriz e, consequentemente, leva á recuperação na formação do trombo / Abstract: Recent works show that an increased activation of the TGF-? is associated with most of the symptoms of the Marfan syndrome. Studies using mouse models of Marfan treated with losartan have been shown to prevent the degradation of the elastic matrix. Other investigators suggest that the metalloproteinases and the noncanonical ERK signaling are involved in the breakdown of the elastic fiber, which results in the aneurysm. In this study we investigated the role of fibrillin-1 in the arterial thrombosis model using mouse models of Marfan. We analyzed thrombus formation, platelet levels, APTT, PT and TT time, hemodynamic parameter, TGF-? levels, MMP activity as well as platelets, elastic fibers morphology and thrombus. This study demonstrated that Fbn1mg?/+ mice take about 120±21,07 minutes for the thrombus to be formed when compared with wild type, 58±7,16. When these Fbn1mg?/+ mice were treated with antihypertensive losartan and captopril the time taken for the thrombus formation was reduced in 57,5% and 67,5%, respectively. The activity of metalloproteinases and activity TGF-? was increased in the Fbn1mg?/+, however no significant difference between the hemodynamic parameters, levels of totals TGF-?, morphological platelets, elastic fiber and thrombus were observed. Finally, the results suggested that fibrillin-1 interferes with this process and antihypertensive affect the physiology of Fbn1mg?/+ mice. This study suggested that somehow drugs interfere with elastic matrix remodeling due to a decrease in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases which results in the recovery time of thrombus formation / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

A Síndrome de Marfan (SMF) é a enfermidade hereditária mais comum dentre as que afetam o sistema conjuntivo, causada por mutações da glicoproteína fibrilina-1, o principal componente estrutural das microfibrilas elásticas da matriz extracelular. As manifestações fenotípicas da SMF são sistêmicas e acometem tipicamente os sistemas ocular, esquelético e cardiovascular, este uma importante causa de morbi-mortalidade. Entretanto, não está claro como a mutação induz a doença. Estudos anteriores sugerem anomalias morfológicas do retículo endoplasmático (RE) ou retenção intracelular da fibrilina-1 nos estágios avançados da SMF. Entretanto, a contribuição do enovelamento da fibrilina-1 mutada e do estresse do RE na fisiopatologia celular da SMF não é conhecida. Proteínas mal-enoveladas podem levar à retenção intracelular e/ou aumento da degradação através da via de degradação associada ao RE (ERAD), além da indução da resposta a proteínas mal-enoveladas (UPR), ambas com potencial contribuição à fisiopatologia de doenças, incluindo a SMF. Assim, estudamos em fibroblastos embrionários isolados de camundongos (MEFs) com SMF se a fibrilina-1 mutada é reconhecida pelo controle de qualidade do RE pelo seu mal- enovelamento e induz estresse do RE por sua retenção intracelular. Demonstramos que a mutação na fibrilina-1 per se não promoveu chaperonas marcadoras de UPR ou geração de oxidantes. Além disso, não levou a uma maior sensibilização das células à indução exógena de estresse do RE, nem promoveu maior morte celular após inibição do proteassoma. Além disso, não foi observada retenção intracelular da fibrilina-1 nas células SMF, e mesmo após inibição da via secretora ou indução de estresse do RE, a inibição da secreção da fibrilina-1 foi similar nos MEFs SMF e wild-type (WT). A dissulfeto isomerase proteica (PDI), uma importante chaperona redox do RE, interage com fibrilina-1, e seu silenciamento levou a um aumento na secreção da fibrilina-1 pelos MEFs WT, mas não SMF. Além disso, o silenciamento da PDI promoveu a desorganização da matriz extracelular depositada de fibrilina-1 nos MEFs WT, enquanto nos MEFs SMF, a desorganização basal da matriz não foi adicionalmente alterada. Em paralelo, investigações in vivo mostraram que o estresse do RE não é induzido em camundongos SMF com 1 ou 3 meses de idade, apesar de manifestações fenotípicas evidentes. Entretanto, concomitante à progressão da doença, detectamos a ocorrência de estresse do RE nas aortas ascendentes dos camundongos aos 6 meses. Esta detecção foi exclusiva desta região da aorta e não ocorreu em outros órgãos afetados ou não afetados pela SMF. Assim, a manifestação do fenótipo clássico da SMF não requer uma perda da homeostase do RE diretamente induzida pela fibrilina-1 mutada. Ao contrário, esta é capaz de evadir mecanismos de controle de qualidade mediados pela PDI, sendo secretada normalmente. Assim, esta evasão do controle de qualidade pela PDI é uma condição permissiva essencial para o fenótipo da SMF. Por outro lado, o estresse do RE é uma característica evolutiva do aneurisma da aorta ascendente na SMF concomitante ao agravamento do fenótipo neste tecido / Marfan syndrome (MFS) is the most common connective tissue hereditary disease, caused by mutations in the glycoprotein fibrillin-1, the main structural component of extracellular matrix elastic microfibrils. MFS phenotypic manifestations are systemic and typically involve the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems, the latter a major cause of morbidity/mortality. However, how gene mutation induxes disease is yet unclear. Previous studies suggest endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphological abnormalities or fibrillin-1 intracellular retention in advanced MFS stages. However, the contribution of mutated fibrillin-1 folding and ER stress to MFS cellular pathophysiology is unknown. Un/misfolded proteins may associate with their intracellular retention and/or increased degradation through ER-associated degradation (ERAD), in addition to inducing the unfolded protein response (UPR), both sharing potential contributions to disease pathophysiology, including MFS. Thus, we studied in embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from WT and MFS mice, if mutated fibrillin-1 can be recognized by ER quality control as a misfolded protein, able to induce ER stress due to its intracellular retention. We showed that fibrillin-1 mutation by itself did not promote UPR chaperone markers or oxidant generation. Moreover, it did not sensitize cells to exogenous ER stress nor affected cell survival curves after proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, no intracellular retention of fibrillin-1 was observed in MFS cells, and even after secretory pathway inhibition or ER stress induction, fibrillin-1 secretion inhibition was similar in MFS and wild-type (WT) MEFs. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an important ER redox chaperone, interacts with fibrillin-1 and its silencing induced an increased fibrillin-1 secretion in WT, but not MFS MEFs. Besides, PDI silencing promoted fibrillin-1 extracellular matrix disorganization in WT MEFs, whereas in MFS MEFs, the basal matrix disorganization was not further modified. Parallel in vivo evaluations demonstrated that ER stress is also not induced in 1 and 3 month-old mice MFS, despite evident phenotypical manifestations. However, concomitant to accelerated disease progression at 6 months, ER stress was detectable in ascendant aorta, but not in other disease-affected or unaffected organs. Thus, classic MFS phenotype manifestations do not require loss of ER homeostasis directly induced by mutated fibrillin-1. Contrarily, the latter can evade a PDI-mediated quality control mechanism to be normally secreted. Therefore, evading such PDI-mediated quality control is an essential permissive condition for enabling the MFS phenotype. On the other hand, ER stress is an evolutive feature of MFS ascendant aorta aneurysm concomitant to phenotype progression in this tissue

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